biology chapter 8 (test 3)

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duplication

A chromosomal segment is repeated in the same chromosome or in a nonhomologous chromosome

cancer

A disorder in the cell cycle that results in uncontrolled cell division and the formation of tumors.

Nondisjunction

A failure of the tetrads during meiosis I or sister chromatids during meiosis II to properly separate.

tumor

A mass of cells that is growing out of control.

inversion

A segment joins in the direction opposite of normal

Telophase

Chromatids uncoil back into a chromatin state

anaphase

Chromosomes are moving towards the poles of the cell

Chromosomes

Condensed state of DNA; formed only when cells begin M phase.

centrioles

Cylindrically shaped cell organelles found in animal cells that aid in forming a spindle during mitosis.

S phase

DNA replication phase of interphase.

G2 phase

Final growth and divisional prep phase of interphase.

meiosis 1

Homologous chromosomes line up at the center of the cell.

meiosis 1

Homologous chromosomes pair to form a tetrad and cross over.

meiosis 1

Homologous pairs separate and move towards opposite poles of the cell.

G1 phase

Initial growth phase of interphase that happens immediately after a new cell is formed.

prophase

Nuclear membrane disintegrates

telophase 2

Nuclear membrane reforms around each new nuclei

Deletion

Occurs when a single break causes a chromosome to lose an end piece or when two simultaneous breaks lead to the loss of an internal chromosomal segment.

Apoptosis

Programmed cell death.

spindle fibers

Protein fibers that form from centrioles in animals cells and helps to move and separate the sister chromatids.

mitosis

Replicated chromosomes line up at center of the cell

mitosis

Results in 2 diploid cells

Meiosis

Results in 4 haploid cells

meiosis

Results in cells with 23 chromosomes

mitosis

Results in cells with 46 chromosomes

mitosis

Results in cells with identical genetic material

Meiosis

Results in cells with unique combinations of genetic material

metaphase

Sister chromatids align along the center of the cell

prophase

Sister chromatids form

mitosis

Sister chromatids separate and move to opposite poles.

true

The chances of survival are greater when trisomy or monosomy involves sex chromosomes. true or false

Cytokinesis

The cytoplasmic division portion of M phase.

Translocation

The exchange of chromosomal segments between two nonhomologous chromosomes.

M phase

The final stage of the cell cycle when the cell divides

Interphase

The first and longest part of the cell cycle when the cell grows and replicates its DNA in addition to carrying out normal cell functions.

Metaphase

The last phase that sister chromatids are together

Mitosis

The nuclear division portion of M phase.

cell cycle

The process that somatic cells go through to grow and reproduce.

sister chromatids

The two identical copies of a chromosome that are attached by a centromere.

mitosis

The type of cell division that produces body cells

meiosis

The type of cell division that produces gametes

Chromatin

Threadlike state of DNA; non condensed form found in the nucleus of cells during interphase.

mitosis

Two genetically identical, diploid daughter cells are formed.

meiosis 1

Two genetically non identical, haploid daughter cells are formed.

the cell will undergo uncontrolled cell division

What will likely happen if all cell cycle checkpoints stop working?

to ensure that a cell does not become too large to produce new cells during an organism's growth to replace damaged cells and tissues

Why do cells divide? Select all that apply.

Anaphase

sister chromatids separate

somatic

All the cells that make up an organism except the gametes.


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