Biology Chapters 8,9,10

Water is split to replace electrons & ATP is produced by chemiosmosis in

non cyclic electron transport

ETC + chemiosmosis

Energy is released as electrons pass down ETC Energy is used to move H+ across membrane to lumen Proton gradient forms As H+ flow through ATP synthase, ADP is phosphorylated

6CO2 + 6H2O ----> C6H12O6 + 6O2

Photosynthesis is a redox reaction

NADH and FADH2 are products of?

Reduction reactions

Carbon fixation reactions

Uses ATP and NADPH from light reactions Produces carbohydrates Takes place in stroma

What is the primary function of stomates?

gas exchange

During which phase of photosynthesis is ATP and NADPH synthesized

light dependent

In GLYCOLYSIS, a 6 carbon glucose is turned into two 3 carbon molecules of

Pyruvate

Forming AcetylCoA

Pyruvate moves into mitochondrial matrix (eukaryotes) Pyruvate is oxidized to acetate (CO2 removed) Coenzyme A is added to make acetyl coA Per glucose: 2 CO2 2 NAD+ are reduced to 2 NADH

How are electrons extracted from the citric acid cycle for use in the electron transport chain?

Reduction of NAD+ and FAD

Aerobic respiration, anaerobic respiration, and fermentation all do this?

Release free energy

NADH is formed when NAD+ accepts

a proton and a pair of electrons

At night, CAM plants incorporate CO2 into ____, which is stored in the ____ of their cells.

malate, vacuoles

In C4 plants, reactions that fix CO2 into four-carbon compounds occur in what type of cells

mesophyll

Rubisco can use ______ or CO2 as a substrate

oxygen

Where are chloroplasts found in the greatest density?

palisade, spongy mesophyll

Alcohol fermentation

Incomplete oxidation of glucose No oxygen used Produce only 2 ATP per glucose Yeast cells Brewing, baking, biofuels Yield alcohol and CO2

ETC and chemiosmosis takes place where?

Inner mitochondrial membrane (eukaryotes) or plasma membrane (prokaryotes)

What is true about an antenna complex?

It "funnels" energy to the reaction center.

Which of the following does not correctly match the location it occurs in? 1. Glycolysis - Mitochondria 2. Citric Acid Cycle - Mitochondria 3. Electron Transport/Chemiosmosis - Mitochondria 4. Formation of AcetylCoA - Mitochondria

1 - Glycolysis DOES NOT happen in Mitochondria

Substrate level phosphorylation involves the transfer of a phosphate group from

1, 3-biphosphoglycerate

Select the processes that are matched with the incorrect amount of ATP produced by that process per glucose molecule 1 - electron transport chain—32 ATP 2 - citric acid cycle—4 ATP 3 - glycolysis—2 ATP (net) 4 - alcohol fermentation—2 ATP

2 - Citric Acid Cycle DOES NOT yield 4 ATP. Each glucose cycles twice, makes 1 ATP each cycle but 2 total

Considering only glycolysis and the conversion of pyruvate molecules to acetyl CoA molecules, how many NADH molecules will be produced from one glucose molecule?

4

In the citric acid cycle, two acetyl CoA molecules are metabolized to

4 CO2 + 6 NADH + 2 FADH2 + 2 ATP

Chemiosmosis allows exergonic redox processes to drive the endergonic reaction in which

ATP is produced from phosphorylation of ADP

Citric Acid Cycle

Acetyl coA combines with oxaloacetate (4C) to form citrate (6C) Per glucose: 4 CO2 2 ATP 6 NADH 2 FADH2 Oxaloacetate is regenerated

Chlorophyll A starts with

CH3

Chlorophyll B starts with

CHO

Photorespiration

CO2 gets used up; O2 is generated Rubisco is RuBP carboxylase/oxygenase -Fixes O2 when CO2 is low -Calvin cycle intermediates are degraded to CO2 and H2O -Reduces efficiency of photosynthesis

During the reactions of photosynthesis, ____ is reduced and ____ is oxidized

CO2, H2O

Light-dependent reactions

Captures light energy Produces ATP and NADPH Takes place in thylakoids

What pathway is anaerobic?

Fermentation

Lactic Acid Fermentation

Fungi, bacteria, animals Yogurt, sauerkraut Oxygen debt in muscle cells Yields lactate 2 ATP

Lipids hydrolyzed to glycerol and fatty acids

Glycerol enters glycolysis Fatty acids enter AcetylCoA

Substrate level phosphorylation produces how many ATP from each step?

Glycolysis - 2 AcetylCoA - 0 Citric Acid (Kreb) - 2 Total = 4

Oxidative phosphorylation produces how many ATP/NADH/FADH from each step?

Glycolysis - 2 NADH, 4-6 ATP AcetylCoA - 2 NADH, 6 ATP Citric Acid (Kreb) - 6 NADH, 18 ATP 2 FADH2, 4 ATP Total = 32-34

If conditions are aerobic, pyruvate flows directly into the _____ where some of its atoms are converted to ______

Mitochondria, AcetylCoA

Proteins hydrolyzed to amino acids makes energy as

NH3

Glycolysis

Occurs in cytoplasm Glucose (6C) is split into 2 pyruvates (3C) No oxygen required Per glucose: -2 ATP (net) -2 NADH

In anaerobic respiration, glucose is completely:

Oxidized to Carbon Dioxide

Which of the following statements about the electron transport chain is true?

The proton gradient established during electron transport is a form of potential energy.

Nonfermentative anaerobic respiration differs from aerobic respiration in that anaerobic respiration:

can utilize NO3- as the terminal electron acceptor

What is the first step in the Calvin cycle?

carbon dioxide attaches to RuBP.

Which of the following are accessory photosynthetic pigments that expand the spectrum of light to provide energy for photosynthesis?

carotenoids, chlorophyll b

ATP produced in

cyclic electron transport

In the C4 pathway, what happens to the CO2 formed when malate is decarboxylated in bundle-sheath cells?

enter calvin cycle

The production of alcohol or lactate from pyruvate during ____________ occurs as a means of regenerating ____________ from ____________

fermentation; NAD+; NADH

Which of the following conditions favors photorespiration

hot, dry environment

ATP is formed when ____ the thylakoid lumen

hydrogen ions

Select the molecule that contains the most stored chemical energy 1 - water 2 - lactate 3 - carbon dioxide 4 - oxygen

lactate

An electron absorbs a photon of light energy and becomes energized; the electron shifts from a ____ atomic orbital to a __________ atomic orbital.

lower, higher

During aerobic respiration, oxygen gets

reduced

In which part of the chloroplast do the carbon fixation reactions take place

stroma

In what part of a chloroplast are chlorophyll and accessory photosynthetic pigments associated?

thylakoid

Where is the electron transport chain of photosynthesis located?

thylakoid membrane

The role of the oxygen molecules required for aerobic respiration is

to accept the low energy electrons at the end of the electron transport chain

Deamination of amino acids in mammals yields amino groups that are converted to ____________, which is excreted, and ____________, which are converted to one of the reactants of glycolysis or the citric acid cycle

urea; carbon chains

The O2 evolved in photosynthesis comes from

water