Exam 4 Muscles
Supinator
a synergist with the biceps which also supinates. Radius is the only bone that moves when these 3 muscles contract
The longest muscle of the medial muscles that cross the hip is the gracilis.
True
Instrinsic muscles of the hand
Weak and small. Lie entirely within the palm. Control precise movements of metacarpals and fingers. Fine motor
Epicranius
"occipitofrontalis". Epicranial aponeurosis. Frontalis and occipitalis are both connected by this muscle.
Aponeurosis
Flat tendon
Erector spinea
Trunk movement. Extension. Prime movers of back extension and lateral bending. - iliocostalis -longissimus -spinalis **A way to remember these in order is to start at the spine and go out and in order the muscles to the right SLI**
Muscles of perineum
Urogential triangle and the anal triangle.
Thorax muscles
Used for respiration.
Hypothenar muscle
ball of little finger
Thenar muscle
ball of thumb
Fasicles
bundle of cells (fibers) surrounded by perimysium
Tibialis anterior ____.
dorsiflexes the foot at the ankle.
Number of origins
e.g. biceps (2 origins), triceps (3 origins)
Shape
e.g. deltoid muscle (deltoid=triangle)
Action
e.g. flexor or extensor, muscles that flex or extend, respectively
Size
e.g. maximus (largest), minimus (smallest), longus (long)
Direction of fibers or fascicles
e.g. rectus (fibers run straight), transverse and oblique (fibers run at angles to an imaginary line)
The latissimus dorsi ____ the arm at the shoulder.
extends
Brachioradialis is a(n) ___ of the forearm.
flexor
Finger flexion is not a function of the ____.
flexor carpi radialis
Upper limb extensors
posterior
External urethral sphincter
prevents you from urinating when you don't want to
Lever
rigid bar (bone) that moves on a fixed point or fulcrum (joint)
The ____ muscles include the supraspinatus, infraspinatus, teres minor, and subscapularis.
rotator cuff
Pennate fascicle
short fascicles attach obliquely to a central tendon running the length of the muscle (rectus femoris)
T/F. All of the triceps brachii muscle insert on the olecranon process of the ulna.
true
This muscle is primarily used for smiling
zygomaticus
Hip extensors
anterior
Location of attachments
names according to point of origin or insertion
Soleus ____.
plantar flexes the foot
Load
resistance (bones+tissues+any added weight) moved by effort
Rhomboid major acts on the ____.
scapula
Muscle to bone
tendon
Extensor carpi radialis brevis extends the ____.
wrist
Posterior compartment muscles of the forearm
1. Extensor digitorum (goes to fingers) 2. Extensor carpi ulnaris (pinky) 3. Extensor carpi radialis longus and brevis (next to brachii radialis) 4. Extensor pollcis brevis and longus (thumb) 5. Etensor indicis (pointer finger) **radial nerve**
How many distinct sets of fibers compose the deltoid muscle?
3
Foot muscles
4 layer. The job of the intrinsic muscles are to balance you when you walk on uneven surfaces. They also keep the foot bones in place.
Rotator cuff muscles
4 of them that stabilize joint
Extrinsic tongue muscles (3)
Attach to bones. The muscle that attaches to the styloid process pulls tongue back. The muscle that attaches to the hyoid bone pulls tongue downward. The muscle that attaches to the genial tubercle pulls tongue forward.
Trapezius
Attaches from skull to 12th thoracic to spine of scapula and clavicle. Raises, adducts (retracts) and rotates and lowers scapula (sitting proper). Posterior.
Infraspinatus
Rotator cuff muscle. Attach on the greater tubercle of humerus. Lateral rotation.
Pharyngeal constrictors
Behind other 2 swallowing muscles and is also a swallowing muscle
Infrahyoid
Below the hyoid bone. depress the hyoid and larynx. Swallowing muscle
The posterior compartment of muscles that act on the ankle and foot contains deep leg muscles only.
False.
The "quads"
Quadricipes femoris. Provides extension of the knee. Innervated by the femoral nerve. 4 muscles: rectus femoralis (crosses 2 joints and its origin is the AIIS), vastus lateralis, vastus medialis, vastus intermedius (other 3 muscles origin is the femur). Insert at tibia, quad tendon.
Supraspinatus
Rotator cuff muscle. Attach on the greater tubercle of humerus. Conducts the initial abduction of the humerus. Typically the muscle that tears when there is a rotator cuff muscle.
Teres minor
Rotator cuff muscle. Attach on the greater tubercle of humerus. Lateral rotation.
Subscapularis
Rotator cuff muscle. On the underside of the scapula. In the front and it attaches to the lesser tubercle of the humerus. Medially rotation. Pulls the shoulder inward
The longest muscle in the body is the ____.
Sartorius
Location
bone or body region association with the muscle
The anterior flexors consist of the _____ muscles.
brachialis (strongest), brachioradialis, and biceps brachii
The most powerful muscle of the flexors is the ____.
brachialis.
What happens if you only contract only the right SCM?
The muscle on the same side flexes. But if you turn your head to the right, your left side SCM will flex
Erector spinae group is a major ____ of the vertebral column.
extensor
The tendons of the ____ can be easily seen on the back of the hand when the fingers are extended.
extensor digitorum
Gluteus maximus is a powerful ___.
extensor of the thigh at the hip
The muscles that result in wrist flexion are the _____.
flexor carpi radialis, flexor carpi ulnaris, flexor digitorum superficialis
Effort
force (supplied by muscle contraction) applied to a lever to move a resistance (load)
Brachialis is a flexor of the _____.
forearm
The ____ muscles comprise the triceps surae that inserts onto the calcaneal tendon and are prime movers of plantar flexion.
gastrocnemius and soleus
The gluteus maximus muscles originates on all the following sites except the ___. 1. dorsal ilium 2. sacrum 3. coccyx 4. gluteal tuberosity
gluteal tuberosity
Among the origins of fibularis longus is the ___.
head of the fibula
Trap acts on the ____.
head, neck, scapula
Rectus femoris acts on both the ___.
hip (flex) and the knee (extend)
muscles of tongue movement
hypoglossal nerve. "glossal muscles".
What mastication muscle protracts the jaw?
later pterygoid
The biceps femorus is the ___ member of the group of muscles know as the hamstrings.
lateral
Vastus medialis extends the ___.
leg at the knee
Iliopsoas inserts onto the ___.
lesser trochanter of the femur
Bone to bone
ligament
Splenius
major head extender, hyperextends. means "bandage"
Sternocleidomastoid
major head flexor. The origin is the sternum and clavicle. The insertion is the mastoid process
Masseter inserts onto the angle and ramus of the ___.
mandible
The subscapularis muscles ____ the arms.
medially rotates
Flexor digitorum superficialis is innervated by the ____.
median nerve
Antagonist
oppose or reverse a particular movement
The palmaris longus inserts on the _____.
palmar aponeurosis
The ____ muscles are antagonistic to each other when flexing and extending the humerus.
pectoralis major (flexor) and latissimus dorsi (extensor)
Hip flexors
posterior
Lower limb flexors
posterior
The origin of gluteus medius is from the ____.
posterior surface of the ilium and inserts on the greater trochanter.
Prime movers
provide the major force for producing a specific movement
Genioglossus
pulls forward. attaches to the genio tubercle. extrinsic tongue
Fusiform fascicle
spindle-like muscles with parallel fibers (biceps brachii)
Core muscles
transverse muscles to spinalus muscles. keep the spine aligned.
Muscle of extension for the forearm is located posteriorly (triceps)
true
Head movement back
Extensors
Levator scapulae
Raises scapula.
Swimmers tend to have particularly well-developed ___ muscles.
latissimus dorsi
Semitendinosus
Thigh posterior extensor. Origin is ischial tuberosity. Hamstring
Semimembranosus
Thign posterior extensor. Origin is ischial tuberosity. Hamstring.
Inspiration
Thorax. Contracting (breathing in). Diaphragm and external intercostals space gets larger when there is a large amount of air in there.
Expiration
Thorax. Relaxing (breathing out). Diaphragm and external intercostals shrinks up when less air is in there.
The intrinsic muscles of the tongue originate at the ____.
Tongue. It moves the tongue and points it
muscles of mastication
Trigeminal nerve. 4 of them (chewing) which are temporalis, masseter, medial pyerygoid, and lateral pterygoid. All innervated by the trigeminal nerve. 3 branches
What mastication muscles close the jaw?
temporalis and masseter and medial pterygoid
Is a muscle attached to a bone using a tendon?
true
Rhomboids
(major and minor). Origin on spinous process and insertion is on medial border. Adducts (retracts) scapula
How many nerves in cranial?
12
Internal obliques
Abdominal muscles. Attached to aponerosis
Rectus abdominis
Abdominal muscles. Attached to aponeurosis. Have connective tissue between sections of muscles that form your "6 pack" also called your tendinous intersection.
Transverse abdominis
Abdominal muscles. Deepest muscles. Attached to aponerosis
External obliques
Abdominal muscles. Run like fingers in your pant pockets. Attached to aponerosis
Dorsal interossei
Abductor of the fingers. Remember DAB.
Suprahyoid
Above hyoid bone. Raise the hyoid bone and larynx- widens openings. swallowing muscle
Medial muscles of hip and knee joints
Adduct the thigh
Palmar interossei
Adductor of the fingers. Remember by PAD.
Medial compartment
Adductors. Origin on pubis. Insert on femur except for gracilis.
Muscles of facial expression
All innervated by facial nerve. insert into skin or other muscles and pull on them (smile, squint, ect.). 5 branches of this. One side is attached to bone and one is attached to skin or the other muscle.
Synergists
add force to a movement
The pec major muscle ____ the arm at the shoulder.
adducts, flexes, medially rotates
Lower limb extensors
anterior
Upper limb flexors
anterior
Origin of sartorius is from the ____.
anterior superior iliac spine
Muscles of the lower limb can be separated by _____.
anterior, medial, posterior
Perineum
anything below the pelvic diaphragm. openings within that diaphragm.
Styloglossus
attaches to tongue and articulates with the styloid process and pulls upward. extrinsic tongue
Hyoglossus
attaches to tongue and hyoid process and pulls downward. extrinsic tongue
Biceps bracii
Anterior flexor muscles of the elbow joint. Inserting in bones of the forearm. Innervated by musculocutaneous nerve (AKA goes to the skin to give you sensory after going to the muscles)
Brachialis
Anterior flexor muscles of the elbow joint. Inserting in bones of the forearm. Innervated by musculocutaneous nerve (AKA goes to the skin to give you sensory after going to the muscles)
Thigh flexors
Anterior. Iliopsoas (iliacus and psoas major), tensor fasciae latae, rectus femoris, sartorius
Sartorius
Anterior. Runs obliquely from the iliac spine to the posterior portion of the knee. Insertion point at anterior superior iliac spine. Flexes hip and knee (quad muscle)
Ischiocavernosus
Contracts and traps blood in the penis and clitoris
What is the most important muscle in inspiration?
Diaphragm
Anterior compartment of foot
Dorsiflexion and extension of the toes. Tibialis anterior, extensor digitorum longus, extensor hallucis longus
Posterior muscles of hip and knee joints
Extend the hip and flex the knee
Occipitalis
Facial expression muscle need to know. Back of head. Pulls your scalp backwards.
Zygomaticus major
Facial expression muscle need to know. Cheek. Smiling muscle.
Buccinator
Facial expression muscle need to know. Compresses cheeks when you suck in or blow out.
Orbicularis oculi
Facial expression muscle need to know. Eye. Use when eye closes or when you squint.
Frontalis
Facial expression muscle need to know. Forehead. Helps you raise your eyebrows.
Orbicularis oris
Facial expression muscle need to know. Mouth. Kissing muscle.
Platysma
Facial expression muscle need to know. Neck. Thins while you age. Embedded in skin. Gives you the look of horror and guys use this when they shave so the skin tightens up.
Convergent fascicles
Fascicles converge toward a single tendon insertion (pectoral major)
Parallel fascicles
Fascicles parallel to the long axis of a straplike muscle (sartorius)
What happens if you contract both sternocleidomastoid?
Flex neck
Movements at the thigh
Flex, extend, abduct, adduct, circumduction, rotation. All 3 groups are enclosed by the fascia late which is a compression stocking
Anterior compartment of forearm
Flexors. Palmar aponeurosis tendon is attached to the palmaris longus in the forearm. **If it is in the front arm the word flexor will be in front of it**. Muscle on the thumb side is the flexor carpi radialis. Muscle on the pinky side is the flexor carpi ulnaris. FInger muscles are flexor digitorum muscles. Thumb muscle is flexor pollicis longus. Flexor retinaculum tendon keep muscles in place in the wrist
Abdominal muscles
Form the lateral and anterior abdominal wall. Flexion. Help you flex and rotate. Compresses the abdomen when you're urinating, defecating, vomiting, childbirth, and coughing.
Abductors of the thigh
Gluteus medius/minimus. Insertion is greater trochanter
All muscles termed the lateral rotators insert on or near the ____ trochanter of the femur.
Greater
Rectus femoris
In the femoral region. Anterior. Flexes hip and extends knee. Insertion at anterior inferior iliac spine
Bulbospongiosus
In the male it contracts in an ejaculation and helps let seamen leave and in a female it helps clamp on the penis during intercourse
The 4 muscles that comprise the posterior group of the pectoral girdle are the ____.
Levator scapulae, rhomboideus minor, rhomboideus major, and trapezius
Muscles of the forearm
Like you are opening a door handle. The only bone that moves is the radius so there must be an insertion point there. Pronators and supinators
Pelvic diaphragm
Located at the bottom of the pelvis and holds everything up within there so it does not fall out. Made of the levator ani and the coccygeus.
Latissimus dorsi
Located in the back of the shoulder. Prime mover. Origin: thoracolumnar fascia. Insertion: anterior humerus. Action: Prime extensor of arm, adduction, medial rotation.
Pectoralis major
Located in the front of shoulder. Prime mover. Origin: sternum, clavicle, ribs. Insertion: anterior humerus. Action: flexor, adduction, medial rotation.
Deltoid
Located partially in the front and back but mostly on the side of the shoulder. Prime mover. Origin: clavicle and scapula. Insertion: humerus. Action: abduction, flexion, and extension of arm.
Iliopsoas
Made of the iliacus and psoas major muscles. Attaches to lesser trochanter. Anterior. Prime mover at hip.
Superficial muscles of the thorax
Most are extrinsic shoulder muscles. None attach to humerus. They fix the shoulder girdle (mostly the scapula) and supply arm movements. Actions include elevation, depression, rotation, lateral and medial movements, protraction, and retraction.
Diaphragm
Most important inspiration muscle. Very large. Central tendon runs through it. Innervated by phrenic nerves. Vertebrae C3, C4, C5 keeps the diaphragm alive. Separates the thoracic and abdominal cavity.
Muscles of the forearm
Movements of the wrist, hand, and fingers. Most anterior muscles are flexors. Most posterior muscles are extensors. Some forearm muscles pronate or supinate the forearm.
How to name a muscle
O- origin I- insertion A-action N-innervation
Medial nerve of leg
Obturator nerve
Bicep femoris
On the back femoral side. Hamstring.
Forced inspiration
A deep breath that uses new muscles that aren't used in regular breathing. This includes the sternocleidomastoid, scalenes, and pectoralis minor
Forced expiration
A deep exhale uses new muscles that aren't used during regular breathing. These include the internal obluqes
Lever systems
Components of a lever system are the lever, the effort, and the load
Scalenes
Nerves pass through there that go to the upper limbs. Function is to bend and flex at neck.
Triceps brachii
Posterior extensor muscles. 3 points of origin @ humerus, humerus and scapula. Innervated by radial nerve (in the WHOLE back of the arm/forearm/hand). Chief forearm extensor.
Gluteus maximus
Posterior extensors of thigh. Prime mover during forceful extension.
Flexion of knee
The hamstrings, sartorius, cracilis. All cross 2 joints.
Supraspinatus acts with the deltoid to ____ the arm.
abduct
The 2 heads of the gastrocnemius converge to insert onto the ___.
calcaneal tendon
Temporalis, along with the masseter, ____.
closes the jaw
The levator ani and ___ muscles form the pelvic diaphragm.
coccygeneus
The muscles of the ___ are rather unusual for muscles because they insert onto the skin or other muscles
face
Circular fascicles
fascicles arranged in concentric rings and is also known as a sphincter (orbicularis oris)
Anterior nerve of leg
femoral nerve
The origin of vastus intermedius are from the shaft of the ___.
femur
The ____ muscle inserts on the metatarsal 5.
fibularis brevis
Eversion of the foot results in the contraction of the ____ muscle.
fibularis longus
Muscles that act on the knee joint exhibit two actions ____.
flex and extend
The anterior fibers of the deltoid ____.
flex the arm at the shoulder.
Anterior muscles of hip and knee joints
flex the hip and extend the knee
Movement at the elbow joint is summarized as ___.
flexes and extends.
Biceps brachii ____ and supinates the forearm.
flexes. attaches to the radius because it can supinate
Posterior nerve of leg
tibial nerve
Lateral rotators of the thigh
Piriformis, obturator externus, obturator internus, gemellus, gluteus maximus.
Lateral compartment of the leg
Plantar flexion and eversion of the foot. Fibularis longus (strongest)/brevis
Posterior compartment of the leg
Plantar flexion and flexion of the toes (tip toes). Gastrocnemius, soleus, tibialis posterior, flexor digitorum longus, flexor hallucis longus. Gastrocnemius and soleus come together on the achilles/calcaneal tendon.
Hamstring muscles
Posterior extensors of thigh. Prime movers of extension. 3 muscles: biceps femoris, semitendinosus, semimembranosus. They all cross two joints (hip and knee)
Thigh extensors
Posterior. Hamstring muscles: biceps femoris, semitendinosus, semimembranosus. Gluteus maximus
External anal sphincter
Prevents you from letting out feces when you don't want to
Skeletal Muscles functional groups
Prime movers, antagonists, synergists, fixators
Pronators of forearm
Pronator teres and pronator quadratus
Adductor brevis
Pubis origin. Insect on femur. Adductor of thigh. Innervated by obturator.
Adductor longus
Pubis origin. Insect on femur. Adductor of thigh. Innervated by obturator.
Adductor magnus
Pubis origin. Insect on femur. Adductor of thigh. Innervated by obturator.
Pectineus
Pubis origin. Insect on femur. Adductor of thigh. Innervated by obturator.
Muscles crossing the shoulder joint
Some originate off the scapula; others originate off the axial skeleton. Actions include flexion, extension, adduction, abduction, and rotation of the humerus.
When you lie on your back, your ____ muscles contract to lift your head.
Sternocleidomastoid and scalenes
Subclavius
Superficial muscles of the thorax. Main job is acts as a cushioning when you break your clavicle for the blood vessels within there. Anterior
Serratus anterior
Superficial muscles of the thorax. Origin is on the ribs and wraps around then inserts on the medial border and pulls the scapula forward and out and rotates it so you can move your humerus. The "boxers muscles". Anterior
Pectoralis minor
Superficial muscles of the thorax. Small. It function is to pull the scapula forward and it helps you take a deep breath in because it moves your ribs up and out. Anterior
Brachioradialis
Synergist and stabilizer.
Fixators
Synergists that immobilize a bone or muscle's origin
The muscles of the back that are most susceptible to injury when heavy lifting are ____.
the erector spinae muscles.
Flexor hallucis longus acts on ___.
the first digit of the foot.
Serratus anterior arises from ____.
the medial border of the scapula.
Semitendinosus is one of the hamstring muscles and is innverated by the ____ nerve.
tibial