Biology Chapter 6- Cardiovascular System Blood

What are colony stimulating factors?

(CSFs) are proteins that regulate the production of white blood cells

Describe the ABO blood groups in humans. What blood type is the universal donor? What blood type is the universal recipient?

ABO system: Blood types A, B, and AB correspond with having specific antigens on the surface of RBCs universal donor: Type O because it has neither type A nor type B antigens on the red blood cells AB blood: universal recipient because this blood type has neither anti-A nor anti-B antibodies in the plasma

Describe the following disorders involving red blood cells: anemia, sickle-cell disease.

Anemia: results from too few red blood cells and/or insufficient hemoglobin. Sickle-cell disease: is a hereditary condition in which the hemoglobin molecule is abnormal and the individual has sickle-shaped red blood cells that tend to rupture as they pass through the narrow capillaries.

How is carbon dioxide transported in the blood?

Hemoglobin directly transports about 23% of carbon dioxide, which binds to the terminal amino groups of the globin molecules. The remaining carbon dioxide is transported as the bicarbonate ion in the plasma. When blood containing bicarbonate ions reaches the lungs, carbon dioxide diffuses out of the blood into the lungs and is exhaled. The enzyme carbonic anhydrase contained in red blood cells, catalyzes the reaction of carbon dioxide and water to form carbonic acid

What are the functions of the following granular leukocytes: neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils.

Neutrophils: (or polymorphonuclear leukocytes) engulf bacteria and debris through phagocytosis. Eosinophils: are numerous during allergic reactions or parasitic infections. Basophils: and similar cells called mast cells release histamine associated with allergic reactions.

What types of components are found in blood plasma?

Plasma is the liquid portion of blood. It's mostly made up of water, but it also contains salts, small organic molecules, hormones, and plasma proteins. liver makes most plasma proteins that function to buffer the blood, transport molecules, and maintain osmotic pressure

Describe the structure and function of platelets (thrombocytes).

Platelets (thrombocytes): result from the fragmentation of megakaryocytes in the red bone marrow. These are involved in the process of blood clotting.

Where are blood cells produced? What is the average life span of a red blood cell? What is EPO?

Red blood cells are produced in the bone marrow. Red blood cells live only about 120 days and are destroyed in the liver and the spleen The kidneys release the erythropoietin hormone(EPO), which stimulates bone marrow stem cells to make more red blood cells

What substance carries the oxygen in red blood cells?

Red blood cells contain hemoglobin, the respiratory pigment that transports oxygen.

What is the Rh factor? What problems can arise if an Rh-negative mother carries an Rh-positive baby? What is RHOgam?

Rh system represents a different antigen on the surface of RBCs Rh factor is especially important in Rh-negative mothers who carry Rh-positive fetuses because of the possibility of hemolytic disease of the newborn(HDN) also known as erythroblastosis fetalis RhoGAM injections are given to Rh-negative women who give birth to an Rh-positive child

What are the three functions of blood?

Transport: Blood is the primary transport medium of the body. Blood transports gases and nutrients and carries away wastes from all parts of the body. Hormones are also transported in the blood. Defense: Blood defends the body against pathogen invasion and blood loss. Regulation: Blood has regulatory functions for temperature, water-salt balance, and pH.

gamma gobulins

antibodies of immunity

What is an antigen?

antigen: a cell or other foreign substance that provokes an immune response.

Tie together how the various systems of the body work in concert to maintain the homeostasis of the blood.

cardiovascular system delivers oxygen and nutrients to, and takes away metabolic wastes from, the interstitial fluid that surrounds cells. The lymphatic system returns interstitial fluid to the bloodstream. The muscular system makes essential contributions to body movement. In the skeletal system, bones contribute calcium ions, which are important to blood clotting. The urinary system regulates acid-base and water-salt balance of blood and interstitial fluid.

What is agglutination?

clumping of red blood cells

What are the two components of blood? Name the cellular components found in the blood

contains cells and cell fragments suspended in a liquid called plasma. formed elements are: red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets.

Globulins

include alpha and beta globulins, which also help transport substances in the blood, and gamma globulins

Fibrinogen

involved in blood clotting

Describe the structure of white blood cells (leukocytes). What are their functions?

large and nucleated, and they function in immunity. They squeeze through capillaries and invade tissues when needed

What are the functions of the following agranular leukocytes: monocytes, lymphocytes.

monocytes: become macrophages that phagocytize pathogens and cellular debris in tissues lymphocytes: (B cells and T cells), which are responsible for specific immunity to particular pathogens and toxins.

Describe the functions of the following: albumins

ontribute most to plasma's osmotic pressure, and they help transport other organic molecules.

Briefly describe the process of blood clotting.

platelets stick to the damaged area, partially sealing torn blood vessels. Injured tissues release prothrombin activator, which converts prothrombinto thrombin. This step requires calcium ions. Thrombin functions as an enzyme to convert fibrinogeninto long threads of insoluble fibrin.

Briefly describe the following disorders of white blood cells: severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID), leukemia, mononucleosis.

severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID): result from disorders with the production and/or function of white blood cells Leukemia: Cancer of white blood cells is called mononucleosis: one of the most common human viruses, is a disease in which a virus infects lymphocytes.

Describe the structure of a red blood cell (erythrocyte).

small, biconcave disks that lack a nucleus when mature

What are pluripotent stem cells?

stem cells with the ability to differentiate to many, but not all tissues types.

What are following disorders related to blood clotting: thrombocytopenia, hemophilia.

thrombocytopenia: An insufficient number of platelets is called. Hemophilia: an inherited clotting disorder carried on the X chromosome that results in the deficiency of a clotting factor. Injections of this factor can treat the disease.