Biology Final

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Plants that flourished in the Mesozoic era along with dinosaurs were the

cycads

Which feature distinguishes birds from the rest of the reptiles?

endothermic

Food is prevented from entering the trachea by the

epiglottis

Which type of memory is associated with specific facts, persons, and events?

episodic

Which of the following tissues may be specialized to secrete mucous?

epithelial

Which of the following tissues would line the mouth?

epithelial

Sharks

have a keen sense of smell.

Which of the following symptoms would not be typical of otitis media?

headache

Which of the following organisms exhibit radial symmetry as adults?

cnidarians

According to the operon theory, the function of the regulator gene is to

code for a repressor molecule that can bind to the operator.

The majority of cases of lung cancer are associated with smoking.

True

The term "metabolism" refers to all of the chemical reactions that occur in a cell. True or False?

True

When a plant grows upward, the distance between the internodes increases in length. True or False?

True

When you eat an apple, the core left over is the ovary. True or False?

True

Seeds contain all of the following EXCEPT ( ) a seed coat. ( ) an endosperm. ( ) an embryo. ( ) a pollen grain. ( ) triploid tissue.

a pollen grain.

If A → B → C → D → E represents a metabolic pathway, then letter E would be

a product.

Mendel carried out most of his research with

pea plants.

Which of the following diseases is caused by exposure to particles inhaled primarily in the workplace (silica, coal dust, etc.)?

pulmonary fibrosis

Jackie's ankles are very swollen at night after work. When she went to the doctor about the problem, the doctor requested a urine specimen. Why?

renal pelvis.

The systemic circuit circulates blood from the

left ventricle to right atrium.

Which organelle will use up oxygen and give off carbon dioxide and water?

mitochondria

The cephalopods resemble other molluscs because they have

most of the internal organs located in a visceral mass.

If you have extreme difficulties learning how to hit a baseball or play the piano, there may be a problem with your cerebellum.

true

Naked strands of RNA not covered by a capsid are

viroids

Which group does NOT have members that cause human disease?

archaea

The role of mycorrhizae is to

improve the extraction of water and minerals from the soil.

Endothermic animals with four-chambered hearts include the ( ) amphibians. ( ) reptiles. ( ) fish. ( ) arthropods. ( ) birds.

birds

The cri du chat syndrome represents a chromosomal mutation type termed

deletion.

Ribosomes are composed of

RNA and protein.

Compound fruits

develop from several individual ovaries.

If a cell stops at the G1 checkpoint, this is most likely due to what problem?

There is DNA damage.

Which relationship is NOT correct?

thermoacidophiles-cold Antarctic ice

The chitinous bristles that earthworms use to anchor themselves in the earth and pull themselves along are

setae.

Sodium is considered one of the major minerals needed in the human diet.

True

Visible light has more energy than radio waves. True or False?

True

Consider that the rock outcrops at the surface of the land in your neighborhood are Permian. What would be true if you dig downward?

You may find FOSSILS of the first REPTILES or JAWED FISHES below.

The term hypertonic means

a higher solute concentration.

The only function of apoptosis is to destroy healthy cells when they become damaged or infected. True / False?

False

The overall cell cycle is dramatically different for animals than for plant cells. True or False?

False

The red maple tree cannot photosynthesize because it is not green. True or False?

False

Urethra and bladder infections are easily treated with antibiotics, but even simple kidney infections are much more difficult to treat.

False

Which structure in Figure 14.1 stores food, has limited digestion, and secretes HCl?

2

What is the function of ribulose bisphosphate (RuBP) during photosynthesis?

It combines with CO2 to produce a 6-carbon compound.

Which of the following features was NOT necessary for adaptation by reptiles to life on land? ( ) hard, horny scales ( ) internal fertilization by means of a penis ( ) shelled egg ( ) being cold-blooded ( ) well-developed lungs

being cold-blooded

Most of the carbon dioxide transported in the plasma is in the form of

bicarbonate ions.

Carrier molecules are required for

both facilitated diffusion AND active transport.

Dendrites

carry impulses toward a cell body.

Eukaryotic chromosomes are composed of

chromatin.

Amphibians most likely evolved from ancestors most similar to the

coelacanth

Which of the following is not related to obesity?

exercise and sensible diet

Protists offer a glimpse into the past because they are most likely related to the first prokaryotic cell to have evolved.

false

Smoking may increase your risk of lung cancer, but it does not affect the risk of bladder cancer.

false

A cell placed in a hypotonic solution will

gain water.

Which of the following is responsible for the storage of extra bile?

gallbladder

Which is NOT a correct association?

gap junctionsstomach

In the body, glucose is stored in the liver as

glycogen

All of the following may be found in the blood except

glycogen.

In which plant structure does photosynthesis primarily occur?

leaf

Which of the following is a nonvascular plant that has the longest evolutionary history on land? ( ) ferns ( ) bristlecone pine tree ( ) moss ( ) redwood tree ( ) grass

moss

According to Fox's laboratory experiments, the protocell could have been composed

mostly of polypeptides.

What are the products of photosynthesis?

oxygen and carbohydrate

Which molecules are the reactants or substrates for aerobic respiration?

oxygen and glucose

What accounts for the attractiveness of many flowers that helps enhance their reproductive opportunities?

petals

The male gametophyte in flowering plants will be found within the

pollen grain.

The capsid of a virus is composed of

protein

At body temperature, which of these combinations is most likely to result in digestion?

protein, HCl, pepsin

Contraction of the right ventricle forces blood initially into the

pulmonary artery.

Blood richest in oxygen is found in the

pulmonary veins.

Press a sponge through a coarse cloth bag and extrude the whole cells through the holes. The cells then

reassemble into a new organized sponge with each cell resuming its original job.

Muscles are connected to bones by

tendons.

Which structure can be classified as an endocrine and reproductive organ?

testes

Which part of the brain is used to integrate incoming information and send it to the appropriate portion of the cerebrum?

thalamus

Which is NOT a correct association of brain structures and functions?

thalamus—regulates heartbeat and blood pressure

The term for the body of a bryophyte such as Marchantia is

thallus

When anyone severs his spinal cord, as Christopher Reeve did in a horse riding accident, they suffer a loss of sensation and a loss of voluntary control.

true

The vascular tissue in the leaf is referred to as a

vein.

Which structure(s) would be subject to the lowest blood pressure?

vena cava

Which of the following is NOT a correct association?

ventricles—receive blood from body

Which molecule would you need to radioactively label in order to produce radioactive oxygen during photosynthesis?

water.

What components does respiration include?

exchange of gases in the lungs and in the tissues

Which of the following does not contribute to homeostasis?

excretion of proteins and nucleotides

Which of the following is not involved in digestion?

transport of nutrients from food via the blood

A stroke results from a disruption of the blood supply to the brain.

true

Urine contains substances that underwent pressure filtration and substances that underwent tubular secretion.

true

The "powerhouse" of the cell is the

mitochondria.

The most primitive primates are considered to be the ( ) prosimians. ( ) apes. ( ) New World monkeys. ( ) Old World monkeys. ( ) humans.

prosimians

The site of translation is the

ribosome.

The cyclic electron pathway produces only

ATP.

The three shapes of bacteria are

bacillus, coccus, and spirillum.

Which of the following organisms show the typical method of acquiring food that is found in animals?

Earthworms, annelids, who feed on any available organic matter that they can take into their mouths

The first step of the cyclic electron pathway involves the removal of the electrons from water. True or False?

False

The first member of genus Homo to use fire is

Homo erectus.

If the proteins forming the cell junctions within the stomach were denatured, what is a likely consequence?

The desmosome junctions would not hold together causing the cells in the stomach to pull apart.

What determines whether or not genes located on the same chromosome can assort independently?

The distance between genes located on the same chromosome determines whether or not they can show any level of independent assortment.

If a molecule crosses a plasma membrane faster than it diffuses in water, then the process is likely to involve active transport. True/False?

True

If a person has chronic bronchitis, will they cough up mucous?

True

You can tell the age of a stem by counting the bud scale scars. True or False?

True

Oxygen diffuses into the capillaries of the lungs because there is

a higher concentration of O2 in the alveoli than the capillaries.

Sea stars and sea urchins operate their tube feet by

a hydraulic system that regulates water pressure.

The mycelium is a mesh of filaments, each of which is called

a hypha

Stomata

allow gas exchange.

Earthworms are

annelids.

Surface-area-to-volume ratios indicate

as cells get larger, their surface area gets larger but at a slower rate than the volume increases.

If an enzymatic reaction was controlled by feedback inhibition, we would expect it to stop

as soon as a critical level of end product builds up.

Interleukin and interleukin antagonists may be used for all of the following except

as treatments for B cell deficiencies.

A mushroom will produce a sexual spore at the tip of a club-shaped

basidia

Which of the following are NOT cnidaria?

planaria

Platelets

initiate clotting

The motor molecules associated with actin are called

myosin

To be an effective antibiotic or chemotherapeutic agent, it is necessary

not to kill the human host or cause allergic reactions AND to be able to kill a bacterial cell only.

Wood is composed of

secondary xylem.

Sponges exhibit radial symmetry.

false

Inflammation of the gums is called

gingivitis

How many membranes does a chloroplast have?

three

How many nuclei are present inside a pollen grain?

three

How many openings does the bladder have?

three

Which of the following is an incorrect statement?

Dinoflagellates, diatoms, and trypanosomes are unicellular algae.

Because mitochondria were once independently living prokaryotic cells, if removed from a eukaryotic cell they can survive independently. True/False?

False

Because plants evolved from bacterial ancestors, the primary plant cell wall and the bacterial cell wall are both composed of peptidoglycan. True/False?

False

Because the inside of a cell is more organized than the outside, the inside of the cell has increased entropy. True or False?

False

Brock's father has inherited a mitochondrial disease. Is Brock in danger of also having this disease? True / False?

False

Cells are not as efficient in their use of energy as gasoline engines. True or False?

False

Centrioles are absolutely necessary to the process of mitosis in all organisms. True / False?

False

During mitosis, separation of the sister chromatids ensures that each daughter cell will receive two copies of each type of chromosome. True or False?

False

The endocrine system is the only system that is involved in coordinating and regulating the functioning of all the body's other systems.

False

The same signaling molecule that binds to the receptor on the outside of the cell is used to alter gene expression in the nucleus. True / False?

False

Which species is believed to be the first creature to walk erect and possibly be the first hominin? ( ) Ardipithecus kadabba ( ) Australopithecus anamensis ( ) Ardipithecus ramidus ( ) Australopithecus afarensis ( ) Homo habilis

Ardipithecus kadabba

For translation to take place, which of the following would NOT be required to be present? A) DNA B) mRNA C) tRNA amino acid complex D) rRNA E) ribosome

A) DNA

Which genus of bacteria causes more diseases in humans than any other?

Streptococcus

Larval Trichinella worms live in the

The skeletal muscle of pork

Which of the following statements about planaria is NOT true?

There is a rudimentary circulatory system with a small central heart.

Which of these would have been most likely to develop only after the formation of a true cell?

autotroph

The element in your blood necessary for the clotting process is

calcium

Fungi are NOT photosynthetic because they lack

chlorophyl

The substance that initially traps solar energy in photosynthesis is

chlorophyll.

Which organisms form lichens?

cyanobacteria and fungi

Which lobe of the cerebrum is responsible for vision?

occipital

Which of the following is NOT a component of the carpel of a flower? A) anthers B) stigma C) style D) ovary E) ovule

A) anthers

Which of the following refers to materials only leaving the cell? A) diffusion B) exocytosis C) endocytosis D) pinocytosis E) phagocytosis

B) exocytosis

Which of the following is a byproduct of photosynthesis? A) carbon dioxide B) water C) oxygen D) glucose E) energy

C) oxygen

If the normal nucleotide sequence was TACGGCATG, what type of gene mutation is present if the resulting sequence becomes TAGGCATG? A) chromosomal mutation B) germinal mutation C) addition mutation D) deletion mutation E) substitution mutation

D) deletion mutation

Which sequence of stages in mitosis is correct? A) prophase, metaphase, interphase, telophase B) metaphase, anaphase, prophase, telophase C) anaphase, interphase, telophase, prophase D) prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase E) interphase, metaphase, prophase, anaphase

D) prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase

Which of the following serve to directly accelerate the cell cycle? A) tumor suppressor genes B) carcinogens C) repressors D) proto-oncogene proteins E) p53 gene

D) proto-oncogene proteins

Which of the following parts of a plant embryo grows downward? A) plumule B) epicotyl C) seed coat D) radicle E) shoot

D) radicle

Which substance will help in seed germination and indicates to the plant that the stem must elongate to reach the light? A) cytokinins B) ethylene C) auxin D) agent orange E) phytochrome

E) phytochrome

A reading of 120/80 indicates blood velocity.

False

Which of the following is NOT correct? ( ) xylem-conducts water up from the soil ( ) phloem-transports organic nutrients ( ) vascular tissue-xylem and phloem ( ) vascular plants-sporophyte is dominant ( ) sporophyte-haploid

sporophyte-haploid

Which of the following is NOT a basic type of tissue?

urinary

The X-ray diffraction photography of Rosalind Franklin and Maurice Wilkins was critical evidence A) indicating that DNA has a double helix structure. B) showing the bases of DNA were held together by hydrogen bonds. C) showing equal numbers of purines and pyrimidines. D) revealing the structure of the deoxyribose sugar. E) of the location of each adenine, guanine, cytosine, and thymine.

A) indicating that DNA has a double helix structure.

Replication of the DNA for meiosis occurs between telophase I and prophase II. True or False?

False

When a substance moves from an area of low concentration to an area of high concentration while using energy, the process is termed

active transport.

Sea stars reproduce

by sexual means and also by asexual fragmentation.

The loop of the nephron (loop of Henle)

creates a high osmotic pressure in the medulla.

Which of the following is NOT one of the steps (processes) involved in urine formation?

creatinine production

If a person has a portion of number 5 chromosome missing, they may have

cri du chat syndrome.

Because most birds travel through the air at high speeds, they must have

highly sensitive sensory systems.

Due to experimentation, it was discovered that which structure was involved in the conversion of short-term memories to long-term memories?

hippocampus

Which portion of the antibody binds to the antigen?

hypervariable region

Which organ of the digestive tract functions to store food, kill bacteria, and partially digest proteins?

stomach

When the paramedic shouts "stand back" and applies the paddles to administer a strong current, this is an attempt to

stop the ventricles from uncontrolled contractions so the SA node can reestablish a coordinated beat.

Language is NOT dependent on

the spinal cord

At night, plants do not carry out any metabolism because there is no sunlight. True or False?

False

Energy, but NOT chemicals, may cycle through living things. True or False?

False

What will happen to the protein solution of side A in Figure 4.1? {image of U shaped tube with 20% protein & 80% water on side A & 100% water on side B with a differentially permeable membrane between the sides}

It will become less concentrated since water passes from B to A.

Which of the following is a long-term effect of heroin use?

The body decreases the production of endorphins.

Disruptive selection is described in the text with the case of British land snails. In the grassy fields, the light-banded snails escape bird predators. In the darker forest, the dark snails survive and the light-banded snails are eaten. As long as the snails continue to cruise across the British landscape mating at the same season, why doesn't this "disruptive selection" eventually lead to two separate species?

There is no reproductive isolation to prevent gene flow.

Anaphylactic shock may occur due to

a bee sting

You are examining a cell under the microscope that is undergoing cell division and cannot find any asters. What else would not be present in this cell?

a cleavage furrow

The disruption of homeostaisis can lead to what type of disease that can be life-threatening, but usually occurs and is resolved quickly?

acute

Gene mutations are

alterations in the normal sequence of bases within a gene.

Which of the following are NOT grouped with the Protista?

black bread mold

Name the tissue in which the cells are separated by a liquid.

blood

Chloroplasts and mitochondria are involved in a redox cycle because

carbon dioxide is reduced during photosynthesis and carbohydrate is oxidized during cellular respiration.

The Calvin cycle reactions are dependent upon a supply of

carbon dioxide, NADPH, and ATP.

The larger lymphatic vessels are most similar in structure to

cardiovascular veins.

Homologous structures such as the bones in wings, flippers, and arms are most closely concerned with

comparative anatomy.

The nucleolus

contains RNA and is found in the nucleus.

In Figure 17.16, the structure at "a" is a(n)

effector

Active genes are found in the _______ of eukaryotic chromosomes.

euchromatin.

A pellicle, either rigid or flexible, could be found in

euglenoids

Which vascular plants have seeds?

gymnosperms

The overall effect of renin release will be to

increase blood pressure for homeostasis.

Both plant and animal cells have mitochondria because they both

need ATP for energy.

In vertebrates, the _______ is/are usually replaced by ________.

notochord; a vertebral column

Most enzymes are

protein molecules.

Most of the water obtained by a plant enters through the

root hairs.

The name Echinodermata literally means

spiny skin

Which of the following is not a symptom of addiction to a certain drug?

the drug continues to cause physical or psychological changes in your body

Which of the following is NOT a part of a developing eudicot embryo? A) epicotyl B) hypocotyl C) cotyledon D) radicle E) coleoptile

E) coleoptile

Exocytosis and endocytosis are carried out by proteins in the cell membrane. True / False?

False

An autoimmune disease means that the body attacks itself because it does not recognize itself.

True

In asexual reproduction in plants, there is only one parent, instead of two. True or False?

True

Which group of organisms can trace their ancestry to the protists?

all of these trace their ancestry to the protists

Nitrogenous wastes are produced by

breakdown of proteins.

Which of the following plant hormones prevents senescence and can initiate leaf growth? A) indoleacetic acid B) gibberellin C) cytokinin D) abscisic acid E) ethylene

C) cytokinin

The deposits of chalky fossils that build the White Cliffs of Dover were produced by

foraminiferans.

Microtubules

form a spindle that distributes chromosomes in an orderly manner.

The cartilaginous fishes include all EXCEPT

lampreys

Alternative forms of a gene that influence the same trait and are found at the same location in homologous chromosomes are called

alleles.

The main function of stomata is to

allow passage of CO2 and O2 into the leaf.

During cellular respiration, what is reduced?

oxygen

Inflammation does not involve

B cells.

Soft drinks are a good source of carbohydrates for the body.

False

Tubular secretion allows hydrogen ions, creatinine, and penicillin to be excreted in the distal convoluted tubule. How are these molecules moved across?

active transport

A person who is blood type AB has

antigens A and B on the surface of RBCs.

A seed does NOT contain the

ovary.

The formation of sperm gametes is termed

spermatogenesis.

When arterioles constrict, blood pressure decreases.

False

Which is a correct association of mitochondrion structure and phase of cellular respiration? A) matrix - electron transport chain B) cristae - preparatory reaction C) matrix - citric acid cycle D) matrix - glycolysis E) cristae - glycolysis

C) matrix - citric acid cycle

Which of the following sequences correctly represents vertebrate evolution?

jawless fish → lobe-finned fish → amphibians → reptiles → mammals

The removal of electrons and/or hydrogen atoms from a substrate is called what?

oxidation

If the total number of chromosomes in a cell is six, then after mitosis there will be

six chromosomes in each daughter cell.

Aged red blood cells are destroyed in the

spleen and liver.

Haploid spores are produced in the ___ of a moss.

sporangium

Which type of organism will form endospores when faced with unfavorable environmental conditions?

bacteria

Which part of a seed provides nourishment for the embryo enabling seed plants to survive on land?

endosperm

Inbreeding within a population is an example of

nonrandom mating.

Which of the following is INCORRECTLY matched?

pyelonephritis—urethral infection

Which of the following should not normally contain urine?

renal artery

A male who is color-blind marries a heterozygous woman. What percent of their male children will be color-blind?

50%

What are the correct outputs, during the citric acid cycle from one molecule of glucose?

6 NADH, 4 CO2, 2 ATP, 2 FADH2

A gene is physically located on the _____ of the cell.

DNA

Which statement about cnidaria is NOT true?

The body plan is tube-within-a-tube, with both mouth and anus.

When does apoptosis occur?

during development

Protein digestion takes place in the

stomach and small intestine.

A member of the green algae is

Chlamydomonas.

A corn kernel is classified as a seed. True or False?

False

The major insect body parts are

Head, thorax and abdomen

Ovules are contained within the

ovary

Which association is NOT correct?

pharynx—vocal cords

Higher than normal blood pressure is called

hypertension

The pH of the stomach is usually about

2.0

Which of the following organisms move about by means of pseudopodia?

Amoeba proteus

The fossil called Lucy is a member of the species ___, which lived about 3.18 million years ago.

Australopithecus AFARENSIS

The fossil called Lucy is a member of the species ___, which lived about 3.18 million years ago.

Australopithecus afarensis

Which statement is NOT true about Down syndrome? A) It is caused by a third copy of chromosome 21. B) Greatly increased incidence occurs with fathers over age 40. C) It is usually associated with chromosomal nondisjunction in meiosis. D) Characteristics include mental retardation and extra eyelid folds. E) Affected individuals display mental retardation.

B) Greatly increased incidence occurs with fathers over age 40.

What is the value of photosynthesis to humans?

It will reduce the amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere.

If an individual has a XYY genotype, they are classified as having

Jacobs syndrome.

Which phase of the ECG indicates ventricular excitation and contraction?

QRS wave

Considering the U.S.D.A. recommended diet, which of the following statements is NOT true?

The daily diet should contain large amounts of saturated fats.

During an enzymatic reaction, what happens to the enzyme?

The enzyme and the substrate form a TEMPORARY complex.

The two layers of tissue in a hydra are

The epidermis that covers and protects and the gastrodermis where cells that complete digestion are found.

Which statement is NOT true about echinoderms?

The exoskeleton is made up of bony tissue

Which of the following is NOT true about T cells?

They produce antibodies.

Glucose is broken down during cellular respiration so that the released energy can be stored and converted into ATP. True or False?

True

Which of the following associations is not true?

Vitamin E is necessary for blood clotting.

The molecule that is found at the beginning and end of the citric acid cycle is

a C4 molecule.

Obesity, bulimia nervosa, and anorexia nervosa are all alike in that

all are difficult to treat and may be caused by a number of factors.

Anemia is one symptom of deficiency in all of the following vitamins and minerals except

calcium.

Which of the following is from a division within the gymnosperm group? ( ) horsetail ( ) cycad ( ) moss ( ) fern ( ) monocot

cycad

Bone

is laden with blood vessels and canaliculi to deliver nutrients

When a lysosome fuses with a vacuole,

its contents are digested.

The Adam's apple is actually a part of the

larynx

The Archaea include all of the following EXCEPT the

lichens

The digestive juices found in the stomach include

pepsin and hydrochloric acid.

The first fossil evidence of vascular tissue is seen in the

rhyniophytes

The anther and filament are parts of the

stamen

The formation of carbohydrate occurs within the

stroma.

If a cell lacked ribosomes, it would NOT be able to

synthesize proteins.

What is the main reason for hemolytic uremic syndrome?

the bacteria Escherichia coli

Amphibians are NOT considered to be fully adapted to life on land because

they are dependent upon water for external fertilization.

The genetic code consists of ____ bases that stand for one amino acid.

3

A sea star's nervous system includes

A central nerve ring that gives off radial nerves in each arm

Which of the following is NOT a part of a flower? A) stem B) sepals C) petals D) stamen E) carpel

A) stem

Which theory would suggest that both polypeptides and RNA arose at the same time.

Alexander Cairns-Smith's simultaneous evolution of polypeptides and RNA.

A new classification by domains separates traditional bacteria into

Archaea and Bacteria.

Which description best fits the lophotrochozoa?

As embryos they have three germ layers that will develop into the organ level of organization as adults.

What is the originator cell for monoclonal antibodies?

B cells

Adaptive immunity depends upon the activity of what type of cells?

B cells and T cells

Which genetic disorder is associated with an irregular shape of the red blood cells?

Sickle cell disease

Which is a correct description of muscle tissues?

Skeletal muscle cells are often striated or banded where actin and myosin filaments overlap.

Intrinsic control of heartbeat rate involves what mechanism(s)?

The SA node initiates heartbeat although the AV node can generate a slower beat rate.

Which of the following is NOT true about protostomes?

The first opening during embryonic development becomes the anus.

Which of the following statements is NOT true in regard to active immunity?

The particular antibody that is formed will react against any virus or bacterial cell.

Why are plant leaves green?

They reflect green wavelengths of light.

At the base of most food chains are autotrophs. True or False?

True

Chromosomes are attached to the spindle fibers in order to move to and from the equator. True / False?

True

Commercial micropropagation methods result in cloning of plants. True or False?

True

Crohn's disease is considered an autoimmune disease.

True

Cystic fibrosis has a genetic cause.

True

The length of DNA in each chromosome is longer than the diameter of the animal cell. True or False?

True

a kidney stone, perhaps stuck in the urethra

True

For the ancestors of land plants, supplying water to all cells of the organism would have been possible because

Water would simply diffuse into the cells from the surrounding environment.

A female with two Barr bodies in her cells would have what combination of sex chromosomes?

XXX

The clonal selection theory states that

a B or T cell is activated by binding to/recognizing an antigen, then that cell will be cloned into cells that recognize the same antigen.

Transmission of a nerve impulse from one neuron to another neuron is NOT dependent on

a refractory period.

What is the main reason for the presence of a pimple?

all of these are reasons for the presence of a pimple

What are alleles?

alternative forms of a gene for a single trait, such as blue eyes or brown eyes

Ectothermic animals with three-chambered hearts would include

amphibians.

Which of these is a bivalve?

an oyster

The ____ of a tRNA molecule will base pair with the codon of a mRNA molecule.

anticodon

A vaccine contains

antigens that are no longer virulent.

Comparisons are made among a broad range of organisms for similarities in amino acid sequences. However, it is necessary to use ( ) structural proteins. ( ) basic biochemical molecules that are universal. ( ) blood type molecules. ( ) similarities only based on available dietary proteins. ( ) There are no restrictions, any amino acids for any structure would provide a legitimate comparison among organisms.

basic biochemical molecules that are universal.

Photosynthesis shows higher activity for violet/blue and orange/red and a lower absorption for green/yellow. If we could invent a different photosynthetic pigment that absorbed absolutely all visible wavelengths of light, the leaves would appear which color?

black

Lymph, such as that collected under a blister, contains all the components of blood except

blood cells, albumin and other plasma proteins.

Venous return does not depend on

blood pressure.

Spinal nerves contain

both sensory and motor fibers.

Bacteria living in the large intestine

can produce vitamins.

Which of these is the most accurate description of a virus?

chemical complexes of RNA or DNA protected by protein

The main reason that ATP is considered the energy currency in cells is because it

contains accessible energy in phosphate bonds.

What will cycle the energized electrons from the reaction center of PS I back to the reaction center in PS I?

cyclic electron pathway

Urinary tract infections that involve the bladder are called

cystitis.

Which of the following is NOT characteristic of earthworms?

dorsal solid nerve cord

Poisons are often

enzyme inhibitors.

You suddenly develop explosive and frequent diarrhea. Which of the following is most likely not the cause?

excess fiber in your diet

Lophotrochozoa are animals that are organized circularly, so no matter how they are sliced in half longitudinally, mirror images are obtained.

false

If you had a problematic hillside that continually eroded when it rained, plants with which type of roots would best solve your problem?

fibrous

Which is NOT part of a description of an antibody molecule?

forms an X-shaped protein molecule

During the daytime, stomata in leaves

give off oxygen and take in carbon dioxide.

What capillaries are enclosed by the glomerular (Bowman's) capsule?

glomerular

Which of the following is NOT an autoimmune disease?

inflammation

Segments of DNA that are NOT part of the gene are called

introns.

Protist reproduction

is mostly asexual with sexual as a second option.

The vocal cords are found in the

larynx.

The water vascular system of the echinoderm is used for

locomotion

Clover is an example of a what type of flowering plant?

long-day

If you are tracing the path of blood from the right to the left side of the heart, you must mention the

lungs.

An animal that is characterized by vertebrae, dorsal hollow nerve cord, hair, and mammary glands must be a(n)

mammal.

A post-synaptic membrane

must be either a dendrite membrane or cell body membrane.

Dendrites and an axon are parts of a(n)

neuron

What is the function of sodium bicarbonate in the digestive tract?

neutralization of chyme arriving at the small intestine

Hemoglobin is NOT

normally found free in the plasma.

Ribosomal RNA is produced in the

nucleolus.

Which eukaryotic organelle is the largest?

nucleus

A basic difference between spermatogenesis and oogenesis is that in oogenesis

one functional egg is produced.

Neurotransmitters are molecules that cross the synaptic cleft via

passive diffusion and either excite or inhibit the postsynaptic neuron.

In which disease of the lungs do the lungs fill with thick fluid?

pneumonia

The megaspore divides mitotically, resulting in a female gametophyte or embryo sac that differentiates into an egg and a central cell with two nuclei called the

polar nuclei.

Spores are produced in the ____ of a fern.

sori

The part of the skin that has adipose tissue to help insulate the body is the

subcutaneous layer.

Which lymphatic duct will drain the abdomen?

thoracic duct

Which is NOT a major function of the respiratory tract?

transferring and extracting nutrients

The ____ will store pigments and toxins in plant cells.

vacuole

The stone tools and the dentition of Homo habilis indicate that early humans probably

were omnivores.

Plant vascular tissue contains

xylem and phloem.

The kingdom Protista includes all of the following kinds of organisms EXCEPT

yeast

What are the chances that two individuals with wavy hair (an incomplete trait) will have a curly-haired child? Curly hair and straight hair exhibit incomplete dominance.

25%

If a species contains 23% A in its DNA, what is the percentage of guanine it would contain?

27%

What pH is required in order for protein to be digested into peptides with the use of pepsin?

3.0

The age of the earth is estimated to be about

4.6 billion years old.

In humans, aniridia, a type of blindness, is due to a dominant allele A. Migraine headaches are due to another dominant allele M. If a man who suffers from both conditions (AaMm) marries a woman who suffers from both (AaMm), what are the chances of an offspring having both traits?

9/16

Which statement best describes double fertilization in an angiosperm? ( ) Two egg cells are fertilized within each ovule. ( ) A sperm nucleus fuses with an egg cell and a sperm nucleus fuses with polar nuclei. ( ) Two sperm are required for fertilization of one egg cell. ( ) A flower can engage in both self pollination and cross pollination. ( ) One sperm fertilizes the egg while two polar nuclei fuse with a second egg.

A sperm nucleus fuses with an egg cell and a sperm nucleus fuses with polar nuclei.

Which of the following best defines substrate-level ATP synthesis? A) An enzyme passes a high-energy phosphate to ADP resulting in ATP B) ATP is used to activate glucose for glycolysis C) An exergonic reaction is used to drive the synthesis of ATP from ADP plus phosphate D) Oxidation of a substrate results in a high energy bond E) ATP is synthesized from adenosine plus 3 phosphates

A) An enzyme passes a high-energy phosphate to ADP resulting in ATP

Which of the following cells was most likely the first type of cells on Earth? A) Bacteria B) Fungi C) Archaea D) Plants E) Animals

A) Bacteria

Which of the following statements comparing the ATP synthase complex in cellular respiration and photosynthesis is not true? A) Both require the movement of H+ from inside a compartment to outside of the compartment. B) Both produce ATP. C) Both work via chemiosmosis. D) Both require a H+ gradient. E) Both are located in a membrane.

A) Both require the movement of H+ from inside a compartment to outside of the compartment.

The endosymbiotic theory argues that prokaryotes became some of the organelles of early eukaryotic cells. All of the following support this hypothesis EXCEPT: A) The vacuoles can "come and go" across the plasma membrane. B) Mitochondria and chloroplasts have their own DNA. C) Mitochondria and chloroplasts are nearly identical to some free living prokaryotes. D) The mitochondria and chloroplasts have their own DNA AND are nearly identical to some free living prokaryotes. E) Mitochondria and chloroplasts divide by splitting.

A) The vacuoles can "come and go" across the plasma membrane.

Which of the following proteins would you expect to be a coded for by a proto-oncogene? A) a growth factor receptor B) a DNA repair protein C) a protein involved with the G1 checkpoint D) a caspase E) a DNA replication protein

A) a growth factor receptor

Which of these is most closely associated with the process of electron transport? A) a sequence of molecules in the membranes of the thylakoids B) a stack of thylakoid membrane structures C) the double membrane of the chloroplast D) a flattened disk or sac in the chloroplast E) the central fluid-filled space of the chloroplast

A) a sequence of molecules in the membranes of the thylakoids

The hypothesis that suggests that RNA and polypeptides might have evolved simultaneously was proposed by

Alexander Cairns-Smith.

Which of the following is true about the clonal selection theory?

An antigen selects certain B cells to produce a clone of plasma cells.

Which of the following is generally NOT a characteristic of all animals?

Animals range from unspecialized single-celled to specialized multicellular forms.

Which feature is not found in the lophotrochozoa?

As embryos they have two germ layers that develop into their body systems.

Which is a correct example of tonicity? A) Water is hypertonic to red blood cells B) Turgor pressure is created when a plant cell swells in a hypotonic solution C) Plasmolysis results from plant cells in hypotonic solutions. D) Crenated red blood cells result when they are placed in a hypotonic solution. E) If a cell is placed in a hypertonic solution, water enters the cell.

B) Turgor pressure is created when a plant cell swells in a hypotonic solution

Which of the following is true concerning a comparison of arteries and veins?

Both contain 3 layers in their walls.

Which tissue lacks a direct blood supply and heals very slowly?

Cartilage

Which pathway in cellular respiration will produce ATP, NADH2, and carbon dioxide?

Citric Acid Cycle

In the case of Darwin's finches, an ancestral finch species from the mainland arrived on the Galapagos Islands and soon developed into many new species via adaptive radiation. The finches did not undergo adaptive radiation back on the mainland. What is the most plausible biological explanation? ( ) Directional selection works better on islands. ( ) Competition from many other bird species on the mainland provided stabilizing selection that was absent on the islands. ( ) The environment on the mainland was completely uniform. ( ) The founder effect greatly expanded the variation in alleles in the Galapagos finch gene pool. ( ) The ancestral mainland finch was reproductively isolated.

Competition from many other bird species on the mainland provided stabilizing selection that was absent on the islands.

Which description best fits the Central Nervous System (CNS)?

Consists of the brain and spinal cord, located in the midline of the body.

Phylogenetics uses evolutionary trees called cladograms to arrange species into clades, or related groups, showing all of the descendents of a common ancestor. The branches of the tree are based on all BUT WHICH of the following ( ) Shared derived characteristics ( ) Convergent evolution ( ) Homologous structures ( ) Morphological data ( ) DNA sequences

Convergent evolution

Which of the following would not be a function of the peroxisomes? A) break down fats in the liver B) produce bile salts in the liver C) help germinating seeds convert fatty acids into molecules that can be converted to sugars D) storage of toxic materials in the cell E) metabolism that uses oxygen and releases carbon dioxide in leaves

D) storage of toxic materials in the cell

In which kind of cross could you expect to find of ratios of 1:1:1:1 among the offspring? A) monohybrid cross B) dihybrid cross C) one trait test cross D) two trait test cross E) no cross will yield offspring in 1:1:1:1 ratios

D) two trait test cross

Which of the following is a prokaryotic cell? A) plant cell B) liver cell C) muscle cell D) paramecium E) bacterium

E) bacterium

What is the equation for photosynthesis?

Energy + 6CO2 + 6H2O → C6H12O6 + 6O2

Hydrangeas are a flowering plant with large showy blooms. When a plant is grown in aluminum rich soil it has blue flowers; if the same plant is transplanted into soil that is lacking aluminum the flowers produced will be pink. This is an example of

Environmental effects

Actin filaments, intermediate filaments, and microtubules are all similar in that each is composed of a single type of protein. True/False?

False

Glycolysis is linked to the citric acid cycle when oxygen is not available. True or False?

False

What are the products of the noncyclic electron pathway?

H+, O2, ATP, and NADPH

Of the following fossils, which is arranged in the correct order from oldest to the most recent? ( ) Homo erectus, Homo sapiens, Homo habilis ( ) Homo sapiens, Homo erectus, Homo habilis ( ) Homo habilis, Homo erectus, Homo sapiens ( ) Homo erectus, Homo habilis, Homo sapiens ( ) Homo sapiens, Homo habilis, Homo erectus

Homo habilis, Homo erectus, Homo sapiens {HH-HE-HS}

Which of the following is an example of homeostasis?

Human oral body temperature is always close to 37o C (98.6° F).

What is the relationship between linked genes and independent assortment?

Linked genes do not show independent assortment.

All of these humans are believed to have evolved in Africa EXCEPT ( ) Homo erectus. ( ) Homo habilis. ( ) Homo rudolfensis. ( ) Neandertals. ( ) Homo ergaster.

Neandertals

Which statement is NOT true in regards to the inflammatory reaction?

Neutrophils change into macrophages that act as scavengers.

Our body recognizes the foreign nature of a parasite or disease agent and we soon build up antibodies. A few parasites can change their identity to evade our immune system. How could cells do this on a regular basis?

New glycoproteins are produced in the cell and moved into the plasma membrane.

What genetic disorder is associated with the lack of an enzyme necessary for the normal metabolism of the amino acid phenylalanine?

Phenylketonuria (PKU)

Which of these may occur in both angiosperms and gymnosperms? ( ) Seeds develop within a cone. ( ) Seeds develop within a flower. ( ) Seeds are surrounded by a fruit at maturity. ( ) Pollen is carried by the wind for pollination. ( ) Pollen is carried by honeybees as pollinators.

Pollen is carried by the wind for pollination.

One adaptation that was necessary for charophytes to move onto land was the protection of the embryo from desiccation. In mosses the embryo, called a developing sporophyte, is

Protected within the archegonium and nourished by the 'foot' growing down into the gametophyte tissue.

The pacemaker of the heart is termed the

SA node

Why is cellular respiration organized into four phases?

So that the energy within the glucose molecule can be released in a stepwise fashion.

You spray an insect with common insecticide that destroys the ability of acetylcholinesterase to recycle acetylcholine. What then happens?

The insect loses control of body functions as nerve impulses flow continuously.

A flower that is missing the stamens would be considered female. True or False?

True

Sphincter muscles regulate the opening and closing of arterioles leading to capillary beds, directing the flow of blood to different areas of the body depending on the body's needs.

True

An adaptation exhibited by the tapeworm for survival in a host's intestine is

a tough integument resistant to host digestive fluids.

Swimming sperm are produced in the ____ of the moss gametophyte stage.

antheridia

Centrioles

are composed of microtubule triplets.

Mendel's law of segregation implies that the two members of an allele pair

are distributed to SEPARATE gametes.

Down syndrome

can occur if the sperm has an extra number 21 chromosome.

In plant cells, what is responsible for organizing the spindle?

centrosomes

The production of ATP as a result of an electrochemical gradient is called

chemiosmosis.

Which organelle will give off oxygen and use up carbon dioxide in plants?

chloroplasts

When an earthworm secretes a slime layer to receive eggs and sperm and form a ''cocoon,'' this secretion is produced by the

clitellum

The "lub" heart sound is due to the

closing of the atrioventricular valves.

One bacterial cell passes DNA to a second cell in the process of

conjugation.

In an average adult, only about 1/3 of the air actually reaches the alveoli.

false

The long insoluble threads of a blood clot originate from

fibrinogen.

The organisms examined by Darwin on the Galapagos Islands that were most important in his development of the theory of natural selection were

finches.

Which evidence for evolution uses impressions of plants and animals pressed into sedimentary rock? ( ) fossil record ( ) biogeography ( ) comparative anatomy ( ) comparative embryology ( ) comparative biochemistry

fossil record

What is the correct order an excreted water molecule moves from glomerulus to collecting duct?

glomerular capsule → proximal convoluted tubule → loop of nephron → distal convoluted tubule

You have discovered an organism that lives inside the gastrointestinal tract and does not contain a nucleus. Based on what you know of cellular respiration, how does it obtain its energy?

glycolysis

The chief distinguishing characteristic of all mammals is the presence of

hair and mammary glands.

Which is NOT a correct association of intestinal disorders?

hemorrhoids—a sexually contracted disease

During which stage of the cell cycle do the chromosomes duplicate?

interphase

Which types of embryos have extraembryonic membranes?

mammalian

Gladiolus produces leaves with parallel veins and floral parts in multiples of three. This plant is a(n)

monocot

Sac fungi take their name from the shape

of the structure that produces the spores.

Pollen would land on the ______ during pollination.

stigma

Miller's laboratory experiments showed that

the primitive gases can react together to produce small organic molecules.

A normal male marries a color-blind woman. What percent of their female children will be color-blind?

0%

How many molecules are formed from the cleavage of glucose during the first step of glycolysis? How many carbons are found in the resulting molecules?

2 molecules, each with 3 carbons

Which of these is NOT a true statement?

All chordates are vertebrates.

Which of the following is specifically responsible for antibody-mediated immunity?

B cell

In humans, brown eyes (B) is a simple dominant trait over blue eyes (b). A brown-eyed woman whose child is blue-eyed would have the genotype ( ) bb. ( ) Bb. ( ) BB. ( ) BBB. ( ) BbBb.

Bb.

Most antibodies found in the blood belong to what class of immunoglobulins?

IgG

What role does NAD+ play in cellular respiration?

It is an electron carrier

The most important human parasite among the sporozoa is ____, the causative agent of malaria.

Plasmodium vivax

Eukaryotic transcription factors assist the ______ in binding to the _________.

RNA polymerase; promoter

Which statement about arachnids is NOT true?

Spiders have trachea for respiration.

Which statement about sponges is NOT correct?

Sponges are thought to be on the evolutionary pathway leading to more complex animals such as corals and worms.

Which is NOT one of the preconditions in a population where natural selection is at work? ( ) There is variation that can be inherited in a population. ( ) The population becomes adapted to its environment. ( ) Many more individuals are produced by a population than can survive and reproduce. ( ) Adaptive characteristics in some individuals make them more likely to survive and reproduce. ( ) Heritable variations must be passed on the subsequent generations.

The population becomes adapted to its environment.

It may be possible to "fix" a coronary blockage by gene therapy.

True

Simple squamous epithelium has

a single layer of flat cells.

The megaspore in seed plants will develop into the

female gametophyte.

If a person inherits two X chromosomes, this individual will be

female.

The buildup of the products of nucleic acid metabolism can lead to

gout

____ are animals that have three pairs of legs, a tympanum for reception of sound waves, and Malpighian tubules for excretion.

grasshoppers

Scientific studies have shown that which of the following is NOT associated with smoking?

increased risk of diabetes

A major characteristic of the arthropods is the presence of

jointed appendages

The iris is a plant with long, sword-like leaves. Its flowers have six petals that form a tongue and "flags." When you cut through the stem to cut flowers for a bouquet arrangement, the many vascular bundles form tough "strings" throughout the stem. From this description, it is obvious that the iris is a

monocotyledon.

Which of the following kinds of molecules is thought to have been absent from the primitive reducing atmosphere?

oxygen (O2)

Which organelle primarily functions to package or regulate the production of H2O2?

peroxisome

Earlier in the history of Western medicine, surgeons did not know the immune function of the thymus gland and it was sometimes removed in children. What symptoms would you now predict these patients might display afterward?

reduced ability to recognize foreign material and distinguish it from body proteins

The tube that transports urine from the kidney to the urinary bladder is the

ureter.

Which of the following is not true of the chromosomes in a cell undergoing mitosis? A) They are highly compacted. B) They are available for RNA synthesis. C) They have histones bound to them. D) They are found within the cell nucleus. E) They are present in the diploid number.

B) They are available for RNA synthesis.

In semi-conservative DNA replication, each new double helix formed will have

one new and one old strand in each helix.

CAM plants

open their stomata at night to minimize water loss.

Which of the following is an upper respiratory tract disease?

pharyngitis

During which phases of the cell cycle do the chromosomes look like "X"s?

prophase, metaphase

Which of the following is NOT considered to be a metabolic waste?

renin from the kidneys

People claim that once you have learned to ride a bicycle you can always ride a bicycle, even if you haven't ridden for a long time. What type of memory is associated with this?

skill memory

Viruses are

smaller than bacteria

Which statement is NOT true about ADH?

It is secreted by the adrenal gland.

Tay-Sachs is a recessive genetic disease in humans. If one parent is homozygous normal and the other is a carrier (heterozygous), what are the chances that their child will have this disease?

0%

A floating Portuguese man-of-war is

a colony of polyps composed of different types of individuals.

In the pine life cycle, a microspore develops into ( ) a seed. ( ) a sporophyte. ( ) a pollen grain. ( ) a megaspore. ( ) an ovule.

a pollen grain.

A major evolutionary trend among plants is

a reduction in the size of the gametophyte and an increase in the size of the sporophyte.

Parasitic plants have specialized roots for invading a host plant's tissues. What are these roots called?

haustoria

Which types of cells are found only in the Central Nervous System?

interneurons

Cellular respiration is best associated with the

mitochondrion

In which kind of cross would you expect to find a phenotypic ratio of 3:1 among the F2 offspring?

monohybrid cross

Which is NOT part of the correct description of a protozoan?

multicellular

What system do the cnidaria have that sponges lack?

nervous

A cross is made between two parents with genotypes AaBB and aabb. If there are 32 offspring, how many of them would be expected to exhibit both dominant characteristics?

16

Prokaryotic cells are represented by fossils that are dated back as far as _____ billion years ago.

3.5

Which of the following statements is NOT correct about flowering plants? A) A sperm nucleus combines with one polar nucleus to form the endosperm. B) A sperm nucleus combines with the egg nucleus to eventually form the embryo. C) A pollen grain may be carried to the stigma of the ovary by the wind. D) A pollen tube grows down the style. E) They exhibit double fertilization.

A) A sperm nucleus combines with one polar nucleus to form the endosperm.

Which of the following statements about fermentation is NOT true? A) Fermentation involves the citric acid cycle. B) Fermentation does not require oxygen. C) Fermentation can produce lactic acid. D) Fermentation produces a net 2 ATP molecules. E) Fermentation can produce alcohol.

A) Fermentation involves the citric acid cycle.

ATP can be broken down into

ADP plus phosphate plus energy.

A person who is B positive will have

B antigens, anti-A antibody, Rh antigen.

Which of the following levels of control involves the use of a poly-A tail? A) protein activity B) translation of mRNA C) mRNA processing D) transcriptional control E) chromatin structure

C) mRNA processing

Which of these associations is incorrect? A) epidermal cell--protection B) stomata--gas exchange C) sclerenchyma cells--cell division D) sieve-tube members--sugar transport E) xylem cells--water transport

C) sclerenchyma cells--cell division

Which of these associations is NOT correct? A) plumule—leaves B) radicle—roots C) seed coat—ovary wall D) cotyledons—stored food E) hypocotyl—stem

C) seed coat—ovary wall

Most major food plants such as wheat, oats, and rice are in the group of

C3 plants.

Which photosynthetic mode would be most favorable in a desert environment?

CAM

Which of the following is NOT a frameshift mutation of the nucleotide sequence CATUAUCCC? ( ) CATTUAUCCC ( ) ATUAUCCC ( ) CTUAUCCC ( ) CATUAUCGC ( ) CCATUAUCCC

CATUAUCGC

Which of the following is true about capillaries?

Capillaries are extremely narrow.

Which of the following is NOT a method by which the general dates of the geological time scale can be determined? ( ) Lower rock layers are older than surface layers. ( ) Common assemblages of indicator fossils occur in layers with primitive layers lower. ( ) Radioisotopes decay at constant rates and the ratio of isotopes-to-stable elements provides a relative age. ( ) Carbon 14 should double in a sample every 5,730 years and so can be used to date organic matter. ( ) Absolute and relative dating methods can both be used.

Carbon 14 should double in a sample every 5,730 years and so can be used to date organic matter.

The fact that for a given species the amount of purines in the DNA always matches the number of pyrimidines was first determined by

Chargaff

Which type of membrane protein will be used to bind to hormones? A) channel proteins B) carrier proteins C) cell recognition proteins D) receptor proteins E) enzymatic proteins

D) receptor proteins

Which is NOT a function of the cytoskeleton? A) maintains a cell's shape B) anchors organelles in place within a cell C) allows cell and its organelles to move D) secretes the calcium for bone tissue E) allows the formation of pseudopodia

D) secretes the calcium for bone tissue

A piece of meat and a piece of fruit are fed to both a lizard and a person. The extent to which these foods are digested by digestive enzymes along these two gastrointestinal tracts varies. Which of the following is NOT a reason for the variation in digestion? A) pH of the digestive organs B) body temperature C) variation in enzymes produced D) amount of protein in the meat and fruit E) bacteria present in the digestive tract

D) the amount of protein in the meat and fruit

If you were to breed a black male guinea pig to a brown female guinea pig in an attempt to determine which one was homozygous dominant and which one was homozygous recessive, how could you be certain that the guinea pigs are truly homozygous?

The guinea pigs would be homozygous for black (or brown) coat color if each strain could be bred for many generations and only black (or brown) colored offspring were produced.

A person with an XO genotype is classified as having

Turner syndrome.

When only a few individuals survive unfavorable times, thereby losing the majority of genotypes in the next generation, it is called ( ) natural selection. ( ) a bottleneck effect. ( ) a founder effect. ( ) vestigial structures. ( ) industrial melanism.

a bottleneck effect.

Animals that have no particular symmetry exhibit

asymmetry

Which of the following does NOT represent a category of the MyPlate food guide symbol?

coffee

The fibers that get stuck between your teeth when you eat celery are

collenchyma.

The _____ indicates the gene combination of an individual.

genotype

If a virus is latent, it

has integrated itself into the host cell genome.

Compared to the moss, the fern is better adapted to life on land because the fern

has vascular tissue, but the moss does not.

A leafy plant with no true roots, no stem, and rhizoids that grow into the soil from the leaf like structure is a

liverwort

The digestive system does NOT function in the

manufacture of food molecules.

What is the term used to describe the accumulation of small changes in the gene pool of a species over time?

microevolution

Which organelle has 13 rows of tubulin dimers around an empty central core?

microtubules

Which type of animal symmetry produces mirror images of each other no matter how the animal is sliced longitudinally?

radial symmetry

All of the following are characteristics of primates EXCEPT the

rapid postnatal maturation.

Why does the primary somatosensory area have a larger section dedicated to the fingers and hand, than to the feet and toes?

the fingers and hand are how we take in more sensory information from our surroundings than the feet and toes

If the chloroplast is the result of endosymbiosis, what membrane of the chloroplast represents the plasma membrane of the original prokaryote?

the inner chloroplast membrane

Ammonia in urine is NOT evidence of

the need to reabsorb more water.

Which of the following is NOT characteristic of a fern? ( ) Eggs are produced in antheridia. ( ) Fern sporophyte is the dominant generation in the fern life cycle. ( ) Fern gametophyte is nonvascular. ( ) Fern sporophyte leaves first appear in a curled-up form termed a fiddlehead. ( ) Fern sporophyte is vascular.

Eggs are produced in antheridia.

How does expired air compare with inspired air?

Expired air contains less oxygen but more carbon dioxide.

A reaction is only considered an oxidation reaction when oxygen is involved. True or False?

False

Almost all of the disorders of the respiratory system are due to infectious diseases. Those that are not infectious are mostly likely inherited diseases.

False

As soon as a beautiful plant in your backyard blooms, you remove the flowers. By doing so, you have now inhibited the growth of the plant. True or False?

False

Each kidney has about one thousand structural units called nephrons.

False

Homologous chromosome are genetically identical to each other. True or False?

False

In a coronary bypass operation, a stent is placed within the blockage and the clogged area is compressed.

False

The two-stage life cycle in plants evolved as an adaptation to life on land. True or False?

True

There is an osmotic gradient within the tissues of the renal medulla: the concentration of salt is greater in the direction of the inner medulla.

True

When heat dissipates into the environment, it is no longer usable by the individual who produced it. True or False?

True

Within the field of systematic biology scientists use the characteristics of living and fossil organisms to infer the evolutionary relationships among organisms. True or False?

True

Which of the following organisms does not lead to a fungal disease?

Trypanosoma brucei

A female that does not undergo puberty or menstruate or lacks breast development may have

Turner syndrome.

A fruit is a ( ) mature ovary. ( ) microspore. ( ) megaspore. ( ) seed. ( ) stigmatized pollen grain.

mature ovary.

The heart rate speeds up or slows down because the

medulla oblongata, through the autonomic system, stimulates or depresses heart rate based on activity and stress.

A cell that is responsible for the ability of an organism to produce a rapid antibody response against a foreign protein when it is encountered years after the first encounter is a(n)

memory B cell.

The microscopic anatomical unit of excretion found in the kidney is the

nephron

Which blood cells are usually the first to arrive at the site of an infection?

neutrophils

According to cell theory

new cells arise only from preexisting cells.

Both parents are heterozygous for Tay-Sachs disease (an autosomal recessive disorder). Three children in a row were born with Tay-Sachs disease. What is the chance that a fourth child will have Tay-Sachs disease?

25%

Gulls recognize their own species by the type of ring around the eye. This is an example of

behavioral isolation.

Which of the following is NOT a fruit? A) corn kernel B) peas and beans C) tomato D) cucumber E) onion

E) onion

Structures in plants that produce the gametes are called

gametophyte

There is a net gain of four ATPs as a result of glycolysis. True or False?

False

Transpiration rates will NOT vary among plants. True or False?

False

How much of the protein content in chloroplasts is made up of the enzyme RuBP carboxylase? Why?

20-50%; the enzyme is very slow

Because they have nerve fibers and muscle fibers, hydra are capable of directional movement. These nerve and muscle fibers are found

Nerves are found just under the ectodermis and muscle fibers are found in the mesoglea.

Which of the below is the correct sequence for the cell cycle? A) S-M-G1-G2 B) S-M-G2-G1 C) S-G1-G1-M D) S-G2-M-G1 E) S-G1-M-G2

S-G2-M-G1

What is the most probable evolutionary path for genus Homo?

Sahelanthropus tchadensis - Ardipithecus kadabba - Australopithecus anamensis - Australopithecus afarensis - Homo habilis

Meiosis results in a change in chromosome number indicated by

2n to n.

Peas and beans are considered legumes. Why?

A legume is a fruit that splits along two sides when mature.

If the pericycle in a plant was missing, what would be affected?

There would be no branch roots.

Which of the following is NOT true regarding monoclonal antibodies?

They are produced from plasma cells derived from different B cells.

Bacteria can be beneficial in all but which of the following ways?

They are the primary producers of most ecosystems.

How is a seed like a spore?

They both disperse the species.

Which is NOT a correct description of body cavity partitioning?

The diaphragm separates the pericardial cavity from the thoracic cavity

During organ transplant, which feature is the most important to recognize?

The difference between the MHC proteins of the donor and the recipient.

Which of the following statements about hydra morphology is correct?

The hydra is a tube shaped polyp that has two layers of tissue.

Which is NOT a correct association of structure with function among layers of the digestive tract?

The mucosa and submucosa are made of epithelial tissue.

If you play with a living anemone with a probe, it will withdraw even if you vibrate the probe like a food animal would vibrate; it also withdraws if you just add sugar. However, it reaches out and grasps an object that both vibrates and tastes like food. The use of such a double system prevents unnecessary firing of expensive nematocysts. Why are nematocysts "expensive"?

The nematocyst is very complex and costs the anemone much energy to build.

Non-vertebrate chordates, tunicates and lancelets, differ from other chordates in that

The notochord of non-vertebrate chordates does not become a vertebral column.

Different species of female fireflies flash different patterns during mating season. This is an example of _________ isolation.

Behavioral Isolation

The ray-finned fishes are believed to have evolved into the amphibians. True or False?

False

The ____ gene causes mental retardation by increasing the levels of purines in the blood.

Gart

Why is fermentation essential to humans?

It is essential when we need a rapid burst of energy.

Which of the following is NOT true about the cerebrum?

It is responsible for maintenance of breathing and heart rate.

Which statement is NOT true about a protocell?

It would have contained DNA as its genetic material.

A member of the sporozoan group of protists that can cause diseases is

Plasmodium vivax.

Nervous control of urination involves what mechanism(s)?

Stretch receptors in the urinary bladder send impulses to the spine causing a urinary reflex but the brain can delay the reflex.

Why would it make sense to have the birthing process controlled by a positive feedback loop?

because there is a definite cutoff point to be reached

Which of the following is NOT a nitrogenous waste product?

bile pigments

Which eating disorder is most likely due to a person being depressed?

binge-eating disorder

Which eating disorder is the most common?

binge-eating disorder

Which feature is used to distinguish modern humans?

bipedalism

The liquid that collects in the cavity of the glomerular (Bowman's) capsule is

blood plasma minus blood proteins.

Which of the following would not lead to an immunodeficiency?

blood transfusion

Fertilization in the earthworm is accomplished by the use of the

clitellum

What lines up at the metaphase plate during metaphase II of meiosis and metaphase of mitosis?

each chromosome composed of two sister chromatids at both

A closed circulatory system is found in

earthworms

Meiosis differs from mitosis in that

it occurs only in the reproductive tissues that produce gametes.

A hydra moves via

muscular cells in the epidermis.

Which type of tissue will respond to stimuli and transmit impulses?

nervous

Since each child of two heterozygous parents has a 1/4 chance of receiving a recessive trait from each parent,

no matter what the first child's phenotype, the next child will have a 1/4 chance of being phenotypically recessive.

Muscles undergo fermentation when

no oxygen is available.

The point on a stem to which a leaf or bud is attached is termed the

node.

What pathway moves the electrons from water through PS II to PS I and then on to NADP+?

noncyclic electron pathway

When homologous chromosomes fail to separate during meiosis, this is termed

nondisjunction.

In vertebrates, the embryonic ____ is replaced by tissues that form a vertebral column.

notochord

The pressure that is generated when water flows through a differentially permeable membrane is termed

osmotic pressure.

Pyruvate can be converted to lactate instead of going to the preparatory reaction. Why does this occur?

oxygen is not available

The final acceptor for hydrogen ions in aerobic cellular respiration is

oxygen.

Disease-causing agents like viruses or bacteria are considered a(an)

pathogen.

In humans, fats are absorbed

primarily into the ducts of the lacteal of the small intestine.

The function of meristematic tissue is

production of new tissues.

Synapsis occurs during what stage of meiosis?

prophase I

You are examining a cell under the microscope and see what appear to be four sister chromatids bound together and remnants of the nuclear envelope. What stage of meiosis are you looking at?

prophase I

The synthesis of DNA or RNA from the organic soup would have been guided by the actions of enzymes in the

protein-first hypothesis.

What two components are commonly found in the extracellular matrix that help resist stretching and provide resilience?

proteins & polysaccharides

Which type of genes, if abnormally activated such that the protein is always present and active, can result in cancer

proto-oncogenes

The genes that code for the proteins of the signaling pathway could be classified as

proto-oncogenes.

What specialized types of primary meristem develop from a shoot apical meristem?

protoderm, ground meristem, procambium

If digestive enzymes are used to remove the plant cell wall, the naked plant cell that remains is called a

protoplast.

The function of endosperm is to

provide nutrients to the embryo.

Reabsorption of water, nutrients, and required salts occurs in the what part of the nephron?

proximal convoluted tubule

Which blood vessel has the highest concentration of carbon dioxide?

pulmonary artery

The part of the circulation involved with pumping blood to and from the lungs is the

pulmonary circuit

Planaria move by

secreting a film of mucus and pushing against it with epidermal cilia.

Osmosis can occur when a membrane is

semipermeable.

Which is NOT a correct association of respiratory problems and symptoms?

tonsillitis—inflammation of the uvula often cured by removal of the useless tissue

A nerve impulse is caused by

a change in the difference in positive and negative ions on the outer and inner surfaces of the neuron membrane, a change that opens adjacent channels and propagates its flow.

Wherever an evolutionary tree branches, there is assumed to be

a common ancestor.

A chain of asexual spores produced by a sac fungus is called

a conidia

If the gene product needed is either transfer RNA or ribosomal RNA, the most efficient way to produce this product is

activating chromatin.

The most common autosomal abnormality present in people is

an extra chromosome 21.

The blood that enters the coronary artery comes from the

aorta.

If there are twelve different intermediate products produced during production of a molecule in a cell, we can expect that there

are about twelve enzymes, at least one responsible for each step in the metabolic pathway.

Echinoderms and cnidarians

are both radially symmetrical.

Hemp (Cannabis sativa) is a dioecious plant. This means that the flowers of hemp

are incomplete.

You are planning to build a swimming pool in your backyard. How close can you get to the trees in your backyard without disturbing their root structure?

at least 4-5 times the diameter of the crown of the tree

If we inject three different antigens into a human at the same time,

at least three different plasma cells will be involved in antibody production since each plasma cell only produces one specific antibody.

Which stage of viral reproduction takes place when the spikes of the virus bind to a specific receptor molecule on the surface of a host cell?

attachment stage

Which term does NOT apply to the first protocell?

autotrophic

Positive phototropism and positive gravitropism occur from the action(s) of

auxin in both cases.

In the axon, the nerve impulses travel

away from the cell body.

Which of the following organisms is considered a microbe?

bacteria

Which refers to the movement of a piece of one chromosome to another nonhomologous chromosome? A) inversion B) translocation C) deletion D) duplication E) monosomy

B) translocation

In Figure 25.4, when replication is finished, strand 1 will have the same base composition as strand ___ while strand 2 will have the same base composition as strand ____. {image of DNA strands where bases of two spiraled strands on the left are labeled 1 and 2, and bases of the other two spiraled strands on the right are labeled 3 and 4.} A) 2; 3 B) 1; 3 C) 3; 4 D) 1; 4 E) 2; 4

C) 3; 4

What is thought to be the first major derived feature that separates land plants from charophytes?

Both charophytes and land plants protect their zygotes but only land plants also protect the resulting embryo.

Which of the following is a way that crayfish and grasshoppers are similar?

Both have antennae that have a sensory function.

How is a lymph capillary like a blood capillary?

Both have thin walls.

In what ways are photosynthesis and cellular respiration not alike?

Both will use the electron carrier NADH.

Will the reaction A + B turn into C, "move" forward if the free energy of A and B is 25 units and the free energy of C is 30 units? True or False?

False

Xenotransplantation is the use of animal organs instead of human organs in transplant patients. Scientists are considering using dogs as organ donors because they have long been domesticated by humans.

False

Which of the following is NOT a reason why the ginkgo is unique? ( ) The ginkgo grows well in polluted areas. ( ) Ginkgo biloba is the only surviving species in its division. ( ) The tree is propagated vegetatively to provide male trees that lack smelly seeds. ( ) Ginkgos have naked seeds. ( ) Ginkgos are popular for big cities along streets and parks.

Ginkgos have naked seeds.

The observation by ________ that human reproductive potential would rapidly outstrip available food and living space was an important concept adopted by Darwin in formulating his theory of natural selection.

Thomas Malthus

Mitotic division is the normal process of cell reproduction to build and maintain the body of an organism, while meiosis takes place only in the formation of gametes for reproduction. True or False?

True

NADH and FADH2 bring electrons to the electron transport chain during cellular respiration. True or False?

True

Plant hormones are small organic molecules produced by the plants themselves. True or False?

True

Since cyanobacteria do not contain chloroplasts and yet they photosynthesize, chloroplasts are not required for photosynthesis. True / False?

True

Since plant cells do not have centrioles, they cannot be required for all organisms to conduct mitosis and meiosis. True / False?

True

Some plant leaves and stems are covered with hairs. True or False?

True

Technically, mitosis refers to nuclear division and NOT cytoplasmic division. True / False?

True

The ability to throw spears and kill animals from a distance gave Cro-Magnon an advantage in their environment. True or False?

True

The australopithecines evolved and diversified in Africa from 4 MYA until 1.5 MYA and are the possible direct hominin ancestors for humans. True or False?

True

The cells that make up xylem are no longer living. True or False?

True

In Figure 17.4, number 3 represents

action potential.

The metabolic pathways of photosynthesis and cellular respiration

both involve oxidation and reduction reactions.

The reason an increase in substrate concentration will not increase the reaction rate indefinitely is because

the active site will become saturated with substrate and the enzyme will not be able to go any faster.

The difference between a weak stimulus and an intense stimulus is

the axon fires at a greater frequency for an intense stimulus.

A sponge actually feeds by

the beating of the flagella of collar cells, forming a current; food is absorbed by collar cells.

If the hepatic portal vein was blocked, where would the blood that was supposed to flow into the hepatic portal vein back up?

the capillaries of the small intestine

Aortic and carotid bodies are

sensitive to oxygen changes.

The type of membrane that covers the heart is called a

serous membrane.

What is not removed from the body via the urinary system?

feces

Which type of junction permits small molecules to pass between two cells?

gap junction

The cell membrane is composed of

lipids and proteins.

Which are NOT among the phylum Mollusca?

lobsters

Tay-Sachs is a serious childhood metabolic disorder where ____ fail to digest certain lipids.

lysosomes

In a person with a mitochondrial disease such that mitochondria do not produce enough energy for the cell, which organs would likely be most affected?

muscles

Which of the following tissues is INCORRECTLY matched with a function?

muscle—protection from pathogens

In the emergency room, saline solutions are often run into a person's vein. The saline solution must be

0.9% NaCl

If a woman is a carrier for the color blind recessive allele and her husband is normal, what are their chances that a son will be color blind?

50%, since the mother is only a carrier.

Which of the following conditions is NOT due to a sex-linked gene? A) color blindness B) hemophilia C) muscular dystrophy D) Klinefelter syndrome E) inability to see red or green

D) Klinefelter syndrome

Both inspiration and expiration require active engagement of the diaphragm and the rib muscles.

False

Cereal grains are one of the easiest plants to genetically modify. True or False?

False

Crossing-over is the only factor that is responsible for the variation that exists between offspring of one set of parents. True/False?

False

Heat is not a form of energy. True or False?

False

In order to produce a new plant via meristem culture, you need to remove the meristem from one plant and place it in a water containing various minerals. The meristem will then develop new shoots and roots. True or False?

False

In the process of photosynthesis, the light reactions follow the Calvin cycle reactions. True or False?

False

In the tissues, oxygen and nutrients enter the capillaries and carbon dioxide and wastes leave the capillaries.

False

Inflammation or the inflammatory response is a harmful process that should be avoided.

False

Innate immunity involves B and T cells since you were born with them.

False

Most respiratory infections are caused by viruses and can successfully be treated with antibiotics.

False

One of the new technologies developed from tissue culture and genetic engineering is plant hybridization. True or False?

False

Only blood pressure controls movement of fluid through the capillary wall into the tissue. Therefore, people with high blood pressure often have swelling issues.

False

Only leaves carry out photosynthesis. True of False?

False

Only organisms with chloroplasts are capable of photosynthesis. True or False?

False

Oxygen in the lungs diffuses from the capillary walls to enter the alveolar walls.

False

Oxygen leaves the alveoli in the lungs and enters the capillaries by endocytosis. True / False?

False

Photosynthesis and cellular respiration utilize the same chemical pathways but in reverse of each other. True or False?

False

Photosystem I comes before Photosystem II in the noncyclic electron pathway. True or False?

False

Primary growth of a stem is due to the activity of the vascular meristem. True or False?

False

Since all organisms carry on cellular respiration, all living cells must contain mitochondria. True/False?

False

Since enzymes are not used up during a reaction, they do not play any role in the reaction. True or False?

False

Taxonomy is the branch of systemic biology that studies the evolutionary relatedness among groups of organisms. True or False?

False

The addition of an enzyme will change the end result of a reaction. In other words, a particular reaction will result in a different product if an enzyme is used. True or False?

False

The final product of glycolysis is oxygen. True or False?

False

The hepatic portal vein empties into the inferior vena cava.

False

The kidney has three regions: the renal pelvis, the renal atria, and the renal ventricle.

False

The most efficient method to produce ATP in animal cells is by glycolysis. True or False?

False

The only end product of alcoholic fermentation is the alcohol. True or False?

False

The only source of energy for human beings is glucose because it can be broken down via cellular respiration. True or False?

False

The sound of a heartbeat results when the ventricles contract and blood is surged out of the heart.

False

The symptoms of laryngitis include a severe sore throat, high fever, and white patches on the throat.

False

The unique value of the ATP molecule is that when glucose is broken down during cellular respiration, all of the free energy of glucose is transformed into ATP. True or False?

False

When a kinase adds phosphates to an enzyme, it will only activate the enzyme. True or False?

False

When you drink coffee, which is more acidic than you bloodstream, the pH of your blood drops.

False

You are unable to see arteries and arterioles without a microscope.

False

The tendrils that support vining plants are a type of stem. True or False?

False (tendrils are specialized leaves)

Enzymes maintain their same shape when they bind to a substrate. True or False?

False.

One morning when Jon is urinating, he experiences an incredible stabbing pain in his groin. What is most likely causing this pain?

a kidney stone, perhaps stuck in the urethra

The extinction of the dinosaurs has been associated with

a meteor impact at the end of the Cretaceous Era that caused major cooling.

Which of the following is NOT a fungus?

amoeba

Extraembryonic membranes are NOT found in the development of

amphibians.

Which disease is associated with mild tremors in one or more limbs, abnormally high levels of glutamate in the cerebrospinal fluid and onset between the ages of 40 and 60?

amyotrophic lateral sclerosis

From the discussion of long-day and short-day plants, it is obvious that "day-neutral" plants

are not dependent on the length of the night or day for flowering.

Respiratory structures in insects are

are spiracles and tracheae

In the processing of food through the digestive tract, what is the correct order?

bolus → chyme → feces

Thylakoids and cristae are respectively structures of

chloroplasts and mitochondria.

During crossing-over,

chromatids exchange segments of genetic material.

Which is the largest group of protozoans?

ciliates

The stinging cells or nematocysts are characteristic of

cnidarians

The blood vessel that provides oxygen to the heart tissue is the

coronary artery.

The specialized tissue in a root that functions in food storage is the

cortex.

Which of the following is NOT an echinoderm?

crayfish

The ATP synthase complex is located in the

cristae of the mitochondria.

Which type of lymphocyte is sometimes called a "killer cell" that brings about destruction of antigen-bearing cells?

cytotoxic T cell

During a medical test for spinal meningitis the physician orders a "spinal tap". What cavity would he be removing the fluid from?

dorsal

Heroin binds to receptors on neurons that travel from the spinal cord to the region of the brain that feels pleasure. These receptors are normally meant for

endorphins.

Which part of an angiosperm seed is triploid (3n)?

endosperm

The idea that mitochondria may have resulted when a nucleated cell engulfed aerobic bacteria is known as the

endosymbiotic hypothesis.

When a cell uses substantial energy to organize its cell contents to a greater degree than the organization that exists outside the living cell,

entropy has decreased.

Jeremy has developed a problem with regulating his waking/sleeping cycle and regulating his body temperature. Doctors suspect he may have a brain lesion. Where might this lesion be located?

in the hypothalamus

Stomata open

in the light when a plant is running photosynthesis.

Fertilization in flowering plants occurs

in the ovule.

At body temperature, which of these combinations is most likely to result in digestion?

fat, bile salts, sodium bicarbonate, lipase

The reason that missing chromosomes and extra sex chromosomes do NOT cause more harm than they do is best explained by the

inactivation of any X beyond the first as a Barr body.

The largest animal group, both in number of species and number of individuals, is the

insects

Which of the following is correct in matching the common name with a phylum name?

fluke—Platyhelminthes

Defining characteristics of chordates are

gill arches or pharyngeal pouches, dorsal tubular nerve cord, notochord, and post-anal tail.

Sharks ( ) have bone skeletons. ( ) lack jaws. ( ) have a keen sense of smell. ( ) lack the lateral line system of bony fishes. ( ) do not have paired fins.

have a keen sense of smell.

The molluscs look so different, and yet we can tell they are related because they all

have a mantle, visceral mass, and a foot.

Enzymes are specific. This means that they

have a particular substrate.

In order to infect a cell, a virus must

have a special protein on its surface capsid that can interact with a protein on the surface of the host cell.

Each enzyme has a particular substrate because enzymes

have active sites complementary in shape to their substrates.

Mass extinctions ( ) are the result of humans damaging the natural environment. ( ) are the result of humans exploiting wildlife and using pesticides. ( ) occurred in cycles when organisms fail to evolve. ( ) have occurred about 4 or 5 times in fossil record, due in some cases to catastrophic changes. ( ) require life to evolve again from protocells.

have occurred about 4 or 5 times in fossil record, due in some cases to catastrophic changes.

In Figure 17.16, the structure at "c" is a(n)

interneuron.

Public health workers look for ways to prevent diseases. Which of the following jaundice-causing disease has the potential to be currently reduced by public health measures?

Hepatitis A by sewage control.

You have two true-breeding rose bushes, one with red flowers and one with white flowers, a cross between these two roses yields a bush with pink flowers. What condition does this demonstrate?

Incomplete dominance

Artificial RNA with a known base sequence was added to a medium containing bacterial ribosomes and a mixture of amino acids. By chemical identification of the resulting polypeptide, researchers could discover the

codon.

Why are green algae placed in the Protista while plants are placed in a separate kingdom?

Plants enclose and protect the embryo within the female plant while green algae do not.

____________ regulation occurs within a cell when the newly formed protein is modified.

Posttranslational

The fact that a nucleic acid is a very complicated molecule suggests that

RNA could not have arisen on its own by chance, but required enzymes to guide the synthesis of nucleotides and nucleic acids.

Although it sounds like science fiction, human bladders can be grown in the laboratory.

True

An example of a negative feedback system is when there is too much of a particular chemical in the body, a sensor detects it and brings about a response that causes the levels to drop.

True

Blood in the pulmonary capillaries has a higher partial pressure of carbon dioxide than atmospheric air.

True

Both plants and animals have organs and tissues. True or False?

True

Capillaries exchange oxygen and nutrients for wastes in the tissues.

True

Cross-pollination occurs when pollen from an anther of one plant is transferred to the stigma of another plant of the same species. True or False?

True

Currently, the one year survival rate following a kidney transplant is 95-98%.

True

Cytokines may be used in cancer and AIDS because they stimulate white blood cell formation and/or function.

True

Enzymes, coenzymes, and cofactors provide a mechanism for a cell to regulate the metabolism of a large amount of cell products using small quantities of chemicals. True or False?

True

Fatty acids are a more concentrated source of energy compared to a carbohydrate. True or False?

True

Fermentation follows glycolysis in some cells if oxygen is not available. True or False?

True

Hyptertension is sometimes called the silent killer because no symptoms may be experienced until a stroke or heart attack occurs.

True

If a particular molecule is brought into the cell by receptor-medicated endocytosis, then changing the receptors will change the molecule that is being transported. True or False?

True

In order to prevent an allergic reaction, injections of the allergen are sometimes given.

True

In some plants, the haploid stage is the dominant stage while in humans, the diploid stage is the dominant stage. True or False?

True

It is the secondary oocyte and not the egg that the sperm fertilizes to form a diploid organism. True / False?

True

Less energy is needed to bring about a reaction when an enzyme is present. True or False?

True

Microtubules found in spindle fibers are capable of assembling and disassembling. True or False?

True

One way to determine whether something is being actively transported across a membrane, is to compare its rate of transport with and without a chemical that blocks ATP production. True / False?

True

Pyruvate contains less chemical energy than glucose. True or False?

True

The chromatids are held together at a region called the centromere. True or False?

True

The major portion of the heart is the myocardium, made up mainly of cardiac muscle.

True

The only haploid stage in the animal life cycle is the gamete. True / False?

True

There is an inverse relationship between wavelength of light and amount of energy. True or False?

True

Ultimately, humans get their energy from the sun. True or False?

True

Upon visiting a redwood forest, you realize that because of their meristematic tissue these ancient trees are still growing. True or False?

True

When a person is bitten by a venomous snake, a donation of blood plasma from another person who has recently survived the same type of snake bite would provide some passive immunity.

True

Would untreated SCID be considered a lethal disease?

True

Which of the following would not show the five characteristics typically found in animals?

Trypanosoma, a single celled organism that causes sleeping sickness in humans.

A friend complains that all of her houseplants have bent stems. You examine the plants and find that their stems all curve toward the light. What would you recommend to your friend to correct the problem?

Turn each plant occasionally.

The spleen has a relatively thin outer capsule and can actually burst due to a blow to the abdomen. A person whose spleen has burst

may need antibiotic therapy.

The membranes that protect the brain and spinal cord are called

meninges.

The mitotic stage of cell division consists of

mitosis and cytokinesis.

The cell cycle consists of

mitosis and interphase.

A differentially permeable membrane separates a molasses solution from distilled water. Over time, the

molasses will become more dilute.

Which of these is NOT a part of a neuron?

neuroglial cell

Within eukaryotic cells, the ____ is surrounded by a double membrane and carries the coding that determines protein synthesis.

nucleus

Messenger RNA is produced in the

nucleus.

The outer sac that encloses the heart and provides lubrication is the

pericardium.

If oxygen had been present in the original primitive atmosphere,

organic molecules would be prevented from joining together.

Macrophages, a type of white blood cells, are able to remove bacteria from our bloodstream and tissues by

phagocytosis.

Which portion of the respiratory tract is commonly referred to as the "throat"?

pharynx

Which respiratory organ normally allows both air and food passage?

pharynx

Cold weather can change the ______ of a Himalayan rabbit.

phenotype

The organ of nutrition used in fetal development in the most successful mammals is the

placenta

Which type of cell will produce antibodies that are released into the bloodstream?

plasma cell

Which of the following is NOT an example of innate immunity?

plasma cells

Which structure regulates passage of molecules into and out of the bacterial cell?

plasma membrane

Which feature is common across all seed plants? ( ) flowers ( ) fruits ( ) pollen tubes ( ) flagellated sperm ( ) sperm carried by windborne pollen

pollen tubes

Traits that are controlled by several sets or pairs of alleles, such as skin color and height in humans, are the result of what form of inheritance?

polygenic

When the cap of an average gilled mushroom is cut off and shaken a cloud of powdery material is released. The material released are

spores

If a person has a blood pressure of 120/80, the "120" refers to the

systolic pressure.

When we are relaxed, only a small amount of air moves in and out with each breath. This is called

tidal volume.

The urine in your bladder is unable to pass out of the bladder through its epithelial lining. Which type of junction exists between these cells?

tight junction

The highest carbon dioxide concentration will be found in (or at) the

tissue cells.

Why are 2 ATP needed to begin glycolysis?

to activate the glucose

The main function of the cerebrospinal fluid is

to cushion and protect the central nervous system.

Color-blindness is inherited as an X-linked recessive trait. A male who is color-blind marries a heterozygous woman. What percent of their total children will be color-blind?

50%

Which statement is NOT correct about the results of the Hershey-Chase experiment with the T2 virus? A) Radioactively labeled protein was found in the bacteria, not in the virus coats. B) Radioactively labeled DNA was found in the bacteria, not in the virus coats. C) DNA was labeled with radioactive phosphorus. D) Protein was labeled with radioactive sulfur. E) Two separate experiments were actually run, one with radioactive phosphorus and one with radioactive sulfur.

A) Radioactively labeled protein was found in the bacteria, not in the virus coats.

Which action would cause a long-day plant to flower? A) Interrupt the day with a period of darkness. B) Interrupt a long night with a flash of light. C) Give the plant some phytochrome. D) Allow an insect to pollinate the plant. E) Keep the plant in the dark.

B) Interrupt a long night with a flash of light.

If A has a free energy of 38 units, and C has a free energy of 45 units, and the reaction is exergonic, based on the calculation of free energy, which is the substrate and which is the product?

C is the substrate and A is the product

You have two true-breeding rose bushes, one with red flowers and one with white flowers, a cross between these two roses yields a bush with white flowers that have red splotches. What condition does this demonstrate?

Codominance

Which of these is present in plant, but not animal, cells? A) nucleus B) centrioles C) cell membrane D) Golgi apparatus E) chloroplasts

E) chloroplasts

The electrical changes that occur in the heart during contraction are recordings termed

ECGs

The citric acid cycle turns once for each original glucose molecule. True or False?

False

Which limbic structure allows us to respond to and display anger and also prompts the release of adrenaline into the bloodstream?

amygdala

Which statement about photosynthesis and cellular respiration is true? A) Photosynthesis produces water while cellular respiration uses water. B) Photosynthesis produces oxygen while cellular respiration uses oxygen. C) Photosynthesis occurs in mitochondria while cellular respiration occurs in chloroplasts. D) Photosynthesis breaks down carbohydrates while cellular respiration produces carbohydrates. E) Photosynthesis requires oxygen while cellular respiration requires sunlight.

B) Photosynthesis produces oxygen while cellular respiration uses oxygen.

Tissues that produce large amounts of secretions, such as the gastric glands of the stomach, contain cells with large numbers of

Golgi apparati.

Which of the following would NOT slow down the electron transport system's production of ATP?

Increase the pumping of hydrogen ions into the intermembrane space of the mitochondria.

Which of the following crosses will yield 4 phenotypes in the 1:1:1:1 ratio? ( ) RRYY x RRYY ( ) RRYY x rryy ( ) RrYy x RrYy ( ) RrYy x rryy ( ) rryy x rryy

RrYy x rryy

If there is complete linkage with genes Ss (for smooth or wrinkled seeds) and Gg (for green or yellow seeds) what phenotypes would you expect in the offspring of a cross with one heterozygous parent (Ss, Gg) which would all produce all smooth and green seeds and a homozygous recessive parent (ss, gg) which would produce all wrinkled yellow seeds?

Smooth green seeds or wrinkled yellow seeds only

Stacey is 5 foot 8 inches tall and weighs approximately 80 pounds, yet she thinks she is very fat. Which of the following statements is probably not true about Stacey?

Stacey probably spends a lot of time throwing up.

If echinoderms are radially symmetrical, why are they considered primitive relatives of cnidarians?

The echinoderm larvae are originally bilaterally symmetrical but metamorphose into a radially symmetrical adult.

Generally, nerve impulses do not move "backward" along a series of neurons. What is the reason for this?

There is a short refractory period during which sodium gates cannot open and an action potential cannot move backwards.

Which of the following is NOT true about viruses?

They contain nucleic acid, protein, and mitochondria.

How can marine animals such as sharks live in a salt water?

They increase or decrease the amount of urea in their blood until the blood is isotonic with the environment.

Which statement is NOT true about bacteria?

They reproduce sexually.

"Goose bumps" are caused by the arrector pili muscles making the hair follicles stand up.

True

The model of speciation that requires some time with geographic barriers between two populations allowing evolution of reproductive isolation is

allopatric speciation.

If we set up an experimental design to explore the full digestion of starch to glucose, we would need to include which enzymes?

amylase and maltase

ATP contains

an adenine base, a ribose sugar, and 3 phosphate groups.

An insect circulatory system is best described as

an open system that mostly washes hemolymph "blood" through the hemocoel.

During which phase will homologous chromosomes separate?

anaphase I

Which type of organism is characterized by having jointed appendages, ability to molt, and three sets of fused segments?

anthropods

Which of the following is NOT considered to be a innate defense mechanism against infection?

antibodies in mother's milk

Which is a type of neuroglial cell?

astrocyte

Amphibians most likely evolved from ancestors most similar to the

coelacanth.

Edward Jenner promoted the use of cowpox infection, that was very similar to more dangerous smallpox, as a vaccination to provide patients immunity from future smallpox epidemics. This was a case of these subjects

developing active immunity.

Which membrane transport process can continue whether the cell is alive or dead?

diffusion

Which of the following body systems is not involved in the control of fluid balance in the body?

digestive

In the life cycle of the fern, meiosis takes place ( ) during development of seeds. ( ) upon development of the gametophyte. ( ) during the production of egg and sperm. ( ) during the production of spores. ( ) during the development of vascular tissue.

during the production of spores.

Which is NOT a correct association of lower respiratory problems and causes or symptoms?

emphysema-reduced lung and chest volume due to collapsed alveoli and overventilation

In what order does a dentist drill through tooth layers?

enamel →dentin →pulp

The amount of energy available to do work after a chemical reaction has occurred is called

free energy.

Which mechanism used to form urine, requires a high blood pressure?

glomerular filtration

Which of these characteristics is NOT found in the amphibians but is developed in reptiles?

internal fertilization

The roots of many plants have a relationship with fungi called

mycorrhizae.

Epithelial tissue can be modified to

perform absorption.

In plants, chloroplasts are necessary for

photosynthesis.

Biologists are fairly certain that oxygen was built up in the atmosphere by the development of photosynthesis. The production of oxygen and therefore the beginning of extensive aerobic life was made possible by the evolution of

photosystem II.

When an intestinal cell ingests substances inside very small vesicles that can only be seen with an electron microscope, this is

pinocytosis.

Which of the following treatments can cure lung cancer?

pneumonectomy

The most primitive primates are considered to be the

prosimians

When a moss spore lands on an appropriate site, it germinates into the first stage of the gametophyte called a(n)

protonema

When a moss spore germinates, the single row of cells that first appears will branch and form a(n)

protonema.

Figure 24.1 {a normal female & affected male produce a normal female and a normal male: - The normal female offspring and another normal male produce 2 normal females and an affected male - The normal male offspring and another affected female produce an affected male} The trait diagrammed in Figure 24.1 is a(n)

recessive X-linked trait.

The above-ground portion of a mushroom is termed basidiocarp, which specializes in

reproduction

Tapeworms are specialized for parasitism by an excessive development of which system?

reproductive

A short while after a person has died, a "gasp" of air may occur as the lungs collapse. This flow would represent the

residual volume.

Lymph is

returned to the circulatory system at the subclavian vein.

What is the correct sequence in which a drop of blood returning from the body encounters the heart valves?

right atrioventricular valve →pulmonary semilunar valve →left atrioventricular valve →aortic semilunar valve

What is the correct sequence in which a drop of blood returning from the body encounters the heart chambers?

right atrium →right ventricle →left atrium →left ventricle

The pulmonary semilunar valve prevents blood from re-entering the

right ventricle.

The head region of a tapeworm is called the

scolex

Because one original strand of the double-stranded helix is found in each daughter cell, the replication process is called

semi-conservative.

Melanin is a substance responsible for

skin pigmentation to protect from harmful light.

Which can have a cellular form as well as an acellular (plasmodial) form with multiple nuclei?

slime molds

In the black bread mold

spores are used in both the sexual and asexual portions of the life cycle.

Which life cycle phase is diploid in moss?

sporophyte generation

Which form of protist has a complicated parasitic life cycle that nearly always involves the production of infective spores?

sporozoans

Which protist is NOT correctly linked to the type of movement it shows?

sporozoa—flexing the pellicle

In moving from the outside environment to the inside of the cell, the first layer of a bacterium encountered would be

the capsule.

When a plant cell is placed in a hypotonic solution, the cell wall prevents

the cell from bursting.

At the cellular level, photosynthesis occurs within

the chloroplast.

What feature enables the Archaea to survive in harsh environments?

their cell walls

Since the membrane is more permeable to K+ than to Na+,

there are always more positive ions outside the membrane than inside.

Amphibians are NOT considered to be fully adapted to life on land because ( ) they are dependent upon water for external fertilization. ( ) their skin is used for respiration. ( ) they have hopping legs. ( ) their skin is used for respiration. ( ) most amphibians live their entire lives in water.

they are dependent upon water for external fertilization.

How many layers does an arterial wall possess? Which is the thickest?

three, the middle layer

Which technology was first established by Cro-Magnon? ( ) throwing spears ( ) scrapers ( ) controlled fire ( ) group life ( ) All of these are unique to Cro-Magnon.

throwing spears

Which part of the respiratory system is composed of C-shaped cartilaginous rings and cilia?

trachea

Which type of sexual exchange occurs among bacteria in which DNA is carried into a bacterial cell by means of a bacteriophage?

transduction (sex-exchange : trans)

Which of the classes of RNA molecules carries the amino acids that are added to the growing polypeptide chain?

transfer RNA

Fungal infections are difficult to treat because of the similarity in their nucleus, organelles and ribosomes to those in human cells.

true

Hemophilia is an inherited clotting disorder found most often in males.

true

Which includes the parasites that cause African sleeping sickness?

zooflagellates

All arteries contain oxygenated blood, and all veins contain nonoxygenated blood.

False

The ____ are believed to be the first group of hominids that buried their dead.

Homo neanderthalensis

Which statement is NOT correct about the roundworms?

Roundworms are essentially no more than parasitic flatworms that have lost their need to be flat.

Africa, Asia, South America, and Antarctica share some patterns of primitive (fossil) plants and early reptiles, but do not have similar mammal populations. This therefore

SUGGESTS that the EARLIER PLANTS AND REPTILES evolved while continents were joined but mammals radiated into diverse groups after separation.

Which statement is NOT true about seed plants? ( ) They generally do not require external water for reproduction. ( ) Seed plants produce homospores. ( ) The pollen grain later becomes the male gametophyte. ( ) The female gametophyte is retained within the sporophyte. ( ) The seed contains the embryonic sporophyte generation.

Seed plants produce homospores.

Which of these characteristics first developed in reptiles?

amniotic egg

Which of the following will produce carbon dioxide in cellular respiration? A) glycolysis B) preparation reaction C) citric acid cycle D) both glycolysis and the electron transport chain E) both the preparation reaction and the citric acid cycle

E) both the preparation reaction and the citric acid cycle

The geological time scale indicates the order of Eras to be Cenozoic as the most recent, the middle Era is the Mesozoic, with dinosaurs as the major group, and the earliest Era being the Paleozoic. Consider a hillside of rock that surfaces in your backyard that is identified as dating back to the Mesozoic Era. What is possible?

Fossils were mainly deposited when your backyard was sediment, so many layers might be missing, but any layer from EARLIER MESOZOIC THROUGH PALEOZOIC might be found.

Upon examination, a cell is found to have twice as much DNA as the normal diploid state but is no longer in the process of replicating the DNA. All of the DNA is found within a single nucleus. Which stage of the cell cycle is this cell in?

G2 phase

In a cladogram, clades are groups of related organisms. In the past, phylogeneticists built clades using the idea of parsimony, that the pattern that uses the fewest evolutionary changes is the most likely to be correct. Today with the use of computers and DNA sequences the explanation that is thought to be the best is ( ) One that shows the most changes in nucleotide sequences. ( ) One that eliminates any similar DNA sequences. ( ) One that shows the DNA unique to that species. ( ) One that shows the fewest changes in the nucleotide sequences. ( ) Still one that uses the same system of parsimony.

One that shows the FEWEST changes in the nucleotide sequences.

Which of the following is an accurate comparison of Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases?

Patients with AD produce too much beta amyloid while those with PD produce too little dopamine.

A member of the sac fungi that contains an ascocarp is

Penicillium species.

Alternation of generations means that a diploid sporophyte produces haploid spores by meiosis and a haploid gametophyte produces gametes by mitosis. True or False?

True

An infection with Mycobacterium can cause tubercles in the lungs.

True

The number of ATPs produced directly as a result of one turn of the citric acid cycle is

1.

If 0.9% NaCl were isotonic to a cell, then

1.0% would be hypertonic.

The earliest forms of life on earth are found in rocks that are estimated to be ( ) 1 million years old. ( ) 4 million years old. ( ) 1 billion years old. ( ) 3.5 billion years old. ( ) 4.6 billion years old.

3.5 billion years old.

In the Calvin cycle, the 3-carbon molecule that will be immediately formed after carbon dioxide fixation occurs is

3PG.

In humans, the diploid number of chromosomes is

46.

All of the genes on a single chromosome are

A linkage group

Which stem modifications are underground, thin, papery leaves and have a thick stem that lie dormant during the winter? A) corms B) rhizomes C) stolons D) runners E) nodes

A) corms

Some herbicides inhibit the electron transport chain in the thylakoid membrane. Without the movement of electrons, hydrogen ions would not be pumped from the stroma to the thylakoid space and the hydrogen ion gradient would not be established. How would this affect the Calvin cycle reactions?

ATP would not be produced and as a result, the Calvin cycle reactions would not occur.

Which of the following statements about proteins in the diet is not true?

Amino acids are stored in the body, so we do not need a regular supply of protein in the diet.

Which component of the extracellular matrix is responsible for forming proteoglycans?

Amino sugars

Which of these is a proper contrast between birds and mammals? ( ) Birds are cold-blooded; mammals are warm-blooded. ( ) Birds are egg laying; no mammals lay eggs. ( ) Birds have air sacs in addition to lungs; mammals have no air sacs. ( ) Birds lack a septum between the ventricles; mammals have a septum between the ventricles. ( ) Birds, unlike mammals, require no parental care.

Birds have air sacs in addition to lungs; mammals have no air sacs.

Which statement is true regarding the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions of the autonomic motor pathways?

Both divisions have two neurons per message.

Which is NOT a correct association describing aspects of the cardiac cycle?

Diastole is contraction of the heart and systole is relaxation.

Which statement is NOT true about epithelial tissue?

Epithelial cells have spaces between them.

What would be the outcome of applying ethylene to a bushel of oranges?

Ethylene stimulates cellulase which will hydrolyze the CELLULOSE in plant cell walls. This will cause the fruit to ripen.

Why are fats a better source of energy than carbohydrates?

Fatty acids have a LONG chain of reduced CARBON atoms that will produce large amounts of ATP when their BONDS ARE BROKEN.

Which is NOT a correct description of cartilage?

Fibrocartilage contains strong collagen fibers.

A home heating system is an example of a positive feedback mechanism.

Flase

Information from X-ray crystallographic data collected by _______ was used by Watson and Crick in their development of the model of DNA.

Franklin

Which cellular structure is responsible for packaging materials with the cell?

Golgi apparatus

Which of the following is a way that crayfish and grasshoppers are different?

Grasshoppers have spicules and tracheal tubes that serve as the means of gas exchange while crayfish have gills.

Which is NOT a correct step in the hormone regulation of blood pressure and reabsorption?

High blood pressure causes the kidneys to secrete aldosterone.

If an individual has a XXY genotype, they are classified as having

Klinefelter syndrome.

In Figure 17.4 of an action potential, number 1 indicates the movement of

Na+ to the inside.

All of these humans are believed to have evolved in Africa EXCEPT

Neandertals.

What blood type does an individual have according to the blood typing results illustrated in this figure?

O positive

Which of the following statements does not correctly describe air movement along the respiratory tract?

The bronchi serve as passageways into the trachea.

An increased amount of ADH leads to

a decreased amount of urine.

Which body structure describes the freshwater hydra?

a freely moving polyp with mouth pointing upward

Some, but not all, viruses contain ______, located on their outer surface.

a membranous envelope composed of the host's plasma membrane

Which plant hormone will act as an inhibitor of growth and maintains dormancy?

abscisic acid

The madreporite helps the sea star

absorb water to regulate its vascular system.

Which is the most common type of intercellular junction between skin cells?

adhesion junctions

Ectothermic animals with three-chambered hearts would include ( ) amphibians. ( ) mammals. ( ) fish. ( ) arthropods. ( ) birds.

amphibians

Extraembryonic membranes are NOT found in the development of ( ) amphibians. ( ) reptiles. ( ) birds. ( ) mammals. ( ) chordates.

amphibians

Which pair is mismatched?

ascocarp-shelf fungi

If two adjacent populations of the same species show gene flow, then the two populations will ( ) become more similar in their gene pools. ( ) become isolated from each other. ( ) develop into different species. ( ) adapt to different conditions and become separate. ( ) become the same population.

become MORE SIMILAR in their gene pools.

The stigma, style, and ovary are located in a

carpel

Which of the following is NOT considered to be a fruit according to a biologist? ( ) apple ( ) grapes ( ) tomato ( ) peas in a pod ( ) celery

celery

Antioxidants are

chemicals found in fruits and vegetables that defend against free radicals.

In a certain group of people, males are more subject to respiratory infections and are sterile. The most likely explanation for this disease is malfunctioning

cilia and flagella.

In flame cells

cilia drive fluids through tubules for excretion of excess water.

The "antenna" system of a plant that gathers the solar energy consists of

closely packed pigment molecules.

The lancelets are found ( ) in tropical Amazon streams. ( ) as parasites inside the tracts of fish. ( ) very rarely in mountain streams, where they are almost extinct. ( ) commonly in the sandy bottoms of shallow coastal waters around the world. ( ) on the bottom of the ocean.

commonly in the sandy bottoms of shallow coastal waters around the world.

Spirogyra practice a type of sexual exchange called

conjugation

Collagenous and elastic fibers are found in what type of tissue?

connective

The kind of algae that help to build a coral reef are

coralline algae.

You need to identify a plant but it is winter and the leaves have fallen to the ground mixed with others. The parts of flowers, fruits, and seed leaves of germinating seeds are not available either. Your best clue to whether it is a monocot or a eudicot is to

cut the stem and if the vascular bundles are scattered in the stem, it is a monocot.

Which is grouped with the algae?

diatoms

The physical principle upon which kidney dialysis is based is

diffusion

The definition of osmosis is the

diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane.

If a chromosomal segment appears more than once in the same chromosome, it is termed a(n)

duplication.

The innermost core of a virus's structure is made up of

either DNA or RNA

The largest number of ATP molecules are produced in which phase of cellular respiration?

electron transport chain

Which difference distinguishes protostomes from deuterostomes?

embryonic development

The most likely ancestors of the chordates are considered to be echinoderms because

embryos of echinoderms and chordate embryos are deuterostomes.

Which of the following diseases make up chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)?

emphysema, chronic bronchitis, and asthma

Which is a correct association of protein types?

enzymatic proteins - carry out metabolic reactions directly

A unicellular alga that has both plant-like photosynthesis and animal-like motility is a(n)

euglenoid.

Which of the following function would not be lost or seriously compromised if someone suffered a severe burn over most of their body?

exchange of gases

When you pick a bouquet of anther-less flowers, you have picked

female gametophytes retained within the body of sporophytes.

Psilotum are most closely related to ( ) angiosperms. ( ) gymnosperms. ( ) conifers. ( ) green algae. ( ) ferns.

ferns

Which is NOT a correct association of disease with cause or symptoms?

fetal alcohol syndrome—increased intelligence and physical performance

Which of the following is not a major class of nutrients required by the human body?

fiber

A blue-eyed, left-handed woman marries a brown-eyed, right-handed man who is heterozygous for both of his traits. If blue eyes and left-handedness are recessive, how many different phenotypes are possible in their children?

four

Which intercellular junction allows for the rapid movement of small molecules or ions to flow from one animal cell to the next?

gap junctions

Which of the following is NOT a unique characteristic of chordates at some time in their life history?

gill clefts

Blood traveling from the intestines to the liver is traveling in the

hepatic portal vein.

During interphase,

hereditary material duplicates itself.

Which of the following associations is correct?

herpesvirus - chicken pox

The inside and outside of the plasma membrane are

identical in phospholipid bilayer but have cytoskeletal filaments on the inside and carbohydrate chains of glycolipids and proteins on the outside.

When the dorsal root of a spinal nerve is cut,

incoming sensory nerve impulses are lost.

Some twentieth-century authors wrote that the earliest protocells would have to be autotrophs. This concept appears to be

incorrect, since the primordial soup could contain many preformed food molecules.

The importance of dietary fiber includes all of the following EXCEPT

increased blood cholesterol levels.

Edema cannot be caused by

increased capillary osmotic pressure.

Showy flowers are most likely pollinated by

insects or birds.

Which of these characteristics is NOT found in the amphibians but is developed in reptiles? ( ) thin moist skin ( ) internal fertilization ( ) small inefficient lungs ( ) aquatic larvae ( ) eggs with gelatinous covering

internal fertilization

Which specific component in hemoglobin combines with oxygen?

iron in the heme

A reflex

is an automatic, involuntary response.

The structure which monitors blood pressure in the kidney is called the

juxtaglomerular apparatus.

Crustose, fruticose and foliose obtain their nutrients from photosynthetic cells contained within their middle layer. These are varieties of

lichens

What are the two sets of reactions for photosynthesis?

light reactions, Calvin cycle reactions

What organic substance makes the walls of sclerenchyma cells tough and hard?

lignin

When individuals experience fear and pleasure, what part of the brain has been stimulated?

limbic system

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of echinoderms?

locomotion by muscles

The failure of which organelle during development can result in a child being born with webbed toes?

lysosomes

Mammals are different from birds in all these characteristics EXCEPT

maintaining a constant body temperature.

Considering that males can have Klinefelter (XXY) syndrome, XYY, and normal XY chromosomal combinations, and females can have Turner (XO) syndrome, poly-X (XXX, XXXX), and normal XX combinations, it is obvious that

maleness results from the minimal presence of one Y chromosome.

An animal that is characterized by vertebrae, dorsal hollow nerve cord, hair, and mammary glands must be a(n)

mammal

An impulse traveling up the spinal cord first enters the brain at the

medulla

Which part of the brain contains centers for the heartbeat and respiration?

medulla oblongata

Which type of mammal lays eggs?

monotremes

The raw material for evolutionary change is ( ) gene flow. ( ) genetic drift. ( ) mutation. ( ) nonrandom reproduction. ( ) natural selection.

mutation.

Which of the following agents of evolutionary change results in adaptation? ( ) mutation ( ) genetic drift ( ) gene flow ( ) nonrandom mating ( ) natural selection

natural selection

The carriers of the electron transport chain are located

on the cristae of the mitochondria.

The stalk that attaches a leaf blade to a stem is a/an

petiole.

The response of plants to the relative length of light and darkness is termed

photoperiodism.

Which modern technology is NOT used in the creation of transgenic plants?

plant hybridization

Microbiology is the study of microbes, these include all but which of the following?

plants

A complex protein-rich cell shelters and supports the DNA genetic code, and the code is the blueprint for the cell proteins; thus is set the "chicken-or-the-egg" dilemma of which came first. This is probably solved by the discovery that

polypeptides and RNA could have evolved simultaneously.

All the members of a single species that occupy a particular area and are able to interbreed are a

population.

Bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) or "mad cow disease" is caused by a(n)

prion

The duodenum is NOT a site of

production of HCl.

During what stage of mitosis does the nuclear envelope disappear and the chromosomes become distinct?

prophase

Which of the following is matched to the incorrect body system?

protects against disease and infections—cardiovascular system

Which is NOT a correct association of memory type?

semantic memory—non-language memory

A heart murmur that sounded "lub-dup-shush" would indicate which of the following?

semilunar valve is not closing properly

Based on molecular data, the split between apes and humans is thought to have occurred about ______ million years ago.

six

Which type of muscle is involuntary and lacks striations?

smooth

Carbonic anhydrase

speeds up the conversion of carbonic acid to carbon dioxide and water.

The pollen grain contains the

sperm.

Muscles that encircle tubes and act as valves are called

sphincters.

An example of a filamentous green alga is

spirogyra

Which lymphoid organ has sinuses filled with blood instead of lymph?

spleen

What type of bone contains numerous bony plates separated by irregular spaces?

spongy

What are the two most common applications of cytokine therapies?

stimulation of blood cells and treatment of cancer

A correct function of the human stomach is

storage of food and mixing with digestive fluids to allow chemical digestion.

What is the function of neuroglial cells?

support and nourish neurons

Evolutionary advantages of being "woody" include

tall growth that allows greater leaf access to sunlight.

Which of these is NOT associated with a roundworm infection?

tapeworm

Saltatory conduction occurs when

the action potential jumps from node to node.

The term "deuterostome" refers to

the second embryonic opening becoming the mouth.

When water enters a plant cell

the vacuole becomes enlarged.

If a tree has flower petals that are small and the same color as its leaves, it is likely to be pollinated by

the wind.

Lactose is milk sugar that is broken down by the enzyme lactase. The reason that some people are "lactose intolerant" could be because

they are missing the enzyme lactase in their digestive system.

Which technology was first established by Cro-Magnon?

throwing spears

The loss of water by evaporation from a leaf is termed

transpiration.

Tissue rejection following organ transplantation is due to all of the following except

transplantation of tissues from one part of the body to another in the same person.

The main function of the esophagus is to

transport food from the mouth to the stomach.

A cross section through the zone of maturation of a root would show

transport tissues.

Stored food in a cotyledon was derived from

triploid endosperm.

A person who has an extra copy of a chromosome is said to have

trisomy.

Dead plants seen alongside a salted roadway died because the saline solution caused the cells to

undergo plasmolysis.

Which of the following types of lipids do not promote cardiovascular disease?

unsaturated fatty acids

Damage to the nephrons can lead to uremia, which is characterized by

urea in the blood.

The prostate gland in older men may block the flow of fluid in the

urethra.

Urinary tract infections confined to the urethra are called

urethritis.

Which of the following features is NOT a characteristic used to distinguish birds? ( ) feathers ( ) air sacs ( ) variable body temperature ( ) hard-shelled egg ( ) four-chambered heart

variable body temperature

A waitress that stands for hours and has a habit of crossing her legs when she sits will increase the chances of having blood accumulate in her

veins.

Fertilization in the mosses is dependent upon

water

Which of these is NOT a characteristic of sponges?

water enters through a single cavity, the osculum

Researchers have long attempted to find a substitute for red blood cells, specifically the hemoglobin carrying ability. With the low but possible risk of disease transfer from blood transfusion, such a synthetic substance could be guaranteed safe if it was effective. Which of the following properties would be important for "artificial red blood cells"?

would bind to oxygen in a high oxygen concentration solution and release oxygen when in a low oxygen concentration solution

A fungal structure that results from sexual reproduction and can survive unfavorable growing conditions is the

zygospore.

Which energy association is correct? A) Kinetic energy is energy of motion. B) Water stored behind a dam is an example of kinetic energy. C) Energy in the chemical bonds of a molecule is kinetic energy. D) Potential energy must be used immediately or it is lost. E) Light energy is a form of chemical energy.

A) Kinetic energy is energy of motion.

Which of the following is NOT true about a karyotype? A) Homologous chromosomes are arranged in pairs. B) Sex chromosomes are identified separately from autosomes. C) All chromosome pairs are numbered differently for males and females. D) Chromosome pairs are assorted by both size and shape. E) Banding patterns are used in pairing chromosomes.

C) All chromosome pairs are numbered differently for males and females.

Which of the following best characterizes apoptosis? A) Apoptosis is bad for an organism. B) The stages of apoptosis are different in each cell type. C) Apoptosis happens accidentally to healthy cells. D) Apoptosis plays a normal role in development and cancer prevention. E) Apoptosis results in our going from a fertilized egg to trillions of cells.

D) Apoptosis plays a normal role in development and cancer prevention.

Why does FADH2 result in fewer ATP than NADH + H+?

FADH2 drops its electrons off LOWER on the electron transport chain

The body is unable to make any amino acids so all 20 of them must be acquired from a balanced diet.

False

Which statement is NOT true about neutrophils?

They are agranular leukocytes

In what way are fungi like heterotrophic bacteria?

They are both heterotrophic and play an important role in ecosystems.

Two parents with widow's peak and short fingers have a child with a continuous hairline and long fingers. What are the genotypes of the two parents? (W = widow's peak; S = short fingers) ( ) WWSS x wwss ( ) wwss x WWSS ( ) WWss x WWss ( ) WwSs x WwSs ( ) WwSs x wwss

WwSs x WwSs

An oncogene is

a mutated form of a proto-oncogene.

Which type of natural selection increases the frequency of an extreme phenotype? ( ) directional ( ) diversifying ( ) stabilizing ( ) disruptive ( ) nonrandom

directional

The type of respiration in which gases are exchanged between the blood and tissue fluid is termed

internal respiration.

Which of the following is not a function of the cerebrum?

maintains posture and balance

Which type of mammal lays eggs? ( ) monotremes ( ) marsupials ( ) placentals ( ) snakes ( ) birds

monotremes

Which of the following is the best description of the cause of multiple sclerosis (MS)?

myelin sheath lesions impair normal coordination of impulses

Red blood cells come in many blood types including A, B, AB and type O (lacking proteins A and B), Rh positive, Rh negative (lacking Rh+), and many others. If blood is transfused, the recipient detects any new or foreign proteins. The blood type proteins are

on the outer surface of the red blood cell membrane.

Cells of the ground tissue system are called

parenchyma, collenchyma, and sclerenchyma cells.

The vascular tissue by which nutrients are transported throughout ferns is called

phloem

Which are cell fragments that help initiate blood clotting?

platelets

If you were assigned the task of constructing a cladogram representing the evolutionary relationship between humans, gorillas, tigers, lizards and sharks, what feature could you use as the shared derived trait? ( ) presence of a jaw ( ) presence of hair ( ) give birth to live young ( ) lay eggs ( ) production of milk to nourish their young

presence of a jaw

Prior to protein synthesis, the DNA

serves as a template for the production of mRNA.

To what does the term stroma refer?

the central fluid-filled space of the chloroplast

Which organ of the body contains very few, if any, capillary beds?

the cornea

How many NADH + H+ are produced by the citric acid cycle per turn?

three

Which represents the correct order of evolution of chordate features?

vertebrae → jaws → lungs → limbs → amnion

Which of the following events would be controlled by an external signal? A) Cell division. B) Prophase proceeds into metaphase. C) The chromosomes align at the equatorial plane before the cell begins anaphase. D) All of the DNA is copied before the cell enters into the G2 phase. E) All of these are controlled by an external signal.

A) Cell division

Which of the following is consistent with the laws of physics governing energy? A) Eventually, sunlight that is absorbed on the earth returns to the atmosphere as dispersed heat. B) You eat a "quarter-pounder" hamburger and add exactly a quarter-pound of additional weight to your body. C) When a liter of gasoline is burned in a car engine, 100% of its energy goes into moving the car along the road. D) A calorie of sunlight becomes a calorie of plant tissue. E) A calorie of plant tissue, which when eaten by you, becomes a calorie of muscle "power."

A) Eventually, sunlight that is absorbed on the earth returns to the atmosphere as dispersed heat.

Which of the following factors could cause the cell membrane to become less permeable? A) If the channel proteins were to denature and become inactive B) If the molecules trying to enter the cell were decreased in size C) If the hydrophilic head of the phospholipids were to become hydrophobic while the hydrophobic tails become hydrophilic D) If the size of the protein channel was to increase E) All of these choices would cause the cell membrane to become less permeable

A) If the channel proteins were to denature and become inactive

Which of the following would be considered evidence that chloroplasts are involved in photosynthesis? A) Isolated chloroplasts give off oxygen when exposed to sunlight. B) Plants that are green contain chloroplasts. C) Both plants and algae have chloroplasts. D) Plants have both chloroplasts and mitochondria. E) Chloroplasts contain thylakoids which are stacked in structures called grana.

A) Isolated chloroplasts give off oxygen when exposed to sunlight.

Which of the following is NOT true concerning plant tissue culture? A) New plants can be cultivated from any existing plant cell. B) Most plant cells are totipotent, meaning an entire plant can be produced from one cell. C) Hormones can be used to cause the production of shoots from tissue. D) Plants can be produced from shoot tips, leaves, and anthers. E) Foreign genes such as those from other plants or even animals can be inserted into plant cells.

A) New plants can be cultivated from any existing plant cell.

All but one of the following experiments would allow a scientist to discover if the phenotype of an organism would be affected by environmental changes; choose the experiment that would NOT show environmental effects. A) Cuttings are taken from an English Ivy plant and are then grown in soils with different pH levels. B) A Siamese cat has patches of fur removed from its hips and an ice pack is secured over the area. C) A mouse with the genetic disorder phenylketonuria (PKU) is fed a diet low in phenylalanine for a year and then changed to a diet rich in the same molecule. D) A group of mice that show the same dominant trait are fed a variety of diets to determine if they show different body types. E) A hydrangea is grown for one year in aluminum poor soil and then grown for one year in aluminum rich soil.

D) A group of mice that show the same dominant trait are fed a variety of diets to determine if they show different body types.

What evidence would not suggest that the fluid in the nucleus is different from the cytoplasm? A) There is a pH difference between the two fluids. B) The nuclear membrane encloses the nucleoplasm. C) Nuclear pores only permit passage of certain molecules into and out of the nucleus. D) Cytoplasm and nucleoplasm both flow freely into and out of the nucleus. E) Electron microscopy reveals nonmembranous components associated with the nuclear pores.

D) Cytoplasm and nucleoplasm both flow freely into and out of the nucleus.

Which of the following is NOT an advantage of tissue culture? A) Plant tissue can be used to produce medicines such as digitoxin and other products for the treatment of human disease. B) Tissue culture allows the production of healthier plant varieties. C) New plant varieties can be formed by using somatic embryos. D) The use of transgenic plants has led to a serious decline in crop production throughout the world. E) Engineered plants are resistant to herbicides and disease.

D) The use of transgenic plants has led to a serious decline in crop production throughout the world.

Which is NOT a correct association of cell organelles and function? A) lysosome-intracellular digestion B) mitochondrion-cell respiration C) ribosome-production of proteins D) cell wall-regulate molecule passage in and out of animal cells E) vacuole-storage of chemicals

D) cell wall-regulate molecule passage in and out of animal cells

The extracellular matrix is responsible for which of the following features? A) The extracellular matrix does all of these features. B) The extracellular matrix helps the cell resist stretching. C) The extracellular matrix enables the cell to adhere to neighboring cells. D) The extracellular matrix plays a role in cell signaling. E) The extracellular matrix acts as a structural feature.

A) The extracellular matrix does all of these features.

Which of the following is a monocot? A) dandelions B) oak trees C) maple trees D) palm trees E) roses

D) palm trees

Which of the following sex-linked disorders is characterized by an abnormal number of repeat sequences in the genome? A) fragile X syndrome B) hemophilia C) color blindness D) Duchenne muscular dystrophy E) none of these

A) fragile X syndrome

Which is true about energy of activation? A) Energy of activation is measured as the energy that is released after a reaction occurs. B) Adding the correct enzyme can lower the energy of activation. C) In any one metabolic pathway, all steps will have the same energy of activation. D) Energy of activation is the difference between the energy of the reactant and the energy of the product. E) The energy of activation is always lower than the energy of the reactant.

B) Adding the correct enzyme can lower the energy of activation.

In modern biochemical genetics, the flow of inherited information is from A) protein → RNA → DNA. B) DNA → RNA → protein. C) DNA → protein → RNA. D) RNA → DNA → protein. E) RNA → protein → DNA.

B) DNA → RNA → protein.

Which is true of facilitated transport by carrier proteins? A) Facilitated transport only applies to small and lipid soluble molecules. B) It is represented by the glucose carrier that can transport hundreds of molecules a second. C) After a carrier has transported a molecule, it is unable to transport any more. D) Facilitated transport requires expenditure of chemical energy and is therefore active transport. E) One carrier protein can carry a variety of different molecules.

B) It is represented by the glucose carrier that can transport hundreds of molecules a second.

Which of the following molecules add stiffness and strength to the plasma membrane? A) glycoproteins B) cholesterol C) phospholipids D) enzymatic proteins E) phosphate groups

B) cholesterol

Which of the following is NOT part of gene expression? A) transcription B) replication C) translation D) amino acids E) protein synthesis

B) replication

Which of the following is not involved in the regulation of the cell cycle? A) cyclins B) internal and external signals C) growth factors D) check points E) caspases

E) Caspases

Which of the following statements is NOT true concerning enzymatic activity? A) Each enzyme has a preferred pH at which the enzyme reaction rate is highest. B) Above a certain temperature, an enzyme will become denatured. C) As the temperature increases, most enzymatic reactions will still proceed at the same rate. D) Enzymatic reactions proceed quite rapidly. E) Enzyme activity increases as substrate concentration increases until the maximum rate is achieved.

C) As the temperature increases, most enzymatic reactions will still proceed at the same rate.

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic shared by cellular respiration and photosynthesis? A) Both photosynthesis and cellular respiration occur in plant cells. B) Both processes produce ATP by chemiosmosis. C) Both processes produce oxygen. D) Both processes use an electron transport chain located in membranes of organelles. E) One or more electron carriers are used in both processes.

C) Both processes produce oxygen.

Of the following conditions, which is absolutely necessary for diffusion to take place? A) a differentially permeable membrane B) a true solution C) a concentration difference D) a non-permeable membrane E) a living cell

C) a concentration difference

Which of the following is a reproductive structure of a plant? A) roots B) stems C) flowers D) leaves D) shoot system

C) flowers

Which of the following is NOT an example of fermentation used by organisms to produce ATP? A) bacteria producing lactate B) bacteria producing alcohol C) humans producing alcohol D) humans producing lactate E) yeast producing alcohol

C) humans producing alcohol

Which is NOT a correct association? A) S stage-DNA synthesis B) M stage-mitosis and cytokinesis C) interphase-shortest stage of the cell cycle D) G1 stage-cell grows in size and cell organelles increase in number E) G2 stage-metabolic preparation for mitosis

C) interphase-shortest stage of the cell cycle

Which of the following nucleotide bases is found only in DNA, not in RNA? A) guanine B) adenine C) thymine D) uracil E) cytosine

C) thymine

Bacteria cause diseases in humans when they

Carry genes that code for specific virulence factors that determine the type and extent of the illness.

Which of the following does NOT describe the role of NAD+ in cellular respiration? A) It accepts 2 electrons B) It is a coenzyme C) It helps to oxidize the substrate D) It is reduced E) It provides the energy for the reaction

E) It provides the energy for the reaction

Which statement is false concerning movement of molecules across the cell membrane? A) Water and gas molecules have no difficulty. B) Small uncharged molecules pass through easily. C) Large molecules do not pass through easily. D) Charged molecules do not pass through easily. E) Lipid molecules do not pass through easily.

E) Lipid molecules do not pass through easily.

Which of the following is NOT true about RNA? A) RNA transfers messages from DNA to ribosomes. B) RNA contains the sugar ribose. C) RNA contains adenine, guanine, uracil, and cytosine. D) RNA is single stranded. E) RNA forms a helix.

E) RNA forms a helix.

Which of the following is not a reason why two children born to the same parents [not identical twins] are unlikely to have the same genetic makeup? A) Crossing over recombines portions of sister chromatids. B) Fertilization provides a new pairing of chromosomes. C) Each sperm or egg has a random assortment of chromosomes, half from each pair. D) Chromosomes align themselves independently during meiosis I. E) Since though they are produced at different times, all sperm will be genetically different from all other sperm.

E) Since though they are produced at different times, all sperm will be genetically different from all other sperm.

Which of the following statements is NOT correct about the arrangement of tissue in the eudicot root? A) The epidermis of the root consists of a single layer of cells B) The specialized root tissues can be seen at the zone of maturation C) The pericycle is the outer layer of cells in the vascular cylinder and has the ability to form secondary or branch roots D) The Casparian strip is a waxy lining on four sides of the cells of the endodermis that regulates the movement of materials into and out of the vascular cylinder. E) The star-shaped phloem is located in the center of the vascular cylinder, with xylem arranged between the arms of the phloem.

E) The star-shaped phloem is located in the center of the vascular cylinder, with xylem arranged between the arms of the phloem

Which of the following is not true regarding active transport? A) moves molecules or ions against their concentration gradient B) involves protein pumps C) is associated with large numbers of mitochondria D) is associated with nerve and muscle cells E) cannot be done by animal cells

E) cannot be done by animal cells

Which genetic trait is NOT associated with the chromosome involved in Down syndrome? A) increased incidence of leukemia B) cataracts C) mental retardation D) accelerated aging E) cystic fibrosis

E) cystic fibrosis

Which of the following methods of reproduction is NOT asexual? A) runners and stolons B) rhizomes C) cuttings D) grafting and suckers E) flowering

E) flowering

Which refers to the loss of a complete chromosome? A) inversion B) translocation C) deletion D) duplication E) monosomy

E) monosomy

Over time, what would we expect in the evolution of C3, C4, and CAM strategies?

Each form of photosynthesis has advantages in a heterogeneous world and as long as environmental conditions vary, all forms will have an adaptive advantage in their unique niche.

A reactant will always produce the same type of product, regardless of the enzymes present. True or False?

False

A response that does not occur immediately cannot be considered an allergic response even if it appears like one.

False

What are the potential effects of heavy marijuana usage?

Hallucinations, anxiety, depression, body image distortion, and other psychotic symptoms.

In addition to his work with bacteria, Louis Pasteur was also the one to name viruses. His work with rabies produced what breakthrough?

He developed a vaccine that he used on a young rabies patient.

Antonie van Leeuwenhoek was a Dutch tradesman and scientist who is famous for all but one of the following. Which is the exception?

He invented the microscope.

Which hominid is considered to be the handyman by being the first to use tools?

Homo habilis

The skin pigment melanin is expressed differently according to exposure to sunlight, with a greater production of the molecule with greater exposure. However, the degree of production can never exceed the inherited genetic level. What evolutionary advantage would be gained from having this phenotypic range for skin pigmentation?

Production of the molecule would only occur when necessary.

What is the most probable evolutionary path for genus Homo? ( ) Sahelanthropus tchadensis - Ardipithecus kadabba - Australopithecus anamensis - Australopithecus afarensis - Homo habilis ( ) Ardipithecus kadabba - Australopithecus anamensis - Sahelanthropus tchadensis -Australopithecus afarensis - Homo habilis ( ) Australopithecus afarensis - Ardipithecus kadabba - Australopithecus anamensis - Sahelanthropus tchadensis - Homo erectus ( ) Ardipithecus kadabba - Australopithecus afarensis - Australopithecus anamensis - Sahelanthropus tchadensis - Homo habilis ( ) Sahelanthropus tchadensis - Ardipithecus kadabba - Australopithecus anamensis - Australopithecus afarensis - Homo ergaster

Sahelanthropus tchadensis - Ardipithecus kadabba - Australopithecus anamensis - Australopithecus afarensis - Homo habilis {ST-AK-AAn-AAf-HH}

Which of these is NOT true of the heart?

The heart helps make red blood cells.

Which of the following statements about the role of the respiratory system in maintenance of blood pH is not true?

The lungs are able to rid the body of a wide variety of acidic and basic substances, thereby directly adjusting the pH of the blood.

Which of the following statements is NOT correct about the lymphatic system?

The lymphatic system consists of blood vessels and lymphoid organs.

Which statement is NOT true about the life cycle of gymnosperms? ( ) The sporophyte is diploid. ( ) The sporophyte produces two distinct types of spores. ( ) The megasporocyte develops into the pollen grain. ( ) The microsporocyte develops into the pollen grain. ( ) Two nonflagellated sperm are released by the male gametophyte.

The megasporocyte develops into the pollen grain.

Which feature(s) helps distinguish the subcutaneous layer from the epidermis and dermis?

The subcutaneous layer is composed of loose connective tissue and adipose tissue.

Radioactive isotopes are used to tag proteins in the cell membranes of mouse cells. These cells are then fused with human cells in cultures. What is the likely consequence of the tagged mouse proteins?

The tagged proteins drift across cell membranes and are soon found dispersed across both human and mouse cell membranes.

Which statement is NOT true about cyanobacteria?

They are eukaryotic like fungi.

Which statement is true regarding both gymnosperms and angiosperms? ( ) They both have swimming sperm. ( ) They both lack the gametophyte generation. ( ) They both have a separate male and female gametophyte generation. ( ) They both produce cones and flowers. ( ) They both rely on pollinators.

They both have a separate male and female gametophyte generation.

Which of the following is NOT true of both T cells and B cells?

They both pass through the thymus.

Both land plants and algae use starch as a storage medium and cellulose in their cell walls, this means that

They both produce glucose since this is the molecule that both starch and cellulose are made from.

Which is NOT true of human salivary glands?

They can become inflamed and cause tonsillitis.

Which statement is true about bacteria?

They contain a single, circular DNA molecule as the genetic material.

Fermentation is the process that allows bread to rise. True or False?

True

If a population goes from an allele frequency of 0.12 A & 0.88 A to 0.23 A & 0.77 a in the course of 7 generations we can conclude that it is evolving. True or False?

True

In a coupled reaction, energy is not released to the environment because the energy from one reaction is used to drive the other reaction forward. True or False?

True

Generally, it is not possible to determine whether nondisjunction failed to occur in oogenesis or spermatogenesis. However, it is possible to assert that _____ resulted in nondisjunction in ____.

XYY; spermatogenesis

Circulating red blood cells in your body do not contain a nucleus and other organelles. Are these cells living?

Yes, because they are actively metabolizing and once contained organelles.

During allopatric speciation ( ) gene flow continues between subpopulations. ( ) reproduction between all subpopulations is impossible. ( ) a geographic separation occurs between subpopulations. ( ) wide phenotype differences appear between subpopulations. ( ) subpopulations are still able to interbreed.

a geographic separation occurs between subpopulations.

When you cut into most active plant tissue, water appears almost immediately because plant cells are in

a hypotonic solution that produces turgor pressure.

The relationship between the fungi and algae in lichens is best described as

a mutually beneficial relationship between normally free-living strains.

Sodium concentration in the urine will be maintained due to the loop of the nephron (loop of Henle) exhibiting

a passive and active release of sodium from the ascending limb.

In the movie Bubble Boy, Jimmy lives inside a plastic bubble where he is protected from all outside agents. Which type of disease would require a child to live inside a plastic bubble?

a total immune deficiency

Which of these characteristics first developed in reptiles? ( ) amniotic egg ( ) scales on skin ( ) four-legged body ( ) skull and vertebral column ( ) animals with lungs.

amniotic egg

Beans, peas, and other legumes have root nodules that are caused by ____ and have the role of ____.

bacteria, taking up and reducing atmospheric nitrogen

In horses, black coat (B) is dominant over brown coat (b), and being a trotter (T) is dominant over being a pacer (t). A black horse who is a pacer is crossed with a brown horse who is a trotter. The offspring is a brown pacer. What is the genotype of the brown trotter parent? ( ) BBTT ( ) BbTt ( ) Bbtt ( ) bbTt ( ) bbtt

bbTt

Which molecules are the products of aerobic respiration?

carbon dioxide and water

The raw materials or reactants of the photosynthetic process include

carbon dioxide and water.

Which of the following does NOT pertain to neurons?

cell walls

Which structures are associated with the limbic system?

cerebral lobes, basal nuclei, and diencephalon

Consciousness is best associated with the

cerebrum

The complement system contains

certain plasma proteins.

Which item is commonly eaten by an individual who suffers from pica?

charcoal

Which two organelles are most directly involved in the flow of energy from the sun through all living things?

chloroplasts and mitochondria

The tissue layers of a leaf, from the upper surface to the lower surface, are

cuticle, epidermis, palisade mesophyll, spongy mesophyll, epidermis, cuticle

Which type of organism causes a "red tide"?

dinaflagellates

"Red tides" are produced by massive blooms of

dinaflagellates.

Which of the following organisms are considered advanced invertebrates with a true coelom?

earthworms

How could you possibly become infected with adult tapeworms?

eating insufficiently cooked pork

Which system is one of the two main body systems that helps maintain homeostasis by regulating other body systems?

endocrine

The waxy material known as the Casparian strip is found on the

endodermal cells.

The tissue that regulates entrance of minerals into the vascular cylinder of a root is(are) the

endodermis.

Glands that secrete their products into ducts are classified as

exocrine glands.

The ______ contain(s) the information for the structure of the protein.

exons

Primates are associated with all of the following except

eyes on the sides of the head.

Bacterial metabolism is quite diverse and can range from heterotrophic individuals that are anaerobic to ones that use mitochondria to run cellular respiration.

false

The Amish of Lancaster, PA. have a higher frequency of an unusual form of dwarfism than the population at large. This is probably due to ( ) natural selection. ( ) a bottleneck effect. ( ) a founder effect. ( ) vestigial structures. ( ) industrial melanism.

founder effect.

Strawberry plants do not produce seeds that are used for next year's crop. How are strawberry plants propagated?

from the nodes of stolons

The kingdom ____ are characterized by having filaments called hyphae that are used to absorb nutrients.

fungi

____ are mostly saprotrophic decomposers that assist in recycling of nutrients in ecosystems.

fungi

Which of the following types of plants will produce a naked seed? ( ) moss ( ) ferns ( ) algae ( ) gymnosperms ( ) angiosperms

gymnosperms

What lines up at the metaphase plate during both metaphase I of meiosis and metaphase of mitosis?

homologous chromosomes for meiosis, each chromosome is composed of two sister chromatids for mitosis

The tissue that has a white, translucent appearance and is found at the ends of long bones is called

hyaline cartilage.

Which of the following features is associated with pica?

individuals are at a greater risk for various poisoning

Earthworms differ from most of the marine annelids in that earthworms

lack paddlelike parapodia that marine annelids have.

Compared with a eukaryotic cell, a prokaryotic cell

lacks organelles beyond ribosomes.

If the blood is alkaline,

less hydrogen ions are excreted and less bicarbonate are reabsorbed.

Which types of embryos have extraembryonic membranes?

mammalian.

A heart with two separate atria and two separate ventricles is seen among

mammals and birds.

Which of the classes of RNA molecules carries the genetic information as it is needed for the construction of a protein?

messenger RNA

In which stage of mitosis do the chromosomes line up in the center of the cell?

metaphase.

Which of the following drugs is a powerful CNS stimulant?

methamphetamine

Trace the path of an inhaled air molecule.

nasal cavity → pharynx → glottis → larynx → trachea → bronchi → bronchioles → alveoli

A land based adaptation that pine trees have is that when microsporocytes undergo meiosis to produce microspores they are then liberated as the

pollen grains.

When two or more sets of alleles affect the same trait in an additive fashion, it is termed

polygenic inheritance.

Which level of primary control in eukaryotic gene activity involves processing early RNA transcripts to mRNA and control of the rate at which mRNA leaves the nucleus?

posttranscriptional control

Which level of primary control in eukaryotic gene activity involves changes in the polypeptide chain before it becomes functional?

posttranslational control

Some human diseases appear to be due to protein agents that may convert other proteins in the cell to also become these agents; this new disease protein agent is called a(n)

prion (pr-protien agent)

The ____ of the tapeworm contains both male and female sex organs and becomes filled with developing embryos.

proglottids

The segments of a tapeworm consisting primarily of eggs, which hang in bags as a long chain behind the head, are called

proglottids.

The likely effect on a neuron of two excitatory signals and twenty inhibitory signals is

prohibiting the axon from firing at all.

A researcher samples the waters of the boiling hot springs in Yellowstone National Park. Under the microscope, she observes what appear to be living cells in the water. If these indeed are living cells, what type of cell would they most likely be?

prokaryotic, archaea

According to the fluid-mosaic model of membrane structure,

proteins float inside or within the phospholipid bilayer.

The two enzymes in the clotting process are

prothrombin activator and thrombin.

Single-celled eukaryotes belong to the kingdom

protista

The multiregional continuity hypothesis of human evolution proposes that Homo sapiens evolved from

several populations of Homo ergaster that existed in Asia, Africa, and Europe

A recent study of the marine hawksbill turtle's stomach contents revealed that sponges constitute a major portion of their diet. Sponge beds are generally protected from predators by the sponge's calcium and silica crystals, but these were found in quantity in the turtles' digestive systems. These structures that protect the sponges from most predators, but not turtles, are

spicules

In order for transmission across the synapse to occur,

synaptic vesicles fuse with the presynaptic membrane.

Which membrane is composed of loose connective tissue and lines moveable joint cavities?

synovial

Planaria feed by

tearing and sucking food particles via a muscular pharynx.

DNA segments called _____ are at the ends of chromosomes and eventually signal the cell to enter apoptosis.

telomeres

Pyruvate is converted to a two-carbon acetyl group attached to coenzyme A (CoA), and CO2 is given off. This phase is called

the Preparatory Reaction.

While science cannot describe "thinking" in physical terms, we are certain that the process involves metabolism inside brain cells. With positron emission tomography (PET scan), it is possible to inject short-lived isotopes and image the regions of the brain that have the most active metabolism during various mental activities. However,

the cellular energy expended in thinking must be less than the chemical bond energy supplied in food to these brain cells.

Lamarck's theory of evolution included the idea that

the continual stretching of giraffe's necks to reach leaves led to longer necks.

According to Lamarck which variable would have the greatest influence on the evolution of an organism?

the environment

Permeability refers to

the extent to which a membrane allows a substance to pass through.

In the new procedures developed to clone a mammalian cell, the nucleus is removed from an egg cell and the nucleus from the adult to be cloned is injected inside this cell. If we did this process with a basketball, we would permanently damage the shell. What property of the cell repairs this damage?

the fluid-mosaic nature of the membrane

During photosynthesis, CO2 is reduced. This means that

the molecule gains electrons.

An XXX female would most likely result from nondisjunction in

the mother during egg formation.

If a crayfish has 200 total chromosomes in its body cells (not ovaries or testes)

they would consist of 100 pairs with one of each pair from the father, one of each pair from the mother.

Why does the surface of the lungs need to be covered with pleura?

to enable the lungs to slide past the internal chest wall and diaphragm

Why does chemiosmosis require a membrane?

to separate two compartments of the cell to allow for gradient formation

In feedback inhibition of a metabolic pathway, where does the inhibitor bind?

to the enzyme of the first reaction

Which level of primary control in eukaryotic gene activity involves the lifespan of the mRNA molecule and the ability of the mRNA to bind to ribosomes?

translational control

Specific DNA sequences that have the ability to move within and out of chromosomes are called

transposons.

The wall of the ureter has three layers, an inner mucosa, a smooth muscle layer, and an outer fibrous coat of connective tissue.

true

Characteristics of eudicots include all EXCEPT ( ) two cotyledons. ( ) leaves with netted veins. ( ) woody or herbaceous plants. ( ) flower parts in fours and fives. ( ) vascular bundles arranged irregularly in the stem.

vascular bundles arranged irregularly in the stem.

Xylem tissue contains

vessel elements and tracheids.

Heterotrophs

are ultimately dependent upon preformed organic molecules made by producers.

Which blood vessels carry blood away from the heart?

arteries

Which disease has an allergic cause?

asthma

What pathway produces the gametophytes during the alternation of generations in plants?

mitosis

Which of the following is an example of a mechanical barrier to infection?

mucous membrane

Root hairs are found in which area of the root?

zone of maturation

Plant hormones bring about a physiological response in the plant after binding to the nucleus of the plant cells. True or False?

False

Members of which genus of algae are found in ponds and have chloroplasts that are arranged in a spiral?

Spirogyra

Which nuclear structure(s) contain(s) the hereditary material?

chromatin

The entrance and exit of air into and out of the lungs is called

ventilation

Which of the following is a benefit of microbes?

All of these are benefits of microbes.

The hereditary material found in all cells is

DNA

Edema can be caused by

accumulation of tissue fluid.

An insect population lives along the edge of a north-south mountain range. The populations from the east and west slope eventually join in a low northern pass and interbreed, producing fertile offspring; but they do not circle around the southern edge because of a desert barrier. When glaciers move southward, the populations are pushed south of the northern pass and are isolated. While isolated, the two populations develop enough differences over time that when the glaciers retreat north and the insects again share the same pass, they no longer mate at the same time, nor can they produce fertile offspring. These insects

were originally ONE SPECIES but are now TWO SPECIES.

The reason that deciduous leaves turn bright colors of red and yellow in the fall is

when chlorophyll breaks down, the remaining pigments other than green will show through.

In the kidney mechanism for buffering the acidity of the blood, when would hydrogen ions be excreted and bicarbonate ions be reabsorbed?

when the blood is acidic

A woman who can roll her tongue (presumably dominant) is married to a man who cannot. Two of their four children can roll their tongues and two cannot. If A = roll tongue and a = cannot roll tongue, then what is the genotype of the parents? ( ) woman Aa; man Aa ( ) woman AA; man aa ( ) woman Aa; man AA ( ) woman Aa; man aa ( ) woman aa; man aa

woman Aa; man aa

In Figure 14.1, which structure is the liver?

1

NADPH and ATP are used in the

Calvin cycle reactions.

What tissue is found in pads between the vertebrae?

Fibrocartilage

Which antibody class is most responsible for the allergic reaction?

IgE

Molds and mushrooms belong to the kingdom

fungi

Water molds are not placed with the fungi because

water molds have cell walls of cellulose while fungi have cell walls of chitin.

The stone tools and the dentition of Homo habilis indicate that early humans probably ( ) were herbivores. ( ) were carnivores. ( ) were omnivores. ( ) were predators. ( ) cooked with fire.

were omnivores.

The response of bacteria that allows them to be identified as Gram-positive or negative is due to

whether their cell walls have a thin or thick layer of peptidoglycan.

Neutrophils and lymphocytes are types of

white blood cells.

Which is the correct arrangement of tissues from outermost to innermost?

vertebrae → meninges → spinal cord → central canal

The fingerlike projections along the surface of the small intestine are called

villi

A student proposes that left-handedness is a recessive trait that is therefore hidden in much of the human population. A survey of a class of 36 students finds that 27 (0.75) are right-handed and 9 (0.25) are left-handed. Using the Hardy-Weinberg formula, what would the expected genotype and allele frequencies be in this theoretical population? ( ) 0.75 right-handed homozygous dominant and 0.25 recessive homozygous for 3-to-1 right-to-left handed alleles in the population ( ) 0.25 right-handed homozygous, 0.50 heterozygous, and 0.25 recessive homozygous for a 3-to-1 right-to-left handed alleles in the population ( ) 0.25 right-handed homozygous, 0.50 heterozygous, and 0.25 recessive homozygous for a 0.5 allele frequency for each allele ( ) 0.50 right-handed homozygous, 0.25 heterozygous, and 0.25 recessive homozygous for a 0.5 allele frequency for each allele ( ) They cannot be estimated using these limited data

0.25 right-handed homozygous, 0.50 heterozygous, and 0.25 recessive homozygous for a 0.5 allele frequency for each allele {0.25 -> 0.5}

If the frequency of the dominant gene is 0.7, what is the frequency of the recessive gene? ( ) also 0.7 ( ) 0.49 or (0.07)2 ( ) approximately 0.27 (square root of 0.7) ( ) 0.3 (or 1.00 - 0.7) ( ) 0.14

0.3 (or 1.00 - 0.7)

In guinea pigs, B = black, b = brown, S = short hair, s = long hair. A heterozygous black, shorthaired animal reproduces with a brown, longhaired animal. What is the expected phenotypic ratio of the offspring?

1 black short hair, 1 black long hair, 1 brown short hair, 1 brown long hair

According to the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, in a population in which 1% does NOT have freckles (recessive), what percentage of the next population is likely to NOT have freckles?

1%

Which blood pressure is considered abnormally high for individuals who are under the age of 45?

130/90 mm Hg

How many total carbons are involved in carbon dioxide fixation with 3 molecules of carbon dioxide and 3 molecules of RuBP?

18

Figure 15.1 Which point in Figure 15.1 produces sound when air passes through it?

2

Figure 15.1 Which point in Figure 15.1 produces sound when air passes through it?

2

How many alleles are required to express a monohybrid trait?

2

What is the input requirements of glycolysis?

2 ATP, 2 NAD+, glucose, and 4 ADP

The final products of glycolysis are

2 pyruvate, 2 ATP, and 2 NADH + H+.

In humans, assume red hair is recessive to dark hair. What are the chances of a dark-haired couple having a red-haired child if each had a red-haired parent?

25%

If the probability of event A is 3/4 and the probability of event B is 1/4, then the probability of both A and B occurring at the same time is ( ) 3/4. ( ) 1/4. ( ) 1 or absolute certainty. ( ) 1/2. ( ) 3/16.

3/16.

An organism has 8 pairs of chromosomes. If sperm and egg did not undergo meiosis, how many chromosomes would be present in a cell that resulted from the fusion of a sperm and egg?

32

How efficient is the breakdown of one glucose via cellular respiration?

40%

Figure 15.1 The exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide occurs at which location in Figure 15.1?

5

In Figure 14.1, which structure is the primary site for digestion and absorption of food?

5

In humans, widow's peak (W) is dominant over straight hairline (w). If a heterozygous male marries a female with a straight hairline, what percent of their children can be expected to have widow's peak?

50%

The four o'clock flower is an example of incomplete dominance: R = red, r = white, and Rr = pink. If two hybrids are crossed, what are the chances that an offspring will have pink flowers?

50%

Hemophilia (h) is a sex-linked recessive trait. If a hemophiliac male marries a carrier female,

50% of their daughters will be hemophiliac.

Which part of photosynthesis does not occur inside the thylakoid membrane?

Calvin cycle reactions

If the diploid chromosome number is 16, the chromosome number of each gamete will be

8.

In guinea pigs, B = black, b = brown, S = short hair, s = long hair. Two heterozygous individuals reproduce. The expected results are

9 black short hair, 3 black long hair, 3 brown short hair, 1 brown long hair.

Indicate the genotypic and phenotypic ratios that you could expect if an individual who is heterozygous for Huntington disease has children with a normal individual. (type in answer)

<correct answer not given in long answer questions> Feedback says: The individual who is heterozygous for Huntington disease would be Hh since it is a dominant disorder. The normal individual would be hh. Hh x hh would produce a genotypic ratio of 50% Hh and 50 hh. The phenotypic ratio would be 50% Huntington disease and 50% normal.

Chargaff's rules of DNA structure states that ( ) A + T = G + C. ( ) A + G = T + C. ( ) A = C, T = G. ( ) A = G, T = C. ( ) the number of purines in DNA never equals the number of pyrimidines.

A + G = T + C.

Early doctors did not understand that blood flowed in a circuit but assumed that blood ebbed and flowed like a tide inside the body. William Harvey was the first to demonstrate the circulation of blood and convince the medical community. Which of the following observations would NOT be evidence that blood was pumped through the body or flowed in a circuit?

A cut made anywhere on the body results in blood seeping from the wound.

What are the long-term consequences associated with the use of cocaine?

A decrease in dopamine production.

The location of a gene on a chromosome is called

A locus

Which of the following pairs of alleles would be most likely to cross over? A) A..........B B) A...B...... C) A......B.......C D) AB............. E) ..........AB

A) A..........B

Karyotyping can be used to diagnose which of the following genetic disorders? A) Down syndrome B) phenylketonuria C) neurofibromatosis D) cystic fibrosis E) hemophilia

A) Down syndrome

Which statement most accurately describes the SECOND law of thermodynamics? A) Energy cannot be changed from one form to another without a loss of usable energy. B) One usable form of energy can be completely converted into another usable form. C) Energy cannot be created nor destroyed but it can be changed from one form to another. D) Energy cannot be created or destroyed. E) Energy cannot be transformed.

A) Energy cannot be changed from one form to another without a loss of usable energy.

Which hypothesis, based on the two laws of thermodynamics as applied to cells, would determine if something is a living cell or not? A) If something uses energy to make itself more organized, then it is alive. B) If something is organized, then it is alive. C) If something moves, then it is alive. D) If something loses heat, then it is alive. E) If something uses energy to move, then it is alive.

A) If something uses energy to make itself more organized, then it is alive.

Which is NOT true about the genetic code? A) It is exactly the same in all organisms. B) It is composed of a triplet code of three bases per codon. C) It produces 64 different possibilities of codon sequences. D) Some amino acids are coded for by more than one codon. E) It contains start and stop codons as instructions.

A) It is exactly the same in all organisms.

Which statement is true regarding the Barr body? A) It is found in the nuclei of females. B) It is found in the nuclei of males. C) It is found in the cytoplasm of males. D) It is found in the cytoplasm of females. E) It is a condensed inactive Y chromosome.

A) It is found in the nuclei of females.

Which of the following is an autosomal dominant disorder? A) Marfan syndrome B) Tay-Sachs C) Sickle cell disease D) Cystic fibrosis (CF) E) Phenylketonuria (PKU)

A) Marfan syndrome

Which events and features are correctly associated with the roots during the pressure-flow model of phloem transport? A) Sugar is stored in the sink. Cells use the sugar for cellular respiration. Water exits by osmosis and returns to the xylem. B) Sugars are stored in the source. Cells use the sugar for cellular respiration. Water exits by osmosis and returns to the xylem. C) Sugar is stored in the sink. Cells use the sugar for photosynthesis. Water exits by osmosis and returns to the xylem. D) Sugar is stored in the sink. Cells use the sugar for cellular respiration. Water exits by diffusion and returns to the phloem. E) Sugar is stored in the source. Cells use the sugar for photosynthesis. Water exits by osmosis and returns to the xylem.

A) Sugar is stored in the SINK. Cells use the sugar for CELLULAR RESPIRATION. Water exits by OSMOSIS and returns to the XYLEM.

Which two structures are associated with the terminal bud? A) apical meristem and leaf primordia B) shoot tip and zone of maturation C) apical meristem and zone of cell division D) zone of cell division and leaf primordial E) none of these structures are associated with the terminal bud

A) apical meristem and leaf primordia

Which of the following is NOT associated with a higher cancer risk? A) hormone therapy B) safe sex C) smoking D) use of alcohol E) exposure to certain hazardous chemicals in the workplace

B) safe sex

Which of the following is the correct sequence for the germination of the eudicot seed? A) The two cotyledons have absorbed the endosperm and supply the nutrients to the embryo. As the embryo emerges from the soil it consumes the nutrients and develops the shoot. The hypocotyl becomes part of the stem and the radicle develops into the roots. B) The cotyledon was absorbed by the endosperm and supplies the nutrients to the embryo. As the embryo emerges from the soil it consumes the nutrients and develops the shoot. The hypocotyl becomes part of the stem and the radicle develops into the roots. C) The two cotyledons have absorbed the endosperm and supply the nutrients to the embryo. As the embryo emerges from the soil it consumes the nutrients and develops the shoot. The radicle becomes part of the stem and the hypocotyl develops into the roots. D) The pericarp has absorbed the endosperm and supply the nutrients to the embryo. As the embryo emerges from the soil it consumes the nutrients and develops the shoot. The hypocotyl becomes part of the stem and the radicle develops into the roots. E) The two cotyledons have absorbed the endosperm and supply the nutrients to the embryo. As the embryo emerges from the soil it consumes the nutrients and develops the shoot. The plumule and the radicle push through the coleorhiza during germination.

A) The TWO cotyledons have absorbed the endosperm and supply the nutrients to the embryo. As the embryo emerges from the soil it consumes the nutrients and develops the shoot. The HYPOCOTYL becomes part of the stem and the RADICLE develops into the roots.

Which of the following does NOT occur when lactose is present in the environment of E. coli? A) The lac repressor binds to the operator. B) The RNA polymerase binds to the promoter. C) Three different genes are transcribed. D) The repressor binds to lactose. E) The enzymes that break down lactose are synthesized.

A) The lac repressor binds to the operator.

Which statement about leaves is NOT correct? A) The photosynthetic mesophyll is made up of an upper spongy layer and a lower palisade layer. B) The epidermis is covered by a waxy layer of cuticle that reduces water loss. C) Gas exchange occurs through tiny openings in the leaf surface called stomata. D) Vascular tissue is arranged in a net pattern in eudicots and a parallel pattern in monocots. E) Regulation of gas exchange through the leaf is the responsibility of the guard cells.

A) The photosynthetic mesophyll is made up of an upper spongy layer and a lower palisade layer.

While transplanting flowers you accidentally damaged the roots. What is the most likely scenario that will occur as a result of damage to the roots? A) The slimy sheath on the root cap has been wiped off and the parenchyma cells were damaged resulting in damage to the zone of cell division. B) The slimy sheath on the root cap has been wiped off and the parenchyma cells were damaged resulting in damage to the zone of elongation. C) The slimy sheath on the root cap has been wiped off and the parenchyma cells were damaged resulting in damage to the zone of maturation. D) The slimy sheath on the root cap has been wiped off and the epidermal cells were damaged resulting in damage to the zone of cell division. E) The slimy sheath on the root cap has been wiped off and the epidermal cells were damaged resulting in damage to the zone of maturation.

A) The slimy sheath on the root cap has been wiped off and the PARENCHYMA cells were damaged resulting in damage to the zone of CELL DIVISION.

The heavy oxygen isotope (18O) could be provided to plants either in the CO2 or in H2O or in both. Today, we know from experimental results that O2 released from chloroplasts comes from H2O and not from CO2. Which of the following experimental results supports this finding? A) When heavy oxygen is part of water given to the plant, the plant produces heavy O2. B) When heavy oxygen is part of CO2 given to the plant, the plant produces heavy O2. C) When heavy oxygen is part of both water and CO2 given a plant, the plant produces heavy O2. D) When no heavy oxygen is part of water given the plant, the plant produces no heavy O2. E) When no heavy oxygen is part of CO2 given the plant, the plant produces no heavy O2.

A) When heavy oxygen is part of water given to the plant, the plant produces heavy O2.

Which statement is accurate about how C4 plants are able to survive hot dry spells during the growing season? A) When the stomata CLOSE during heat stress RuBP carboxylase is NOT exposed to the increase in oxygen concentration experienced in the leaf. This allows the plant to AVOID photorespiration. B) When the stomata CLOSE during heat stress RuBP carboxylase is exposed to the increase in oxygen concentration experienced in the leaf. This allows the plant to AVOID photorespiration. C) When the stomata OPEN during heat stress RuBP carboxylase is NOT exposed to the increase in oxygen concentration experienced in the leaf. This allows the plant to AVOID photorespiration. D) When the stomata CLOSE during heat stress RuBP carboxylase is exposed to the increase in oxygen concentration experienced in the leaf. This allows the plant to UNDERGO photorespiration. E) When the stomata OPEN during heat stress RuBP carboxylase is NOT exposed to the increase in oxygen concentration experienced in the leaf. This allows the plant to UNDERGO photorespiration.

A) When the stomata CLOSE during heat stress RuBP carboxylase is NOT exposed to the increase in oxygen concentration experienced in the leaf. This allows the plant to AVOID photorespiration.

In peas, yellow is dominant over green in seeds. With which of these is it best to cross a yellow-seeded pea plant to determine whether it is homozygous or heterozygous? A) a green-seeded plant B) a heterozygous yellow-seeded plant C) a pure yellow-seeded plant D) a heterozygous yellow-seeded plant or a pure yellow-seeded plant E) There is no way to determine if the plant is pure or hybrid

A) a green-seeded plant

In certain cancerous cells, the cell divides continuously even in the absence of a growth factor (signaling molecule) that indicates the cell should divide. Which of the following could NOT explain this? A) a receptor molecule that is always turned off B) a receptor molecule that is always activated C) a transduction pathway that is always turned on D) a target protein that is always activated E) a gene for cell division that is expressed when it should not be

A) a receptor molecule that is always turned off

In Figure 25.4, if adenine is located on strand 4, then on strand 2 at the same location ____ must be present. {image of DNA strands where bases of two spiraled strands on the left are labeled 1 and 2, and bases of the other two spiraled strands on the right are labeled 3 and 4.} A) adenine B) thymine C) cytosine D) guanine E) uracil

A) adenine

The various uses of ATP include all of the following except A) being a structural component of the cell membrane B) chemical work C) mechanical work D) transport work E) moving substances into a cell

A) being a structural component of the cell membrane

Which feature is not found on the epidermis of a plant leaf? A) bundle sheath cells B) stomata C) cuticle D) trichomes E) guard cells

A) bundle sheath cells

Which of the following is NOT an advantage of genetically engineered plants? A) decreased yield B) herbicide resistance C) salt tolerance D) drought tolerance E) disease protection

A) decreased yield

Which of the following is not one of the zones found in a growing root? A) epidermis B) elongation C) cell division D) maturation E) none of these are zones found in growing roots

A) epidermis

Which of the following is not part of the female portion of the flower? A) filament B) carpel C) pistil D) stigma E) style

A) filament

Which of the following sex-linked diseases is characterized by the absence of a clotting factor? A) hemophilia B) fragile X syndrome C) color blindness D) Duchenne muscular dystrophy E) none of these

A) hemophilia

Which of the following would be considered a dry fruit? A) one that doesn't split open B) one derived from a simple ovary C) one derived from the receptacle and not the ovary D) one derived from several individual ovaries E) one derived from many different carpels

A) one that doesn't split open

Which of the following represents the physical characteristics of the individual? A) phenotype B) genotype C) alleles D) homozygous E) dominance

A) phenotype

Which pathway is the foundation for the majority of ecosystems and food chains on Earth? A) photosynthesis B) anaerobic respiration C) aerobic respiration D) chemosynthesis E) decomposition

A) photosynthesis

Which of the following allows photosynthetic organisms to capture solar energy? A) pigments B) nucleus C) chloroplasts D) glucose E) NAD+

A) pigments

An agent would make a good antibiotic if it affected a structure or process only found in bacterial cells and not in our (eukaryotic) cells. Which of the following actions would theoretically make a good antibiotic? A) prevents repair of the peptidoglycan cell wall B) damages the nuclear membrane C) damages DNA D) prevents ribosomes from producing proteins E) stops cellular respiration

A) prevents repair of the peptidoglycan cell wall

Which trait is not part of the linkage group found on chromosome 19? A) production of elastin B) Muscular dystrophy C) hair color (brown) D) eye color (green/blue) E) colorectal cancer

A) production of elastin

In roots, which structure increases surface area for the absorption of water and minerals from the soil? A) root hairs B) root cap C) Casparian strip D) vascular cylinder E) zone of elongation

A) root hairs

Which of the following is the pathway for water transport in a plant? A) root hairs → cortex → vascular cylinder → leaf cells B) root hairs → pith → endodermis → xylem → leaves C) epidermis → cortex → phloem → root D) epidermis → pericycle → cortex → xylem → leaves E) root hairs → endodermis → leaves → xylem → pith

A) root hairs → cortex → vascular cylinder → leaf cells

Which structure is directly associated with the terminal bud? A) shoot tip B) zone of cell division C) zone of maturation D) zone of elongation E) none of these are associated with the terminal bud

A) shoot tip

Which is the process by which a protein is constructed in the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells? A) translation B) transcription C) transposition D) transformation E) translocation

A) translation

Which of the following will NOT assist you in protecting yourself from cancer? A) use of alcohol B) eating vitamin rich foods C) reducing the amount of salt-cured and nitrate-cured foods D) reducing your weight E) regular exercise

A) use of alcohol

Which of the following would be a way of finishing this hypothesis about the function of the Golgi apparatus? If the Golgi apparatus is involved in packaging products for secretion, then A) vesicles must travel from the Golgi to the cell surface. B) vesicles must travel from the rough ER and smooth ER to the Golgi apparatus. C) the Golgi apparatus must be part of the endomembrane system. D)the Golgi apparatus must consist of 3 to 20 slightly curved sacs. E) the Golgi apparatus would contain proteins.

A) vesicles must travel from the Golgi to the cell surface.

Which of the following is not an autotroph? A) yeast B) oak tree C) cyanobacterium D) algae E) grass

A) yeast

Which of the following is the correct sequence of zones in a longitudinal section of a root, starting from the bottom? A) zone of cell division → zone of elongation → zone of maturation B) zone of cell division → zone of maturation → zone of elongation C) zone of maturation → zone of elongation → zone of cell division D) zone of maturation → zone of cell division → zone of elongation E) zone of elongation → zone of maturation → zone of cell division

A) zone of cell division → zone of elongation → zone of maturation

If one parent has type B blood and the other has type AB, what type might the child have? ( ) A or O only ( ) B or O only ( ) A or B only ( ) A, B, AB only ( ) A, B, O, or AB

A, B, AB only

A pheasant breeder starts with two birds in the P generation, one of which is AA and the other is aa. If he takes two of the birds from the F1 generation and breeds them together, what can he expect in his F2 offspring? ( ) AA and Aa ( ) Aa and aa ( ) AA, Aa, and aa ( ) AA only ( ) Aa only

AA, Aa, and aa

Which of the following is an example of an acquired immunodeficiency?

AIDS

Tumor suppressor genes are

ANTI-oncogenes that code for proteins that INHIBIT cell division.

According to the proposed three domain system,

ARCHAEA AND EUKARYA are more closely related than either is to the bacteria.

Why is ATP used as the energy molecule of the cell?

ATP contains just about the amount of energy required for most cellular reactions.

Which statement about the chordates is NOT correct? ( ) Chordates have segmentation. ( ) Chordates have bilateral symmetry. ( ) Invertebrate chordates are marine and filter feeding. ( ) Adult lancelets have all the characteristics that distinguish chordates from members of other phyla. ( ) Adult tunicates lack all the characteristics that distinguish chordates from members of other phyla.

Adult tunicates lack all the characteristics that distinguish chordates from members of other phyla.

If an individual with a dominant phenotype is crossed with an individual with a recessive phenotype, 4 of their 9 offspring show the recessive phenotype. What is the genotype of the dominant parent? ( ) AA ( ) Aa ( ) aa ( ) either AA or Aa ( ) either Aa or aa

Aa

Some plants fail to produce chlorophyll, and this trait appears to be recessive. Many plants also self-pollinate. If we locate a pea plant that is heterozygous for this trait, self-pollinate it and harvest seeds, what are the likely phenotypes of these seeds when they germinate?

About 1/4 will be white and three-fourths green since it is similar to a monohybrid cross.

Which statement about the chordates is NOT correct?

Adult tunicates lack all the characteristics that distinguish chordates from members of other phyla.

Albumin is the large protein molecule found in egg white and blood plasma. Table salt dissociates into sodium and chloride ions. Urea is assembled in the liver. In a healthy person, what is the fate of the majority of these molecules as they pass through a nephron?

Albumin remains in the blood, salt ions pass across but are reabsorbed, and the urea is passed across and excreted.

Which of these is NOT a true statement? ( ) All chordates are vertebrates. ( ) All vertebrates are chordates. ( ) Tunicates and lancelets are invertebrate chordates. ( ) Echinoderms and chordates are deuterostomes. ( ) Sea squirts are invertebrate chordates.

All chordates are vertebrates.

According to the evolutionary theory, which statement is NOT true? ( ) Evolution explains the unity of life. ( ) Evolution explains the diversity of life. ( ) All living things are NOT descended from a common ancestor. ( ) Diversity occurs because various living things are adapted to different ways of life. ( ) All living things share the same fundamental characteristics.

All living things are NOT descended from a common ancestor.

A pea is actually a seed. True or False?

True

Which of the following statements about sponges is NOT correct?

Amoeboid cells capture food particles from the water.

Pathogenic bacteria are becoming increasingly deadly as

Antibiotic resistance builds when more and more humans take unnecessary antibiotics.

What is the evolutionary relationship among Archaea, Bacteria, and Eukarya?

Archaea and Eukarya share nucleic acid similarities so Eukarya split off from Archaea. (shared between the three)

How are the archaea different from bacteria?

Archaea have a monolayer of lipids with branched side chains.

Which fossil evidence is considered an intermediate between reptiles and birds? ( ) Archaeopteryx ( ) Eusthenopteron ( ) Seymouria ( ) synapsids ( ) therapods

Archaeopteryx

Which species is believed to be the first creature to walk erect and possibly be the first hominin?

Ardipithecus kadabba

Before major surgery, a patient is often asked if they have been taking large amounts of aspirin, and if so, they may have to postpone surgery and go without aspirin for some days. What is the reason for this?

Aspirin reduces the stickiness of platelets and reduces the ability to clot.

Which statement is NOT true of the B cells?

B cells require presentation of antigens by macrophages before they are able to recognize the antigen.

Among the disorders caused by changes in chromosome structure are all but one of those listed below; that one is A) Fragile X syndrome B) Klinefelter syndrome C) Williams syndrome D) Cri du chat syndrome E) All of these are caused by a change in chromosome structure

B) Klinefelter syndrome

Which is NOT true according to Mendel's law of segregation? A) Each individual contains two factors for each trait. B) One factor must be dominant and one factor recessive in each individual. C) Factors separate from each other during gamete formation. D) Each gamete contains one copy of each factor. E) Fertilization restores the presence of two factors.

B) One factor must be dominant and one factor recessive in each individual.

Which of the following statements about DNA replication is NOT correct? A) Unwinding of the DNA molecule occurs as hydrogen bonds break. B) Replication occurs as each base is paired with another exactly like it. C) The process is known as semi-conservative replication because one old strand is conserved in the new molecule. D) The enzyme that catalyzes DNA replication is DNA polymerase. E) Complementary base pairs are held together with hydrogen bonds.

B) Replication occurs as each base is paired with another exactly like it.

Which of the following statements is NOT true? A) The end product of glycolysis is pyruvate. B) The citric acid cycle begins and ends with pyruvate. C) NADH2 will eventually produce three ATP molecules. D) Aerobic respiration of glucose has four phases. E) Aerobic respiration uses oxygen and releases carbon dioxide.

B) The citric acid cycle begins and ends with pyruvate.

In 1940, two researchers named Weiner and Landsteiner discovered that about 85 percent of the human population sampled possessed a blood cell protein called the Rh factor. The presence of Rh factor was labeled Rh positive (Rh+) and was found to be dominant over the absence of the blood factor (Rh-). Under normal Mendelian inheritance, which of the following statements is FALSE? A) Two Rh+ parents could have an Rh- child. B) Two Rh- parents could have an Rh+ child. C) An Rh- child would require that both parents be carriers of at least one Rh- allele. D) It is possible with just one pair of parents to have children where some siblings are Rh- and some are Rh+. E) Two Rh+ parents can have Rh- or Rh + children.

B) Two Rh- parents could have an Rh+ child.

Which of the following is an example of chemical work within a cell? A) catabolism B) anabolism C) moving glucose across the cell membrane D) the beating of cilia E) the contraction of muscle fibers

B) anabolism

Which of the following is a CAM plant? A) rice B) cactus C) corn D) wheat E) sugarcane

B) cactus

In which kind of cross would you expect to find a ratio of 9:3:3:1 among the F2 offspring? A) monohybrid cross B) dihybrid cross C) test cross D) homozygous recessive x homozygous dominant E) homozygous dominant x heterozygous

B) dihybrid cross

Chemical reactions that require the input of energy are A) exergonic reactions B) endergonic reactions C) coupled reactions D) kinetic reactions E) catabolic reactions

B) endergonic reactions

Which of the following plant hormones could be used by industry to increase the size of sugarcane production? A) indoleacetic acid B) gibberellins C) zeatin D) abscisic acid E) ethylene

B) gibberellins

Which components of a cell membrane are used for cell-to-cell recognition? A) phospholipids B) proteins C) glycolipids D) cholesterol molecules

B) proteins

Which of these is paired INCORRECTLY? A) protoderm-epidermis B) protoderm-primary xylem C) ground meristem-pith D) ground meristem-cortex E) procambium-vascular cambium

B) protoderm-primary xylem

Which function does the lipid bilayer component of the plasma membrane NOT provide for the cell? A) defines a permeable boundary between the organized interior and the chaotic external environment B) provides an impermeable, self-sealing membrane that keeps all internal living processes sealed inside C) controls the exchange of molecules between one cell and adjacent cells or the environment D) provides a fluid and flexible boundary that insulates the interior from the variations in humidity, food, and other external conditions E) provides a matrix for proteins that regulate the exchange of molecules between the inside and outside of the cell

B) provides an impermeable, self-sealing membrane that keeps all internal living processes sealed inside

Which part of an operon is INCORRECTLY matched with its function? A) promoter—where RNA polymerase first binds to DNA B) regulator—binds to the repressor protein C) structural—makes mRNA by transcription D) operator—if unbound, allows RNA polymerase to bind to DNA E) all are incorrectly matched with its function

B) regulator—binds to the repressor protein

Which of the following are genetically identical? A) both members of a pair of chromosomes B) sister chromatids C) the mother's and the father's chromosomes D) the mother's and her child's chromosomes E) the father's and his child's chromosomes

B) sister chromatids

If a cell lacks ATP, which of the following processes would cease to operate immediately? A) diffusion B) sodium/potassium pump C) facilitated diffusion D) osmosis E) tonicity

B) sodium/potassium pump

The addition of a poly-A tail to mRNA occurs after which of the following? A) replication B) transcription C) translation D) translocation E) termination

B) transcription

All living organisms share characteristics such as: DNA, the molecule that passes information between generations, metabolic processes like glycolysis and the ability to utilize specific energy sources. This is thought to be due to

Biological evolution

Which of these is a proper contrast between birds and mammals?

Birds have air sacs in addition to lungs; mammals have no air sacs.

Which is NOT a true statement about the blood component?

Blood contains a matrix of collagen fibers made by cells.

Both charophytes and land plants share which of these characteristics? ( ) Both have true roots, and leaves. ( ) Both have chlorophyll a and store carbohydrates as starch. ( ) Both have vascular tissue and protect the zygote. ( ) Both protect the embryo and have cell walls with cellulose. ( ) Both cell walls that contain cellulose and produce seeds.

Both have chlorophyll a and store carbohydrates as starch.

Certain people have an inability to speak due to brain damage. The most likely area of the brain that has been damaged is

Broca's area.

Consider skin color to be regulated by three genes A, B and C. All recessive alleles would be 0 or white on the color scale. All dominant alleles would be 6 or black on the color scale. What color is a person with AAbbCc genotype? A) 6 or black B) 5 or dark C) 3 or medium brown D) 2 or light E) 0 or white

C) 3 or medium brown

Which of the following reactions is NOT part of the cellular respiration pathway? A) glycolysis B) citric acid cycle C) Calvin cycle D) electron transport chain E) preparatory reaction (prep)

C) Calvin cycle

Which of the following statements is NOT true about oogenesis in humans? A) It occurs in the ovary. B) The egg will contain 23 chromosomes. C) Four equal size daughter cells will form. D) Three nonfunctional polar bodies will form. E) Once started, it will not necessarily go to completion.

C) Four equal size daughter cells will form

Which of the following best describes the role of histones? A) Histones play a role in coding for hereditary features. B) Histones make RNA synthesis possible. C) Histones determine the structure of the chromosome. D) Histones are not thought to play any role in the cell. E) Histones determine the diploid number of chromosomes.

C) Histones determine the structure of the chromosome.

Which of the following statements is NOT true about flowering plants? A) Sporophyte generation produces spores. B) Gametophyte generation produces gametes. C) Ovules contain the microspore mother cell. D) Microspores undergo mitosis to produce pollen grains. E) Megaspores undergo mitosis to produce an embryo sac.

C) Ovules contain the microspore mother cell.

A cell of the pancreas would specialize in producing insulin, among other functions, while a muscle cell would specialize in the production of the protein myosin, this means that A) Pancreas and muscle cells have the genes for both insulin and myosin active. B) The active gene in pancreas cells is the one for insulin while the muscle cells have genes for insulin and myosin. C) Pancreas cells have a gene that would produce insulin while muscle cells have a gene that would produce myosin. D) Neither pancreas cells nor muscle cells are specialized. E) Only muscle cells can produce proteins.

C) Pancreas cells have a gene that would produce insulin while muscle cells have a gene that would produce myosin.

Which statement about producers and/or consumers is true? A) Consumers not only feed themselves but also feed producers. B) All animals must be either producers or consumers. C) Producers produce more food than they use. D) Consumers are not dependent upon other organisms for food. E) Only one species of producer and consumer can exist in any single community.

C) Producers produce more food than they use.

Which structure of the eudicot embryo within a seed is NOT correctly identified? A) The radicle is the embryonic root. B) A cotyledon is a seed leaf. C) The endosperm is the nutrient source for the embryo. D) The epicotyl is the shoot above the attachment of the cotyledons. E) The hypocotyl is the embryo plant below the attachment of the cotyledons.

C) The endosperm is the nutrient source for the embryo.

A mother is a carrier for blue eyes (autosomal recessive) and for hemophilia (X-linked recessive). Which of these is a correct statement? A) All sons will have blue eyes and be hemophiliacs. B) It depends on the father's genotype whether the sons will have blue eyes and/or be hemophiliacs. C) The father's genotype can determine whether a son will have blue eyes but cannot determine whether a son will be a hemophiliac. D) Regardless of the father, no sons will have blue eyes or be hemophiliacs. E) There is a linkage between eye color and hemophilia.

C) The father's genotype can determine whether a son will have blue eyes but cannot determine whether a son will be a hemophiliac.

Which statement is NOT true about the life cycle of flowering plants? A) The sporophyte is diploid. B) The sporophyte produces two different types of spores. C) The female gametophyte is the seed. D) The male gametophyte is the pollen grain. E) The female gametophyte is retained within the body of the sporophyte parent generation.

C) The female gametophyte is the seed.

Two strains of E. coli—one of which can turn on its lactase production and one that cannot—are grown together with lactose in the medium. If all other conditions are equal, what will occur? A) Both strains will continue to be present in equal amounts. B) The two strains will kill each other off. C) The strain that can turn on lactase production will overgrow the culture and be the only one left. D) The strain that cannot turn on lactase production will overgrow the culture and be the only one left. E) The strain that can turn on lactase production will make its own lactose once the lactose present in the medium is completely used.

C) The strain that CAN turn on lactase production will overgrow the culture and be the only one left.

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of a somatic embryo? A) These are asexually produced. B) These are produced in large tanks called bioreactors. C) These are genetically quite diverse. D) These are encapsulated in a protective gel for shipping. E) These will generate an entire mature plant.

C) These are genetically quite diverse.

Which of the following statements is true about enzymes? A) Their 3D shape can vary and still be active. B) Boiling temperatures do not affect their activity. C) They catalyze only one specific type of reaction. D) They can associate with a wide variety of substrates. E) They are unaffected by changes in pH.

C) They catalyze only one specific type of reaction.

Which of the following is NOT true about oncogenes? A) They are normal genes that have undergone a mutation. B) They cause growth factors or growth factor receptors on a cell to malfunction. C) When mutated oncogenes turn into proto-oncogenes. D) They cause a cell to divide repeatedly. E) They are not alien to the cell.

C) When mutated oncogenes turn into proto-oncogenes.

Which of the following have nitrogenous bases correctly paired in DNA? A) adenine—guanine; thymine—cytosine B) adenine—uracil; guanine—cytosine C) adenine—thymine; guanine—cytosine D) adenine—adenine; guanine—guanine E) adenine—cytosine; guanine—thymine

C) adenine—thymine; guanine—cytosine

Which of the following structures are NOT found in the cytoplasm? A) mitochondria B) chloroplast C) chromosomes D) nucleus E) lysosome

C) chromosomes

Which refers to the loss of a portion of a chromosome? A) inversion B) translocation C) deletion D) duplication E) monosomy

C) deletion

Which is NOT a correct association of cell organelles and structure? A) cell wall-cellulose fibers and lignin B) centriole-microtubules C) endoplasmic reticulum-concentrated chromatin, RNA, and nucleoli D) plasma membrane-two layers of phospholipids with embedded proteins E) ribosome-RNA and protein in two subunits

C) endoplasmic reticulum-concentrated chromatin, RNA, and nucleoli

Which of the following is a substrate of cellular respiration? A) carbon dioxide B) water C) glucose D) ATP E) energy

C) glucose

Which of these associations is incorrect? A) epidermal tissue-epidermal cell B) ground tissue-parenchymal cell C) ground tissue-tracheid D) vascular tissue-sieve-tube member E) vascular tissue-vessel element

C) ground tissue-tracheid

When the sheep Dolly was successfully cloned, it was produced by growing an in vitro fertilized egg where the normal egg nucleus had been removed and replaced by a nucleus from an adult. Since this nucleus is from an old mature animal, we would expect it to ______. Interestingly, tests show that this did not happen, a fact that currently puzzles researchers. A) have additional Barr bodies B) be mutated C) have shorter telomeres D) have longer telomeres E) express transcription and translation more rapidly

C) have shorter telomeres

In a testcross, an organism with a dominant phenotype, but unknown genotype is crossed with which of the following to establish its genotype? A) homozygous dominant B) heterozygous C) homozygous recessive D) heterozygous dominant E) monohybrid dominant

C) homozygous recessive

Of the following types of RNA, which is one of the determining factors in cell differentiation? A) tRNA B) rRNA C) mRNA D) No type of RNA is a determing factor in cell differentiation. E) cRNA

C) mRNA

Which of these is mismatched? A) cilia-microtubules B) centrioles-spindle C) mitochondria-stroma D) lysosomes-hydrolytic enzymes E) ribosomes-RNA

C) mitochondria-stroma

Which cells are relatively unspecialized and correspond to a generalized plant cell? A) epidermal B) tracheid C) parenchyma D) sclerenchyma E) meristem

C) parenchyma

Which of the following IS arranged in proper order? A) fertilization → pollination → seed formation → germination B) seed formation → fertilization → germination → pollination C) pollination → fertilization → seed formation → germination D) germination → seed formation → fertilization → pollination E) pollination → fertilization → germination → seed formation

C) pollination → fertilization → seed formation → germination

Antibiotics should be selectively toxic, that is, they should attack the infecting bacteria without harming you. Which of the following would be a good target for an antibiotic so it doesn't attack your cells? A) plasma membrane B) DNA C) ribosomes D) cytoplasm E) endoplasmic reticulum

C) ribosomes

If you wanted to grow a new plant in the laboratory with the appropriate technology, which tissue type would you NOT start with? A) companion cells B) parenchyma cells C) sieve-tube members D) epidermis E) meristem

C) sieve-tube members

Which of the following would not be the same in a male and female? A) the total number of autosomes B) the loci for the majority of their genes C) the types of sex chromosomes D) the inheritance of one X chromosome from their mother E) the need for 2 sex chromosomes

C) the types of sex chromosomes

Which is the process that synthesizes mRNA? A) translation B) transcription C) transposition D) transformation E) translocation

C) transposition

Which of the following is the correct order, from simple to complex, showing the origin of life?

C, H, O, N → CH4 and NH3 → amino acid → proteins

If you live on a river delta or coastline, you may not be able to eat the local shellfish because of high levels of toxins, even though you may be able to drink the water taken from the same source. Why?

Clams filter-feed and concentrate the dilute pollutants from the water, thus acting as early warning indicators of severe pollution.

Which of these statements is NOT true about complement?

Complement is required for the formation of antigen-antibody complexes.

Which of these is a correct description of a form of genetic recombination in bacteria?

Conjugation occurs when a cell passes DNA to another cell by means of a sex pilus.

Which of these made advanced tools and produced artwork?

Cro-Magnon man

Which of these made advanced tools and produced artwork? ( ) Homo erectus ( ) Homo habilis ( ) Cro-Magnon man ( ) Neandertal man ( ) Homo ergaster

Cro-Magnon man

What will the genotypic ratio be of a monohybrid cross of two individuals who are heterozygous for a trait? A) 100% homozygous dominant B) 100% homozygous recessive C) 50% homozygous dominant, 50% homozygous recessive D) 25% homozygous dominant, 50% heterozygous, 25% homozygous recessive E) 50% homozygous dominant, 50% heterozygous

D) 25% homozygous dominant, 50% heterozygous, 25% homozygous recessive

Computer simulations are sometimes used to demonstrate the outcome of monohybrid fruit fly crosses, where a student can run generation after generation of fruit flies with 100 offspring produced each generation, half male and half female, and a 3-to-1 phenotype ratio (or 75 to 25) in the F1 generation. Compared to real genetics results, which of the following is NOT true? A) Rarely would exactly 100 fly offspring be produced or survive. B) An exact balance between males and females would be rare. C) A precise 3-to-1 ratio would be uncommon. D) It is usually possible to have exactly 100 offspring, half male and half female, and a 3-to-1 phenotypic outcome in real life. E) Ratios and outcomes will not be exact but will be very close to the expected numbers.

D) It is usually possible to have exactly 100 offspring, half male and half female, and a 3-to-1 phenotypic outcome in real life.

A person can fulfill all of their protein requirements without consuming any animal products.

True

An early experiment by Van Helmont (1600s) describes how he grew a tree in a large pot and found that after five years, the amount of soil in the pot had not changed. He concluded that the increase in weight was due to the addition of water. At that time, the compounds of the air had not yet been identified. Today, it is known that he only discovered half the story. Which of these experiments would NOT provide evidence that materials from a source other than water were involved in photosynthesis? A) Carbon is discovered as a major element in trees and is lacking in water molecules. B) Radioactive carbon in carbon dioxide in the air is identified as part of tree structures. C) A very careful analysis of the water taken in and lost by the tree would have revealed only part of the added weight gained by the tree. D) After adding radioactive water with labeled oxygen to a plant, radioactive oxygen is given off. E) Radioactive carbon is found in stored glucose molecules after supplying a plant with radioactive carbon dioxide.

D) After adding radioactive water with labeled oxygen to a plant, radioactive oxygen is given off.

Which of the following events would increase the cell's ability to exchange materials across the membrane? A) Multiple cellular divisions that restore the amount of surface area. B) The growth of microvilli on the cell membrane. C) Specialization in absorption. D) All of these events would increase the cell's ability to exchange materials across the membrane. E) None of these events would increase the cell's ability to exchange materials across the membrane

D) All of these events would increase the cell's ability to exchange materials across the membrane.

There are two sets of caspases operating during apoptosis. Which statement does NOT correctly characterize the role of these caspases? A) One set of caspases are called initators because they receive a signal to activate the second set. B) One set of capsases are called executioners because they dismantle the cell. C) Caspases can be unleashed by either internal or external signals. D) Caspases are normally active during the entire cell cycle. E) Caspases are responsible for the typical stages a cell goes through during apoptosis.

D) Caspases are normally active during the entire cell cycle.

During the process of transcription, the information in A) a protein is converted into RNA information. B) RNA is converted into protein information. C) RNA is converted into DNA information. D) DNA is converted into RNA information. E) DNA is converted into protein information.

D) DNA is converted into RNA information.

Which of the following descriptions does NOT occur during apoptosis? A) cell rounds up B) cells lose contact with neighbors C) nucleus fragments D) DNA is duplicated E) plasma membrane develops blisters

D) DNA is duplicated

Fermentation is wasteful of the energy in food molecules and poses the threat of killing the fermenting organism in higher levels of toxic alcohol. Which of the following is not a reason why an organism would utilize fermentation? A) If glucose levels are not high, there may be time to disperse the toxic alcohol waste B) The organism can survive short spells of anaerobic conditions and maintain growth and reproduction C) Fermentation can provide a rapid burst of ATP since it does not have to go through the full breakdown cycle D) Fermentation is the preferred process, even when oxygen is available E) For very small organisms fermentation can be a simple process and is less complicated than cellular respiration

D) Fermentation is the preferred process, even when oxygen is available

One of the products of the Calvin cycle is A) PS I. B) RuBP carboxylase. C) 3PG. D) G3P. E) RuBP.

D) G3P.

Huntington disease is an autosomal dominant disorder that leads to progressive degeneration of brain cells. There is no effective treatment for the disorder and individuals usually die 10 to 15 years after the onset of symptoms. Which of these statements about Huntington disease is TRUE? A) As an autosomal dominant disease, Huntington disease is expressed only if both parents carry the trait. B) Huntington disease usually skips a generation. C) Huntington disease can only be inherited when a parent is showing the trait. D) Huntington disease usually appears during middle age. E) Huntington disease is caused by a defect in the elastic connective tissue protein.

D) Huntington disease usually appears during middle age.

Considering that leaf stomata have the conflicting functions of allowing gaseous carbon dioxide into the leaf, yet preserving the plant's supply of water, which of the following is NOT reasonable? A) Tree leaves that orient flat and present the top side to the sun would have most of their stomata on the bottom of the leaf B) A submerged-water plant would have no stomata C) Corn, oats, rice, and wheat (all monocots) have relatively upright blades with sunlight hitting both sides and would have stomata distributed fairly evenly on both sides D) Leaves of plants in dry areas will have more stomata than leaves of plants in humid areas E) Plants in arid environments open their stomata at night when temperatures are cooler and evaporation occurs less

D) Leaves of plants in dry areas will have more stomata than leaves of plants in humid areas

Which of the following statements is true concerning sunlight radiation used for photosynthesis? A) All of the sunlight that hits the atmosphere is used for photosynthesis. B) Only the highest energy wavelengths are used for photosynthesis. C) All of the visible light is used for photosynthesis. D) Only the red, blue, and violet wavelengths of visible light are used for photosynthesis. E) Only the green visible light is used for photosynthesis.

D) Only the red, blue, and violet wavelengths of visible light are used for photosynthesis.

Which statement is NOT true regarding phloem transport during the summer in plants? A) The leaves must make sugar. B) A higher pressure exists in the leaves than in the roots. C) Water follows sugar into sieve-tube members in the leaves. D) Sugar is transported by passive diffusion into sieve-tube members. E) There is a fluid flow from the leaves to the roots.

D) Sugar is transported by passive diffusion into sieve-tube members.

A forest contains vegetation that is in constant battle with the many insect caterpillars that eat the vegetation. Which of the following strategies would not be a driving force in this evolutionary battle? A) Plants are selected that evolve strong chemicals (plant alkaloids) that are toxic to the caterpillar and for which the caterpillars lack digestive enzymes. B) Caterpillars are selected that evolve new enzymes to digest or detoxify the plant alkaloids. C) Plants are selected that evolve chemicals that slow down or inhibit the digestive enzymes in the caterpillars so that ingested leaf material passes through before much nutrition can be gained. D) The caterpillars are selected that eat the least leaf material. E) Caterpillars are selected that evolve enzymes to breakdown the chemicals that interrupt their digestive enzymes.

D) The caterpillars are selected that eat the least leaf material.

Which of the following is NOT true concerning the checkpoints in the cell cycle? A) Mitosis stops if chromosomes are not properly aligned. B) Mitosis will not occur if DNA is damaged or not replicated. C) If DNA is damaged, apoptosis may occur. D) The first checkpoint is located in the S phase of interphase. E) Cyclins must be present at certain stages to advance to the next stage.

D) The first checkpoint is located in the S phase of interphase.

Which of the following is NOT true of ribosomes? A) They are produced in the nucleus of a eukaryotic cell. B) They are made of RNA and proteins. C) They are composed of two subunits that only come together when protein synthesis is about to occur. D) They bind only one type of amino acid. E) DNA serves as a template for rRNA.

D) They bind only one type of amino acid.

Which of the following is NOT true about cancer cells? A) They exhibit uncontrolled growth. B) They can form benign or malignant tumors. C) They exhibit disorganized growth. D) They exhibit contact inhibition. E) They may undergo metastasis.

D) They exhibit contact inhibition.

Which of the following is NOT true about the cohesion-tension model of water transport? A) Water must completely fill the pipeline B) Water molecules attract one another C) Transpiration exerts a tension at the leaves D) Water is transported in the phloem E) Water must be attracted to the sides of the xylem

D) Water is transported in the phloem

We presume that meiosis evolved later than mitosis. What process would not have to evolve in cells undergoing meiosis in order to make this transition? A) homologous chromosomes would have to pair up B) an additional division would have to occur but without a second DNA replication C) sister chromosomes do not separate at first anaphase; centromeres hold until second division D) a method of lining up single chromosomes along the metaphase plate E) fertilization processes to restore the diploid number in an organism

D) a method of lining up single chromosomes along the metaphase plate

Which of the following behaviors will NOT help prevent cancer? A) avoid carcinogenic chemicals B) avoid excessive sunlight C) lower total fat intake D) decrease intake of high-fiber foods E) increase consumption of broccoli

D) decrease intake of high-fiber foods

Which refers to the addition of a repeat segment of a chromosome? A) inversion B) translocation C) deletion D) duplication E) monosomy

D) duplication

Which of the following statements most accurately describes the first law of thermodynamics A) one usable form of energy cannot be completely converted into another usable form. B) one usable form of energy can be completely converted into another usable form. C) energy cannot be created or destroyed. D) energy can be neither created nor destroyed but it can be changed from one form to another. E) energy cannot be transformed.

D) energy can be neither created nor destroyed but it can be changed from one form to another.

Which of these is NOT a form of a point mutation? A) nonsense mutation B) missense mutation C) silent mutation D) frameshift mutation E) UAC becomes UAU

D) frameshift mutation

Which is NOT a correct association? A) strawberry-stolon B) onion-bulb C) iris-rhizome D) gladiolus-bulb E) potato-tuber

D) gladiolus-bulb

We set up an experiment where the same species of plant is grown in boxes covered with plastic that only allows a single color of light. In which box would we expect the least plant growth and even perhaps the death of the plant to occur? A) white B) blue C) red D) green E) indigo

D) green

Which of the following molecules is NOT an enzyme? A) lipase B) maltase C) urease D) lactose E) ribonuclease

D) lactose

Which does NOT describe a function of the DNA polymerase molecule? A) recognize the free nucleotide that pairs with the base on the old strand of DNA B) read the strand of old DNA and recognize the base there C) proofread to ensure that the proper base has been incorporated D) make the proper nucleotide to match with the base read on the old strand E) nucleotides are joined by hydrogen bonds

D) make the proper nucleotide to match with the base read on the old strand

Which of the following is NOT true of primary and secondary growth? A) occur in woody stems B) increase both the length and girth of plants, respectively C) involve two types of meristem tissues D) occur in both woody and herbaceous stems E) occur in trees and shrubs

D) occur in both woody and herbaceous stems

When an ice cap moves south or arid conditions push across a continent, a plant species can "migrate" although not as fast as individual animals usually travel. Which of the following generally allows a plant population to migrate the fastest? A) pollination B) fertilization C) germination D) seed dispersal E) asexual or vegetative propagation

D) seed dispersal

Which association is INCORRECT? A) vessel element--xylem B) guard cells--epidermis C) parenchyma--ground tissue D) sieve-tube member--bark E) cuticle--epidermis

D) sieve-tube member--bark

Which of the following nucleotide bases is found only in RNA, not in DNA? A) guanine B) adenine C) thymine D) uracil E) cytosine

D) uracil

The enzyme that is used to join complementary DNA nucleotides together is

DNA polymerase.

Through molecular interaction of the macromolecules in the primitive ocean, the self-replicating system of ____ evolved.

DNA → RNA → protein

An antihistamine counters the effects of a histamine. Which of the following is NOT an effect of a histamine?

Decreased blood flow inhibits a pathogen from spreading throughout the body.

Which function is NOT correctly matched to its type of tissue?

Dense connective tissue is muscle that contracts.

In the fetal heart, the lungs are deflated and the fetus receives oxygen from its mother across the placenta through the umbilical cord. There is an opening in the wall between the left and right side of the fetal heart. This should normally grow closed before birth. What symptoms would be expected if this heart wall opening remained open?

Deoxygenated blood would mix with oxygenated blood and systemic circulation would have too little oxygen to sustain healthy growth.

"Artificial kidneys" do not function in all respects like a natural kidney. What is one inherent problem and what is its practical solution?

Dialysis uses passive diffusion and some kidney functions require selective active transport; restrict diet to limit the variety of waste molecules.

Why do physicians prescribe diuretic drugs to patients with high blood pressure?

Diuretic drugs increase urine flow and decrease the blood volume that must be pumped.

The life cycle of animals

Does not demonstrate alternation of generation; gametes are haploid and the organism is diploid.

If a person has short stature, oriental-like fold of eyelids, fissured tongue and mental retardation, they have

Down syndrome.

Which is NOT a correct attribute of a metabolic pathway? A) Reactants are the input molecules. B) Reactants act as substrates for specific enzymes. C) The product of one reaction can become the reactant for the next. D) If several metabolic pathways have a molecule in common, one pathway can lead to several others. E) A constant supply of new enzymes must be produced to keep the metabolic pathway active.

E) A constant supply of new enzymes must be produced to keep the metabolic pathway active.

Which is NOT associated with cancer? A) It can establish new tumors distant from the site of the primary tumor. B) It forms new blood vessels and brings nutrients and oxygen to the tumor. C) Cancer cells can undergo cell division repeatedly and indefinitely. D) Tumors invade surrounding tissues and are filtered by lymph nodes. E) A malignant mass of cells is encapsulated and does not invade adjacent tissue.

E) A malignant mass of cells is encapsulated and does not invade adjacent tissue.

The ability to roll the edges of the tongue upward in a U-shape has been considered to be an inherited ability. The standard assumption is that tongue-rolling is a dominant allele at a single gene locus. Which of the following would CAST DOUBT on this assumption? A) Behaviors are not inherited, only structures are inherited. B) A student who cannot roll his tongue has a mother and father, both of whom can. C) A student who can roll his tongue has a mother and father, both of whom cannot. D) With very little effort the non-tongue-rollers can learn to also roll their tongues. E) A student who can roll his tongue has a mother and father, both of whom cannot roll their tongues AND with very little effort the non-tongue-rollers can learn to roll their tongues.

E) A student who can roll his tongue has a mother and father, both of whom cannot roll their tongues AND with very little effort the non-tongue-rollers can learn to roll their tongues.

Which cell found in phloem tissue has a nucleus? A) vessel element B) tracheids C) sieve-tube member D) guard cell E) companion cell

E) companion cell

Which of the following is NOT true about DNA? A) has a double helix B) bases held together by hydrogen bonds C) bases are complementary to each other D) has a deoxyribose sugar E) contains adenine, guanine, cytosine, and uracil

E) contains adenine, guanine, cytosine, and uracil

What is the most likely reason that cellular respiration would shift from an aerobic state into an anaerobic state? A) The individual was exercising at a level beyond their capability and entered into oxygen debt. B) A smoker has developed emphysema and has decreased lung capacity. C) The individual has had a stroke in the left hemisphere of their brain. D) None of these E) All of the choices are reasons that an individual could shift into an anaerobic state

E) All of the choices are reasons that an individual could shift into an anaerobic state

Which of the following organisms will NOT have a dependency on photosynthesis for their energy? A) white tailed deer B) wolves C) squirrels D) raccoons E) All of these will have a dependency on photosynthesis.

E) All of these will have a dependency on photosynthesis.

Which statement is not true about C3 and C4 plants? A) C4 plants are more successful in hot climates than C3 plants. B) C3 plants fix carbon dioxide in the mesophyll cells. C) In C3 plants, O2 competes with CO2 for the active site of RuBP carboxylase. D) C4 plants deliver CO2 to the Calvin cycle using bundle sheath cells sheltered from leaf air spaces. E) CO2 is fixed at night to decrease water loss.

E) CO2 is fixed at night to decrease water loss.

Which of the following is NOT a correct statement about the second law of thermodynamics and entropy? A) The amount of disorder in the universe is always increasing. B) To maintain organization of a cell, a continual input of energy is required. C) Living cells without energy would become less organized. D) While the total amount of energy in a system is unchanged, energy lost as heat is no longer useful to the cell in doing work. E) Carbon dioxide and water tend to form glucose.

E) Carbon dioxide and water tend to form glucose.

When blood supplies oxygen and food to a cell surface and these molecules diffuse across, we might expect some "resting time." However, if we inspected most cell membranes in a living human body, we would find a nearly continuous flow of substances back-and-forth across the plasma membrane. Which of the following is NOT a reason why? A) Cell metabolism is constantly using up oxygen and raw materials; this lowers their concentration so more will diffuse into the cell. B) Cell metabolism is constantly producing waste molecules; this increases their concentration so more will diffuse out of the cell. C) Cells produce useful secretions; this increases their concentration and more will diffuse out of the cell. D) Cell metabolism constantly produces carbon dioxide in respiration; this increases its concentration so more will diffuse out of the cell. E) Cells are living entities and in order to live can never "rest".

E) Cells are living entities and in order to live can never "rest".

Hershey and Chase experimented with radioactively labeled phosphorus and sulfur to determine that DNA and not protein is the genetic material. Which of the following would NOT be an essential part of this experiment? A) Sulfur is present in amino acids in the protein coat of bacteria. B) Phosphorus is present in high amounts in DNA. C) Sulfur is not present in DNA. D) Phosphorus is not present in amino acids in the protein coat of bacteria. E) DNA contains nitrogen.

E) DNA contains nitrogen.

Which of the following statements is false? A) During cellular respiration, carbohydrate energy is converted into ATP. B) During cellular respiration, mitochondria release carbon dioxide. C) During photosynthesis, energy from the sun is used to form carbohydrates. D) During photosynthesis, carbon dioxide is used. E) During photosynthesis, oxygen is used.

E) During photosynthesis, oxygen is used.

Which of the following statements about glycolysis is TRUE? A) Glycolysis results in the release of carbon dioxide. B) Glycolysis is a cyclical reaction. C) Glycolysis is a reduction reaction where only glucose is reduced. D) Glycolysis occurs twice per glucose molecule. E) Glycolysis breaks glucose down to 2 pyruvate molecules.

E) Glycolysis breaks glucose down to 2 pyruvate molecules.

Which of the following statements is NOT true about wood? A) In the temperate regions, wood forms annual rings B) The vessels will be larger in size in the spring due to more moisture C) The wood produced in the summer will have a lower proportion of vessels than wood produced in the spring D) In large trees, the most recently formed layer of cells transports water E) Heartwood transports water to the leaves throughout the life of the tree

E) Heartwood transports water to the leaves throughout the life of the tree

Which of the following is NOT correct concerning the law of independent assortment? A) It is based upon the process of meiosis. B) Each pair of factors separates independently. C) All possible combinations of factors can occur in the gametes. D) It was the second law of heredity established by Mendel. E) It follows the observation that all maternal chromosomes end up in the egg.

E) It follows the observation that all maternal chromosomes end up in the egg.

In pea plants, the gene for round seed (R) is dominant, and wrinkled seeds (r) are recessive. The endosperm of the pea is also either starchy, a dominant gene (S), or waxy (s). What CANNOT be said of a cross between two parents that are heterozygous for both traits? A) It is possible to secure offspring that are homozygous for both dominant genes. B) It is possible to secure offspring that are homozygous for both recessive genes. C) It is possible to secure offspring that are homozygous for one dominant gene such as round seed and homozygous recessive for the other recessive waxy gene. D) It is possible to secure offspring that are heterozygous for both genes. E) It is impossible to secure offspring that are homozygous for both dominant genes.

E) It is IMPOSSIBLE to secure offspring that are homozygous for both dominant genes.

Which of the following is NOT a consequence of the lactate that results from fermentation in the muscles? A) It triggers ongoing heavier breathing to provide further oxygen for the muscles B) Much of the lactate is transported to the liver where it is converted to pyruvate C) Some lactate converted to pyruvate is converted back to glucose D) Some lactate converted to pyruvate is then completely broken down E) It is stored in muscle cells for later ATP production

E) It is stored in muscle cells for later ATP production

Which of the following is not true concerning the cell theory? A) Virchow asserted that all cells come from preexisting cells. B) Schleiden determined that all plants are made of cells. C) Schwann researched animal tissues and discovered that they were all made of cells. D) Hooke observed the cells of cork. E) Leeuwenhoek first used the term "cells".

E) Leeuwenhoek first used the term "cells".

Your task in laboratory is to find cells that have projections to increase surface area for absorption of water and minerals. Which of the following slides would you use to find these cells? A) Eudicot woody stem slide B) Leaf slide of moncot or eudicot C) Monocot stem slide D) Root slide showing root cap E) Root slide showing zone of maturation

E) Root slide showing zone of maturation

Which of the following is not a function of the cell membrane? A) It provides mechanical strength to the cell. B) It gives shape to the cell. C) It regulates passage of molecules into and out of the cell. D) It is largely responsible for cellular homeostasis. E) Serves as a site for protein synthesis.

E) Serves as a site for protein synthesis.

Which is NOT correct about the preparatory reaction? A) It connects glycolysis to the citric acid cycle. B) CO2 is given off. C) Pyruvate is converted to a 2-carbon acetyl group. D) NAD+ goes to NADH + H+ as acetyl-CoA forms. E) The reaction occurs once per glucose molecule.

E) The reaction occurs once per glucose molecule.

In the Malpighian tubules of an insect (blind, threadlike excretory tubule attached to the gut of an insect), salt molecules are actively transferred from body fluids to the inside of the tubule. Which of the following is NOT true? A) Water is also "pulled" by osmosis into the Malpighian tubule. B) The concentration of salt is normally higher in the body fluids than it is inside the tubule. C) The process decreases the salt concentration of the body fluids. D) Insects must excrete excess salt through the Malpighian tubules. E) The tubules have the same tonicity as the body fluids.

E) The tubules have the same tonicity as the body fluids.

Which factor is likely to lead to a change in the genetic control of the individual and possibly cancer? A) X-rays B) ultraviolet radiation C) cigarette smoke D) pesticides E) all of these can lead to cancer

E) all of these can lead to cancer

A tight junction forms an impermeable barrier between two cells.

True

If you wished to increase enzyme activity, you would do all of the following except A) increase the temperature moderately. B) increase the concentration of the enzyme. C) increase the amount of substrate. D) change to optimum pH for the reaction. E) decrease the temperature.

E) decrease the temperature.

All of the following are possible origins of cell organelles in eukaryotes EXCEPT A) invagination of the plasma membrane to form endoplasmic reticulum. B) incorporation of engulfed heterotrophic bacteria to form mitochondria. C) incorporation of engulfed autotrophic cyanobacteria to form chloroplasts. D) a symbiotic relationship between a host cell and a porkaryote that was taken up but not destroyed. E) groups of prokaryotic cells begin to live in a small group sharing products of metabolism.

E) groups of prokaryotic cells begin to live in a small group sharing products of metabolism.

A karyotype will NOT reveal which of the following genetic diseases? A) Turner syndrome B) Klinefelter syndrome C) Down syndrome D) cri du chat syndrome E) hemophilia

E) hemophilia

Which of the following is an example of the blending of phenotypes? A) codominance B) sex-linked inheritance C) polygenic inheritance D) simple Mendelian inheritance E) incomplete dominance

E) incomplete dominance

The correct sequence of events in the production of a polypeptide is A) initiation → termination → elongation. B) elongation → termination → initiation. C) termination → elongation → initiation. D) elongation → initiation → termination. E) initiation → elongation → termination.

E) initiation → elongation → termination.

Which is NOT a correct association? A) cytokinesis-division of the cytoplasm B) centromere-point where sister chromatids remain attached C) haploid-one of each chromosome D) sister chromatids-two identical chromosome strands still attached at the centromere E) mitosis-when a cell duplicates and then divides twice to reduce chromosome number by half

E) mitosis - when a cell duplicates and then divides twice to reduce chromosome number by half

Which of the following processes does NOT take place during translation? A) attachment of a ribosome to mRNA B) growth of a polypeptide chain C) binding of two tRNA molecules/ribosome D) liberation of polypeptide from ribosome E) production of mRNA

E) production of mRNA

Receptor-mediated endocytosis involves all of the following EXCEPT: A) receptor proteins to bind to specific molecules B) a coated pit due to a layer of fibrous protein on the cytoplasmic side of the membrane C) various outcomes from destruction of the vesicle to restoration of the surface configuration D) the mechanism for regulating exchange between a mother and fetus E) secretion of materials from a cell

E) secretion of materials from a cell

Which is most directly responsible for the sequence of amino acids in a protein? A) the sequence of the anticodons B) the number of codons in mRNA C) the enzyme that attaches the amino acid to tRNA D) the proteins associated with rRNA E) the sequence of codons in mRNA

E) the sequence of codons in mRNA

In eukaryotes, control of gene expression is NOT by A) translational control in cytoplasm after mRNA leaves the nucleus and before protein is produced. B) transcriptional control in the nucleus based on which genes are transcribed and how fast they are transcribed. C) posttranscriptional control in the nucleus after DNA is transcribed, including the speed with which mRNA leaves the nucleus. D) posttranslational control in the cytoplasm that occurs after protein synthesis. E) the use of repressor proteins and operators.

E) the use of repressor proteins and operators.

Which of the following is not a major function of roots? A) absorb water B) absorb minerals C) produce hormones D) anchor and support the plant E) transport of materials throughout the plant

E) transport of materials throughout the plant

Whether or not an enzyme is active and present within a cell depends on all of the following except A) if the gene for the enzyme has been turned on and the enzyme made. B) if the enzyme has been activated or inactivated by the addition of a phosphate group. C) whether an inhibitor is bound to the enzyme. D) whether the necessary cofactor is present. E) whether the enzyme catalyzes an endergonic or exergonic reaction.

E) whether the enzyme catalyzes an endergonic or exergonic reaction.

Which eating disorder is most commonly diagnosed among people who seek treatment?

EDNOS (eating disorders not otherwise specified)

In a Mendelian monohybrid cross involving two homozygous genotypes, the ____ generation is always completely heterozygous.

F1

A stem is identified by being aboveground and green. True or False?

False

According to the endosymbiotic theory, eukaryotes became the mitochondria and chloroplasts found in prokaryotic cells. True/False?

False

All of the ATP molecules formed by the complete oxidation of glucose result from the electron transfer chain. True or False?

False

All of the energy that a plant stores in the bonds of glucose are available to an animal to power its muscles. True or False?

False

Urine and feces are both considered excretions or wastes. How do they biologically compare?

Feces is undigested food plus bacteria that was never inside the tissue; urine carries metabolic wastes from cell metabolism but should be bacteria-free.

Which of the following is NOT true of ferns? ( ) Ferns are seedless vascular plants. ( ) Ferns can grow in dry, cold conditions. ( ) The gametophyte of ferns is nonvascular. ( ) Ferns can reproduce asexually through the growth of rhizomes in the soil. ( ) The gametophyte is dependent on the sporophyte for nourishment.

Ferns are seedless vascular plants.

What flower mechanism would NOT help prevent pollination by a foreign plant species?

Flowers of different plant species bloom at the same time with flowers of similar shape, size, and color.

What flower mechanism(s) would NOT help prevent pollination by a foreign species? ( ) A pollen tube only grows in the style of its own species. ( ) The stigma is sticky mainly to its own species of pollen. ( ) The timing of flowering varies by species and keeps pollinators moving among a limited number of species. ( ) Flowers attract a small number of specialized pollinators, and therefore pollen is not spread equally to all available species of flowers. ( ) Flowers of different species are the same color and attract similar pollinators.

Flowers of different species are the same color and attract similar pollinators.

Which of the following is characteristic of flukes?

Flukes have a well-developed alimentary canal.

At one time, biologists thought that fungi were merely forms of plants that had lost their chlorophyll and had returned to saprotrophy to gain food. Why is this no longer considered a solid theory?

Fungal cell walls contain chitin rather than cellulose.

Plants need other molecules besides glucose. Where do these molecules such as cellulose and fructose come from?

G3P is directly converted to many other organic molecules besides glucose.

The hydrocarbon skeleton used to form fatty acids, glycerol, and amino acids (when N is added) are derived from

G3P.

In a hypothetical experiment, the blood flow between two dogs is joined and one dog is stressed so that its heart rate goes up rapidly. What will happen to the heart rate of the second dog?

Heart rate will go up due to an increase in epinephrine and norepinephrine in the blood.

In the later 1800s, the brilliant French chemist Louis Pasteur worked with chicken cholera, passing the disease agent from sick to healthy chickens. He suspended his research and went on vacation for several weeks. When he returned, the old cholera culture he gave to healthy chickens failed to kill them. He assumed his culture was bad and injected these same chickens with a fresh culture of chicken cholera. These chickens remained healthy while new chickens injected with the fresh culture of chicken cholera rapidly became sick and died. From our current knowledge of immunity, how would these observations be explained?

His first disease culture had weakened over time and stimulated the development of active immunity.

Which of the following statements is FALSE about homeostasis?

Homeostasis is primarily controlled by the circulatory system

Which hominid is considered to be the handyman by being the first to use tools? ( ) Gorilla ( ) Lucy ( ) Homo habilis ( ) Homo erectus ( ) Chimpanzee

Homo habilis

Of the following fossils, which is arranged in the correct order from oldest to the most recent?

Homo habilis, Homo erectus, Homo sapiens

During surgery for breast cancer, surgeons will often remove lymph nodes in the armpit. What is the most likely reason for this?

If any cancer cells have entered the lymph, they will travel to the closest lymph node which are in the armpit.

Louis Pasteur conducted an experiment to answer the question of whether or not living things can arise spontaneously from nonliving materials. In this experiment he used two flasks of sterile broth. How could this demonstrate the invalidity of spontaneous generation?

In the flask in which no outside materials could enter, no growth occurred while growth did occur in the flask that allowed outside air to enter demonstrating that the living things came from outside the sterile broth.

Which statement is NOT true about nonrandom mating? ( ) Inbreeding is mating between relatives more often than by chance. ( ) Inbreeding is a change in allele frequencies that increases the proportion of heterozygotes in the population. ( ) An example is when a tall man marries a tall woman. ( ) Nonrandom mating tends to cause subdivision into two phenotypic classes with reduced gene flow between them. ( ) An example is when the strongest male wins the opportunity to mate with his choice of females.

Inbreeding is a change in allele frequencies that increases the proportion of heterozygotes in the population.

A person enters a heat chamber carrying a raw egg on a plate. As the temperature is gradually increased, the exposed egg is cooked while the subject continues to have a normal internal temperature by mouth thermometer. What mechanism is lacking in the egg but is present in the human subject that maintains homeostasis?

Increased sweating causes evaporation that carries away heat.

Which statement is NOT true about invertebrate animals?

Invertebrates lack a nervous system.

Which statement is NOT true about a retrovirus?

It contains a DNA genome.

Which of the following is NOT true about the myelin sheath?

It decreases the speed of nerve impulse conduction.

Which of the following is NOT true about the autonomic nervous system?

It functions voluntarily and consciously.

Which of these is NOT true of the autonomic nervous system?

It is composed only of fibers that have an inhibitory function on various organs of the body.

Which of the following is true about genetic drift? ( ) It is more likely to occur in a large population than in a small population. ( ) It may lead to an allele becoming fixed in a population when its alternative allele is lost from the population. ( ) It increases the number of heterozygotes in a population. ( ) It increases the level of rare alleles in a population. ( ) It reduced the chances of mutation in a population.

It may lead to an allele becoming fixed in a population when its alternative allele is lost from the population.

Why is it advantageous to have blood move slowly in the capillaries?

It provides time for substances to be exchanged between blood and tissue fluids.

Which statement is NOT true about the RNA-first hypothesis?

It says that first RNA, then DNA, then proteins would have been necessary to interact in the chemical evolution that would have led to the development of the first cells.

What will happen to the water level in Figure 4.1? {image of U shaped tube with 20% protein & 80% water on side A & 100% water on side B with a differentially permeable membrane between the sides}

It will rise in side A.

The individual(s) credited with the discovery of the structure of DNA is (are)

James Watson and Francis Crick.

An individual who has an XXY combination of sex chromosomes is said to have _____ syndrome.

Klinefelter

If you had a black male guinea pig and a brown female guinea pig, but you didn't know which was the dominant characteristic, how would you find out the dominant color?

Mate them and see what color the offspring are —THAT will be the dominant color.

Which of the following statements is NOT true about the flatworms?

Liver flukes and blood flukes are parasites in humans only.

Once a true cell was formed biological evolution began. Biological evolution is all the changes that have occurred in living things since the beginning of life due to differential reproductive success. This means that

Living things have all evolved from a common ancestor.

Which statement is NOT true about the lymphatic system?

Lymph contains the same proteins as found in the blood.

The three domain system is primarily based on ( ) molecular data showing eukaryotes are much more closely related than previously thought. ( ) structural data showing prokaryotes are far more diverse than previously thought. ( ) molecular data showing prokaryotes are far more diverse than previously thought. ( ) new biogeographical data showing prokaryotes are far more diverse than previously thought. ( ) new classification concepts that have shown everything except molecular data to be irrelevant.

MOLECULAR DATA showing PROkaryotes are FAR MORE DIVERSE than previously thought.

Which genetic disorder is associated with a defect in the elastic connective tissue protein called fibrillin?

Marfan Syndrome

There are two species of larkspur that have two different size flowers; Delphinium decorum has large fully opened flowers and Delphinium nudicaule which has small bud like flowers. These two species are both fertilized by insects but they cannot be fertilized by the same type of insect because the smaller flower of D. nudicaule will not permit larger insects to reach the nectar of the flower and the larger flower of the D. decorum is typically fed on by larger insects. Which type of isolating mechanism would this be? ( ) Postzygotic Isolation ( ) Temporal Isolation ( ) Behavioral Isolation ( ) Habitat Isolation ( ) Mechanical Isolation

Mechanical Isolation

Following a cut or scrape, which process repairs your skin?

Mitosis

Clams, snails, sea slugs, and octopuses belong to the phylum

Mollusca.

To try and discover if the environment has an effect on a particular characteristic scientists often examine

Monozygotic human twins that were separated at birth.

What is the association of Helicobacter pylori in the digestive system?

Most ulcers are due to stomach infection with this bacteria.

Which cofactor is involved in the Calvin cycle reactions?

NADP+

If the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium is met, what is the net effect? ( ) evolution leading to a population better adapted to an unchanging environment ( ) evolution leading to a population better adapted to a changing environment ( ) very slow and continuous evolution with no increased adaptation ( ) no evolution because the alleles in the population remain the same ( ) no evolution because the alleles in the population will change

NO EVOLUTION because the alleles in the population REMAIN THE SAME

Which description bets fits the Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)?

Nerves that carry sensory messages to the CNS and motor commands to the muscles and glands.

Until recently, we only described neurons as cellular units of the nervous system. Which is a probable reason science overlooked the importance of neuroglial cells?

Neuroglial cells were thought to merely support neurons and their complex chemical role was not yet detected.

Would it be possible to observe crossing-over between sister chromatids? Why or why not?

No. Since they are genetically identical you could not tell the difference without labeling the chromatids.

Which of the following does NOT reflect the likely presence of a gene mutation? ( ) Fruit flies subjected to intense radiation breed a wider array of variable offspring. ( ) A chemical leaking from the surface of an old abandoned coal mine alters a regulatory gene so that a cricket nymph develops an extra set of eyes. ( ) The bacteria that cause gonorrhea, a common sexually transmitted disease, have previously been killed by penicillin; however after continuous usage of the antibiotic, penicillin-resistant strains are now becoming prevalent. ( ) Radiation causes an alteration of a DNA nucleotide sequence which is discovered when mapped, but which appears to be neither increasing nor decreasing in successive generations. ( ) Offspring always have the same coloration as the parents.

Offspring always have the same coloration as the parents.

Which of the following is true about natural selection? ( ) It acts on genotypes rather than phenotypes. ( ) It assures the survival of each fit individual. ( ) On average, it favors the survival of young with adaptive characteristics. ( ) It always selects for more complex forms. ( ) It always selects for forms that are a mutated variation.

On average, it favors the survival of young with adaptive characteristics.

Which of the following statements is NOT correct about the flatworms?

Parasitic flatworms have a well-developed head with eyespots and nerves concentrated into a brain.

Which of these statements is NOT correct about the flatworms?

Planaria ingest food through a mouth located in the head region.

Why are green algae placed in the Protista while plants are given their own kingdom?

Plants enclose and protect the embryo within the female plant while green algae do not.

Which statement is NOT true about prion diseases?

Prions lack a nucleus but must form DNA/RNA at some time in order to replicate.

The difference between phyletic gradualism and punctuated equilibrium is that ( ) Phyletic gradualism can only happen with eukaryotes and punctuated equilibrium happens with prokaryotes. ( ) Punctuated equilibrium shows speciation in a relatively short time while phyletic gradualism shows speciation as changes accumulate over vast periods of time. ( ) Phyletic gradualism shows speciation in a relatively short time while punctuated equilibrium shows speciation as changes accumulate over vast periods of time. ( ) Phyletic gradualism shows in the fossil record and punctuated equilibrium does not. ( ) There is no difference between Punctuated equilibrium and Phyletic gradualism.

Punctuated equilibrium shows speciation in a relatively short time while phyletic gradualism shows speciation as changes accumulate over vast periods of time.

How can urine contain a higher concentration of wastes (be hypertonic) than the blood?

Reabsorption of water in the loop of the nephron and collecting ducts leaves behind a more concentrated urine.

The leaves of a maple tree vary in size depending on the location of the leaves on the tree. Those growing at the outer region of the tree tend to be smaller than those growing closer to the trunk of the tree. This allows leaves that are growing in the shade to have a larger surface area. This show that genes have the ability to

Respond to environmental factors

The ray-finned fishes are believed to have evolved into the amphibians.

false

Which of the following crosses will yield four phenotypes in a ratio of 9:3:3:1? ( ) RRYY x RRYY ( ) RRYY x rryy ( ) RrYy x RrYy ( ) RrYy x rryy ( ) rryy x rryy

RrYy x RrYy

____ are organisms that break down dead organic matter in order to absorb the nutrient molecules.

Saprotrophs

Which statement is NOT true about the maintenance of variation in a population? ( ) Selection for adaptation to a particular environment ensures that the population will become stronger and more viable under any conditions. ( ) Only phenotypes are acted on by selection, so heterozygotes serve as a reservoir of recessive alleles that may be adaptive in a different environment. ( ) Heterozygote superiority may lead to selection for the heterozygote above either homozygote. ( ) Variation is maintained through mutation, recombination, gene flow, and changed conditions. ( ) Variations allow for the presence of conditions such as sickle cell anemia.

Selection for adaptation to a particular environment ensures that the population will become stronger and more viable under any conditions.

Without considering the variation provided by crossing-over, how much will two siblings from one set of parents vary from each other?

Siblings inherit essentially 50% of their genes from each parent, but two sibling offspring may share with each other from zero to 23 chromosomes in common from each parent and therefore vary widely from each other.

What is the major drawback to cytokine therapies?

Side effects can be life-threatening.

__________ showed that amino acids can polymerize abiotically when exposed to dry heat.

Sidney Fox

ATP synthase is an enzyme complex located in the thylakoid membranes. True or False?

True

What general feature is necessary to consider an organism a microbe?

Small enough that a microscope is required to see them.

Which of the following statements about the glomerulus is INCORRECT?

Small molecules move from the glomerular (Bowman's) capsule into the glomerulus.

Which of the following would NOT result in reproductive isolation? ( ) Snakes found in one state are genetically identical to snakes found in a neighboring state. ( ) Fruit flies on one Hawaiian island live for hundreds of generations and do not come in contact with fruit flies on another island except when blown there by rare tropical storms. ( ) One brood of the seventeen-year cicada emerged in 1987 (and will do so every 17 years) and lives a few months as adults; another brood emerged in 1992 (and will do so every 17 years); the larvae of both feed side-by-side on tree roots. ( ) A lion and a tiger mate in the artificial confines of a zoo but the offspring is infertile. ( ) Two populations of crickets are indistinguishable in physical features but the females in each group only come to the different songs of their males.

Snakes found in one state are genetically identical to snakes found in a neighboring state.

Which of the following observation did Charles Darwin make during his 5 year voyage aboard the HMS Beagle? ( ) Species exhibit great variation within a single population. ( ) Species do not change over time. ( ) The environment can bring about inherited change in an individual. ( ) All species share the same basic genetic and molecular makeup. ( ) The Earth was dated to be approximately 4.6 billion years old.

Species exhibit great variation within a single population.

If one strand of DNA has the base sequence AAGCAA, the complementary strand has which of the following sequences? ( ) UUCGUU ( ) TTCGTT ( ) AAGCAA ( ) UTCGTU ( ) TTCGTG

TTCGTT

An antibiotic such as penicillin that is taken orally is soon excreted in the urine. Since infections last for a short period of time, what is the best strategy for overcoming this continual loss?

Take continual doses of penicillin sufficient to maintain it in the bloodstream.

Plants could readily develop seasonal responses based on temperature changes but have evolved their rhythms based on a comparison of daylight and darkness. Why has the day-night ratio system been selected?

Temperatures fluctuate widely across seasons and from year to year, but photoperiod comparisons are a more reliable indicator of season.

Why does the chloroplast utilize a cyclic electron pathway as well as the noncyclic electron pathway?

The Calvin cycle utilizes more ATP than NADPH and the cyclic electron pathway produces ATP.

What is the definition of learning?

The ability to retain and utilize past memories.

Lamarck's ideas on evolution were adopted by some Russian scientists, including Michurin and Lysenko in Stalinist Russia. Their textbooks printed Lysenko's assertions that a wheat plant could be made cold-hardy by conditioning in cold storage, or that workmen who develop strong muscles due to working in the mines would produce children who would be born stronger. Which of the major premises of evolution by natural selection was violated? ( ) The organisms vary in traits. ( ) The acquired characteristics are inherited. ( ) More young are born than can survive. ( ) Some individuals are better adapted to the environment. ( ) The environment selects for phenotype.

The acquired characteristics are inherited.

Which statement is NOT true about the development of an action potential?

The action potential ends when the polarity across the membrane reaches +40 mV.

Which of the following statements is NOT correct about cnidaria?

The adult body is bilaterally symmetrical.

Larval tunicates differ from adults in all but one of the following ways. Which of the following is NOT true? ( ) The adults are sessile and the larvae are free swimming. ( ) The adults do not have a notochord while the larvae do. ( ) The adults do not have pharynx and gill slits while the larvae do. ( ) The adults do not have a dorsal, hollow nerve chord while the larvae do. ( ) The adults do not have a post-anal tail while the larvae do.

The adults do not have pharynx and gill slits while the larvae do.

Larval tunicates differ from adults in all but one of the following ways. Which of the following is not true?

The adults do not have pharynx and gill slits while the larvae do.

Some anesthetics are also very effective in stopping the food from moving through the intestine. Therefore, after an operation, the surgeon will not permit a patient to eat until the digestive system is moving food again, and a patient has to suck on ice until there is some evidence the digestive tract is functioning. Without knowing more about the anesthetics, what is the likely mode of action of the anesthetic?

The anesthetic probably affects nerves that slow all smooth muscle actions.

In time, bread becomes stale and grows mold on the exposed surfaces. Why does mold not begin growing inside the bread loaf?

The bread was sterilized when it was baked and thereafter mold spores settle only on the outside of the cooled bread.

You are traveling across the Pacific Ocean when you come across a small island, island #1. There is lush vegetation and several species of beetles that vary in the color of their carapace. The colors you find are green, blue, purple, and black. A second island 200 miles closer to the mainland (island #2) is mostly sand with some palm trees and has a single species of beetle that has a brown carapace. You examine the colored beetles and discover that they are all related and that they are related to the brown species on the second island. Which of the following is the most likely scenario? ( ) The brown beetle migrated to island #1 and gave rise to the colored species on island #2 through adaptive radiation. ( ) The colored species of beetle on island #1 migrated to island #2 and gave rise to the brown beetle through extinction. ( ) The brown beetle evolved from the colored beetles on island #1 and then migrated to island #2. ( ) The brown beetle gave rise to all of the colored beetles on island #2 which then migrated to island #1. ( ) A beetle of some undetermined color gave rise to all of the colors of beetle brown, green, purple, and black and they then migrated to different islands.

The brown beetle migrated to island #1 and gave rise to the colored species on island #2 through adaptive radiation.

How does cell division differ between animal and plant cells?

The cell plate is the final partitioning of plant cells.

A cell is placed in a solution of large nutrient molecules tagged with a red dye. Soon the cell is dark red, showing a concentration of the nutrient much higher than the external solution. We add a reagent that blocks the use of ATP. What result would you expect from this experiment?

The color will remain the same since all future transfer will stop.

In cellular respiration, what is the relationship between the energy content of the reactants (glucose and O2) and products (CO2 and H2O)?

The energy content of the reactants (glucose and O2) must be greater than the energy content of the products (CO2 and H2O).

Which of the following statements is NOT true about angiosperms? ( ) The reproductive structures are located in flowers. ( ) The flower protects the developing male gametophyte. ( ) They are divided into monocots and eudicots. ( ) The seeds are enclosed by fruit. ( ) They exhibit double fertilization.

The flower protects the developing male gametophyte.

Which statement is NOT true about the founder effect? ( ) It is a form of genetic drift. ( ) It produces a high frequency of some rare alleles in a small isolated population. ( ) Founding members contain a tiny fraction of the alleles found in the original population. ( ) The founder effect occurs when a population is subjected to near extinction and then recovers, so that only a few alleles are left in survivors. ( ) Chance determines which alleles are carried by the original founders.

The founder effect occurs when a population is subjected to near extinction and then recovers, so that only a few alleles are left in survivors.

Which piece of evidence did Darwin observe during his 5 year journey aboard the HMS Beagle? ( ) The geological formations of the Earth indicate it is much older than the 5000 year old view. ( ) Species do not change over time. ( ) The environment can bring about inherited change in an individual. ( ) All species share the same basic genetic and molecular makeup. ( ) The Earth is approximately 4.6 billion years old.

The geological formations of the Earth indicate it is much older than the 5000 year old view.

Why are real bath sponges so soft?

The harder silica or calcium spicules are absent and the softer spongin remains.

Which of the following statements is NOT true regarding the normal mechanism of ventilation?

The intrapleural pressure must be greater than the atmospheric pressure.

A pressurized airplane cabin and an oxygen tent over a patient in a hospital both address the need of a person for oxygen. How do these compare?

The oxygen tent increases concentration of O2 while the airplane maintains total air pressure without changing concentrations.

Which of the following health problems are likely to occur if a person is unable to form the IgE antibodies?

The person would have problems defending themselves against parasitic worm infections as well as lacking an immediate allergic response.

You find a plant that appears to contain stamens and carpels but no petals or sepals. What could you conclude about this "flower"?

The plant is pollinated by the wind.

In which direction does a nerve impulse usually move?

dendrite → cell body → axon

Kidney dialysis relies on diffusion of various dissolved waste molecules (solutes) across a non-living semipermeable membrane. If the concentration of solutes in the blood increases over time before dialysis is administered, what will happen to the rate of dialysis when it occurs?

The rate will speed up since the concentration gradient is higher.

While eating a container of yogurt, you have to leave, so you store the yogurt in the refrigerator. A day later you return and find the surface of the yogurt is no longer smooth but has broken into several liquefied products. You correctly guess that enzymes from your saliva, via the spoon, have continued digesting the yogurt in your absence. What will happen over time?

The reaction will continue until all of the substrate is used and the enzyme will still remain.

Which of these statements is NOT true about fertilization in a fern plant? ( ) An egg is produced in an archegonium. ( ) A sperm is produced in an antheridium. ( ) The sperm is carried by the wind to the egg. ( ) The eggs and sperm are produced on the same plant. ( ) Eggs and sperm are produced by the gametophyte generation.

The sperm is carried by the wind to the egg.

Both corals and calcareous sponges have calcium carbonate structures. What is the relationship between these two groups?

The sponges use calcium carbonate to form sharp spicules while the corals independently use the same material to form a skeleton.

Which of the following statements is NOT true about alternation of generations life cycle? ( ) Meiosis produces spores that are haploid. ( ) Spores develop into the gametophyte generation. ( ) The gametophyte produces eggs and sperm. ( ) When the sperm fertilizes the egg, a zygote results that develops into the sporophyte. ( ) The sporophyte generation produces spores by mitosis in structures called sporangia.

The sporophyte generation produces spores by mitosis in structures called sporangia.

Which statement is NOT true about ferns? ( ) The sporophyte stage lacks vascular tissue. ( ) Antheridia and archegonia develop on the prothallus of the gametophyte stage. ( ) Fertilization requires moisture for the sperm to swim to the egg within the archegonia. ( ) The sporophyte stage is the dominant generation. ( ) The gametophyte stage lacks vascular tissue.

The sporophyte stage lacks vascular tissue.

Which of the following is not true of the tongue?

The tongue secretes salivary amylase.

Which of the following is the main difference between the urinary system of males and females?

The urethra is shorter in females.

What is the numerical relationship of neuroglial cells compared to neurons?

There are about 9 neuroglial cells for every neuron.

Which statement is NOT true about fiddleheads? ( ) They are young fronds curled up. ( ) They are found in ferns. ( ) They are part of the sporophyte generation. ( ) They are haploid. ( ) They are part of a vascular plant.

They are haploid.

Both echinoderms and chordates are deuterostomes, this means that

They have a similar development in their embryonic stages.

Which of the following characteristics is NOT true about deuterostomes?

They include the simplest of invertebrates.

Which statement is NOT correct about the sporophyte generation in gymnosperms? ( ) It is the diploid generation. ( ) It contains vascular tissue. ( ) It is the dominant generation. ( ) They produce winged naked seeds. ( ) They produce homospores.

They produce homospores.

Which description best fits a chemoautotroph bacteria?

They reduce carbon dioxide to an organic compound by using energetic electrons derived from chemicals. (ORGANICchemicals --chemoautotroph)

What will happen to dye crystals if placed in the bottom of a beaker of water over a long period of time?

They will diffuse equally throughout the beaker.

When he arrived at the Galapagos Islands, Darwin did not observe the amazing tool-using "woodpecker finch" that can modify twigs to pry out grubs. Because there are no true woodpeckers on the Galapagos Islands, this behavior allows this finch to exploit an untapped food source. However, not all members of this species exhibit this behavior, which is probably learned from watching other finches. Therefore which of the following is NOT true? ( ) Young isolated at hatching will not know how to do this. ( ) It is probably not "hardwired" in the brain as a behavior passed on genetically. ( ) There must be a great advantage to reaching this food source for this learned behavior to be repeated by most descendants each generation. ( ) As an acquired characteristic, in a strict sense this is not part of the adaptive radiation of finches on the Galapagos. ( ) This "learned" behavior will not lead to evolutionary change in the woodpecker population.

This "learned" behavior will not lead to evolutionary change in the woodpecker population.

Earthworms possess both male and female organs on separate segments; thus mating consists of "parallel parking" in opposite directions and cross-fertilizing. Given this, which of the following is/are true?

This is an advantage since they can mate with any other earthworm of the same species that they encounter.

The textbook describes the problem with Rh factor hemolytic disease of the newborn in the case where the mother is Rh- and the father is Rh+. Which of the following statements is true?

This is only a problem in the given case because the Rh- mother lacks the Rh+ protein and only a Rh+ father could produce an Rh+ child.

Which of the following is a true statement about tissue fluid?

Tissue fluid is collected by the lymphatic capillaries

Which association is NOT correct?

Tooth decay or dental caries is a natural erosion of teeth from wear-and-tear.

____________ bind to enhancers in eukaryotic cells to increase the rate of transcription.

Transcription activators

Transcription of part of a DNA molecule with a nucleotide sequence of AAACAACTT results in a mRNA molecule with the complementary sequence of ( ) GGGAGAACC. ( ) UUUGUUGAA. ( ) TTTGAAGCC. ( ) CCCACCTCC. ( ) AAACAACTT.

UUUGUUGAA.

In the late 1800s, a Frenchman observed that individuals who recovered from a disease were not susceptible to that same disease again. Therefore, he proposed that the agent that caused syphilis should be given to all young healthy people as a vaccine to prevent them from getting a serious case of the disease. Although the mode of action of vaccines was not yet known, Pasteur argued vehemently against this proposal. And today, we do not follow this procedure for syphilis. Why?

Vaccines are made from weakened disease agents and using the syphilis organisms would spread a full-blown serious disease agent.

Which feature possessed by most land plants is missing in mosses, which grow low to the ground in damp, shaded areas?

Vascular tissue, so they must grow along the ground in damp areas to supply water to the cells.

Although microbes are often equated with pathogens not all are pathogenic and some help humans maintain their health. Which of the following are produced by bacteria that live in the human intestine?

Vitamins K and B12

A membrane sac filled with large molecules of potassium is suspended in a beaker of water. What will happen?

Water will enter the sac and it will swell.

If a lung is punctured in a car accident, that lobe fails to inflate even though there is no obstruction of the air passageway to that lobe. Why?

When the chest volume expands, air can now rush in through the puncture without filling the alveoli.

Imagine you are trying to fit down an isle at the local store that is filled with boxes. In order to squeeze between two stacks of boxes you need to "suck it in". Which of the following descriptions best explains why "sucking it in" isn't the best way to fit through a tight space?

While sucking it in, your diaphragm contracts and moves down causing the lung volume to increase. This causes the rib cage to move up and out, making your chest larger.

Which genetic disorder is the result of a deletion of a section of an individuals chromosome?

Williams syndrome

Which of the following would be considered a heterozygous dihybrid genotype? ( ) Ww ( ) sS ( ) WWSs ( ) WWss ( ) WwSs

WwSs

A man with widow's peak (dominant) who can curl his tongue (dominant) has a child who has a continuous hairline and cannot curl the tongue. What is the genotype of the father? ( ) WWTT ( ) wwtt ( ) WwTt ( ) Wwtt ( ) WT

WwTt

Genes on the ___ chromosome determine if the sex of a child will be male or female.

Y

We often say that we need food for energy. In a biological sense, is this correct?

Yes, because the food we eat has potential energy in its structure and this chemical energy can be converted into mechanical energy.

It is possible to take the mature frond of many ferns and rub the brown growths on the lower surface over a wet plug of peat moss. Soon small heart-shaped green structures grow on the nutritious peat moss plugs. What has happened?

You have broken the sori on the bottom of the fern frond and spores fell on the plug to germinate and form the gametophyte called a prothallus.

What is a potential outcome if one of your fathers gametes did not go through meiosis correctly and one of the chromosomes did not separate correctly?

You inherited a normal amount of genetic material from your mother but inherited an extra chromosome from your father. One of your pairs of chromosomes will not be homologous.

A woman is not getting enough calcium in her diet. One of the first symptoms she may experience would be

a broken bone.

For water transport to occur there must be

a continuous column of water in xylem and transpiration of water at the leaves.

What is a metabolic reaction called that involves one reaction releasing energy to provide energy for a second reaction that requires energy?

a coupled reaction.

If a burn victim loses most of his skin, what symptom would NOT be present?

a decrease in thirst and water intake due to dry surface tissues

Double fertilization in an angiosperm produces

a diploid zygote and a triploid endosperm.

If the genotype of an organism is YySsTt, then yST would represent

a gamete of the parent.

To what does the term grana refer?

a stack of thylakoid membrane structures

Which of these is NOT a characteristic of a shark?

a sucker used to attach to prey

Which of these is NOT a characteristic of a shark? ( ) ability to sense electric currents in the water ( ) skeleton of cartilage ( ) a sucker used to attach to prey ( ) ability to sense pressure of other swimming objects ( ) ability to detect blood in minute amounts

a sucker used to attach to prey

A nucleotide contains

a sugar, a phosphate, and a nitrogen base.

Which allele combination represents a recessive monohybrid trait? ( ) aa ( ) Aa ( ) AA ( ) ab ( ) Ab

aa

If we developed a molecule that blocked the ATP channel protein, what would be the first immediate effect?

accumulation of ATP in the mitochondrial matrix

The enzyme that breaks down acetylcholine within the synaptic cleft is

acetylcholinesterase

The release of secretin is stimulated by the action of

acid on the wall of the duodenum.

What forms the contractile ring in animal cells?

actin filaments

The place where the substrate fits onto the enzyme is called the

active site.

The number of mitochondria in a cell would be a general indicator of the extent of

active transport.

In comparing the number of differences in amino acids for cytochrome c: between a moth and a rattlesnake there are 31 different amino acids in the sequence, between a moth and a dog there are only 25, and there are 6 differences between a dog and a horse. Therefore, ( ) this is sufficient evidence to prove the moth is closer related to the dog than to the horse. ( ) dogs had to evolve earlier than horses, since moths are more primitive. ( ) evolution used to be considered a unifying theory until biochemical data showed only differences. ( ) added to anatomical similarities and fossil records, this provides additional evidence for constructing a phylogeny or family tree. ( ) biochemical information is not relevant to the evolution of organisms.

added to anatomical similarities and fossil records, this provides additional evidence for constructing a phylogeny or family tree.

Where would the blood be most viscous (least fluid) as it passes through the kidney?

after passing through the glomerulus but before reaching the loop of nephron

Which of the following is a non-filterable component of the blood?

albumin

Which association is NOT correct?

albumin—fights infection

The cell theory states:

all cells come only from other cells.

A colorblind (recessive trait) woman will pass the allele to

all her children.

Secretin, gastrin, and CCK in humans are

all hormones that control digestive secretions.

In contrast to the out-of-Africa hypothesis, the multi-regional continuity hypothesis contends that Homo ergaster migrated to many continents as much as one million years ago, and all populations evolved into modern humans because

all lineages changed but in response to the same evolutionary pressures so they changed in the same way.

A plant with small leaves and sunken stomata is most likely to be found in a

desert.

In contrast to the out-of-Africa hypothesis, the multi-regional continuity hypothesis contends that Homo ergaster migrated to many continents as much as one million years ago, and all populations evolved into modern humans because ( ) no further evolutionary changes occurred. ( ) there was sufficient gene flow between populations to maintain one species. ( ) constant warfare allowed one or another lineage to dominate. ( ) hybrids between different lineages were superior and replaced their ancestors. ( ) all lineages changed but in response to the same evolutionary pressures so they changed in the same way.

all lineages changed but in response to the same evolutionary pressures so they changed in the same way.

Humans can have any of several eye colors, this is because we possess a variety of

alleles.

A variety of genotypes and phenotypes in a population is useful because it ( ) makes life more interesting. ( ) allows the species to survive if the environment changes. ( ) means that the gene pool is constant and unchanging. ( ) makes genetic drift an unlikely occurrence. ( ) will lead to non-random mating.

allows the species to survive if the environment changes.

You are looking at a structure in the respiratory tract that is filled with small sacs or air pockets. What structure are you looking at?

alveoli

The organic soup in which the first cell is believed to have arisen probably contained

amino and organic acids.

Deamination of amino acids will result initially in the formation of

ammonia.

Growth factors that are transported through the blood play what role in the cell cycle?

an external signal to tell the cell whether or not to divide

You are looking at a cell under the microscope, and see what appears to be several "X" structures being pulled to each side of the cell. What stage of meiosis are you looking at?

anaphase I

During what stage of meiosis do sister chromatids separate from each other?

anaphase II

A person with normal blood volume and white cell count but low red cell count or low hemoglobin content may be suffering from

anemia

Which eating disorder is characterized by an irrational fear of getting fat, often associated with a perceived body defect?

anorexia nervosa

In order to decrease the effects of inflammation, you would take what type of medication?

antihistamine

Epidermal tissue, ground tissue, and vascular tissue systems are derived from

apical meristem.

An arachnid differs from a crustacean because

arachnids have four pairs of walking legs.

Which type of prokaryotes are able to live in the most extreme environments?

archaea

The concentration of protein in the blood is higher in postglomerular blood as compared with that in arterial blood because

as water passes into the capsule, the concentration of protein in the blood will increase.

The life cycle stage of an animal virus during which a capsid forms around copies of the viral RNA genome is

assembly.

Accumulation of cholesterol beneath the inner linings of arteries is called

atherosclerosis.

In the life cycle of a fern, the zygote ( ) becomes the sporophyte generation. ( ) becomes the gametophyte generation. ( ) does not occur. ( ) undergoes meiosis. ( ) is haploid.

becomes the sporophyte generation.

Which of the following features was NOT necessary for adaptation by reptiles to life on land?

being cold-blooded

Which feature is used to distinguish modern humans? ( ) bipedalism ( ) notochord ( ) use of tools ( ) omnivore diet ( ) forward facing eyes

bipedalism

Endothermic animals with four-chambered hearts include the

birds.

Trees are often identified by their leaves. What information about the leaves would you need to observe in order to identify the tree?

blades, pattern of venation, and arrangement on stem

A man with blood type AB could NOT be the father of a child with

blood type O.

The main features that place Homo habilis in the genus Homo rather than Australopithecus are

brain size, posture, and dentition.

The main features that place Homo habilis in the genus Homo rather than Australopithecus are ( ) human facial appearance and lack of hair. ( ) advanced use of language and total carnivorous diet. ( ) brain size, posture, and dentition. ( ) care of young and altruistic behavior. ( ) hand grip, extensive use of tools, and house-building.

brain size, posture, and dentition.

Cellular respiration involves ALL of the following EXCEPT

breathing in and out.

After the trachea, what is the next structure the air passes through?

bronchi

Which part of the respiratory system will have the least amount of cartilage and the thinnest walls?

bronchioles

Which of the following is not a way that a drug affects the brain?

builds up along the outside of the brain because it cannot pass the blood-brain barrier

Which eating disorder is associated with a binge of high calorie foods a feeling of guilt followed by a purge cycle.

bulimia nervosa

Most cells use a tremendous amount of ATP,

but the amount of stored ATP is not great because our body constantly generates ATP from ADP + P.

Which of the following organisms exhibit complete metamorphosis?

butterfly

How are potato plants propagated?

by "eyes" (a bud)

You are examining a seed with tiny white plumes attached to it. How is this type of seed most likely dispersed?

by the wind

Apoptosis refers to cell death and

can be programmed and is essential to normal development.

Stem cells

can differentiate into many cell types, including neurons.

Which blood vessels will have walls only one cell thick?

capillaries

Which statement is NOT a correct association?

capillaries—contain most of overall blood volume

During fermentation, _________ is produced by yeast cells causing the dough to rise.

carbon dioxide

If the carbons from glucose were radioactively labeled, what molecule(s) would end up with the label?

carbon dioxide and citrate

What are the stages of the Calvin cycle?

carbon dioxide fixation, carbon dioxide reduction, and regeneration of RuBP

The reproductive parts of an angiosperm are the

carpel and stamen.

The first cell is believed to have carried on anaerobic respiration. This means that it would have

carried on fermentation.

In humans, the superior vena cava

carries blood to the right atrium.

The function of transfer RNA is to

carry amino acids to ribosomes.

Which type of cells will have modifications that increase the surface-area-to-volume ratio?

cells that specialize in absorption

After a seed has been produced, it often has a time during which no growth occurs called

dormancy.

The equation: C6H12O6 + 6O2 → 38 ATP + 6CO2 + 6H2O represents which cellular process?

cellular respiration

Which organelle has a 9 + 0 pattern of microtubules?

centriole

A voice changes from high to low pitch in speaking by

changing the tension on the vocal cords.

When you have waxed your car, rainfall makes very large droplets that roll around on the hood. This property where the water molecules stick together is known as

cohesion.

The protective sheath that first surrounds the shoot is called the

coleoptile.

Molecules such as glucose and amino acids are NOT lipid soluble and therefore they

combine with carrier proteins and pass across by facilitated transport.

Oxygen is transported in blood most efficiently by

combining with hemoglobin.

Rhizopus stolonifer (black bread mold) is more likely to appear on home-baked bread than commercially-distributed bread. A possible explanation is

commercially-distributed bread is more likely to contain chemical preservatives than home-baked bread.

The lancelets are found

commonly in the sandy bottoms of shallow coastal waters around the world.

A line of evidence NOT considered by Darwin in his development of the theory of natural selection is ( ) comparative anatomy. ( ) biogeography. ( ) the fossil record. ( ) geography. ( ) comparative biochemistry.

comparative biochemistry.

Almost all living organisms use DNA, ATP, and the same DNA triplet code. This is an example of evolution based on

comparative biochemistry.

Which protein forms pores in bacterial cell membranes?

complement

A nerve is

composed of the long fibers of long axons.

When two mating strains of hyphae merge, the fungal cells

contain two haploid nuclei.

A simplified list of characteristics of "algae" includes the following Green Algae- mostly freshwater, cell wall, chlorophylls a and b Euglenoids- mostly freshwater, no cell wall, chlorophylls a and b Brown Algae- mostly marine, cell wall, chlorophylls a and c Diatoms- marine and freshwater, cell wall, chlorophylls a and c Dinoflagellates- mostly marine, cell wall, chlorophylls a and c Red Algae- mostly marine, chlorophylls a and phycobilin From examination of this restricted set of data, and referring back to discussions of systematics and taxonomy, it is most likely that the most primitive algae

contained chlorophyll a.

Once a solute and a solvent are evenly distributed in a solution, they will

continue to move about but with no net movement to higher concentration.

In which kind of cross would you expect to have your actual results match the predicted results 100% of the time the cross is made?

crosses of differing genotypes result in differing answers—no cross will produce expected ratios every time

Which type of tissue has cube-shaped cells and lines kidney tubules

cuboidal epithelium

Where does glycolysis take place within the cell?

cytoplasm

If cells were moved to a low-gravity environment, such as in space exploration, a change would most likely be expected in the

cytoskeleton

If the large intestine becomes irritated and peristalsis increases, what disease may result?

diarrhea

A student sitting on the back row opened a bottle of foul-smelling perfume and dabbed it on her wrists. One-by-one (beginning from the back of the room) the students began to cough due to the foul smell. This phenomena was due to

diffusion.

The exchange of gases between the lungs and the blood occurs by the process of

diffusion.

A cross that involves two traits is called a ______ cross.

dihybrid

Administration of norepinephrine would

dilate the bronchi and increase oxygen for blood.

In the fern life cycle, the ______ generation is dominant.

diploid sporophyte

The fiddlehead is a _______ that unfolds into a ______.

diploid sporophyte; fern frond

There is a condition where a baby is born with an opening [foramen ovale] in the septum or wall between the atria. What are reasonable consequences?

disability when deoxygenated blood is mixed and sent to the body and partly oxygenated blood is sent to the lungs

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of a virus?

diseases caused by viruses can be treated with antibiotics

The duckbill platypus is an exception to many mammals because it

doesn't give birth but lays eggs.

Elephantiasis is a tropical disease where small nematode larvae block the lymphatic ducts. As a result, the legs become large like those of an elephant and the scrotum and arms may also swell. This problem would be a severe form of

edema.

Mr. X has been accused by Miss Z of fathering her child. The child's blood type is AB and Miss Z's blood type is A. Mr. X could NOT be the father if his blood type is ( ) only A. ( ) only B. ( ) AB. ( ) only O. ( ) either A or O.

either A or O.

You are looking at chromosome 1 in a human being. Assuming there is no crossing over, what is the source of all the genes on this chromosome?

either the mother or father

The inner layer of the glomerular capsule is composed of renocytes that have long cytoplasmic extensions.

false

Mitochondria are bounded by a double membrane. The inner filled space is called the matrix which contains ______________ that break down carbohydrate products, releasing _______________ to be used for ATP production.

enzymes/energy

Which layer of the skin protects the body from bacterial infection and water loss?

epidermis

Which two types of tissue come together to make "basement membrane"?

epithelial and connective

type of tissue contains cells close together and connected to a basement membrane?

epithelial tissue

Which of these organs has contact with food for the least amount of time and does not participate in digestion?

esophagus

Which plant hormone is used by industry to cause fruits to drop from a tree?

ethylene

The limbic system is a separate part of the brain located behind the cerebellum on top of the brain stem.

false

Which of the following is NOT a significant event in the evolution of plants? ( ) protection of the embryo ( ) evolution of vascular tissue ( ) evolution of the seed ( ) evolution of the flower ( ) evolution of the rhizoid

evolution of the rhizoid

Phylogeny refers to the

evolutionary history of a species.

Which of the following characteristics is NOT a distinguishing feature of all primates?

expanded hindbrain

Which of the following characteristics is NOT a distinguishing feature of all primates? ( ) opposable thumb ( ) fingernails ( ) usually single birth ( ) extended period of parental care ( ) expanded hindbrain

expanded hindbrain

In the past, ulcers were treated by a bland diet and drugs to reduce the acidity of the stomach. Today, ulcers are often treated with antibiotics. What evidence caused the change in treatment?

experiments that showed that Helicobacter pylori infection was the cause of many ulcers

Primates are associated with all of the following EXCEPT ( ) nails rather than claws. ( ) a larger brain (cerebral) volume. ( ) opposable thumb and sometimes large toe. ( ) eyes on the sides of the head. ( ) good hand-eye coordination.

eyes on the sides of the head.

Most illicit drugs affect the action of the brain by interfering with the Na+-K+ pump and nerve impulses.

false

Nicotine is not considered a drug because it does not affect the body physically.

false

On average, a healthy adult human produces 10-20 liters of urine per day.

false

People who are obese lack self control and should just not eat as much.

false

The bladder is expandable because it contains layers of elastic fibers embedded in thick layers of connective tissue.

false

The brains of Alzheimer disease patients show no abnormalities post-mortem.

false

The plasma membrane of Archaea is composed of a phospholipid bilayer.

false

Which of these characteristics is NOT associated with flight requirements in birds?

feet with claws

Which of these characteristics is NOT associated with flight requirements in birds? ( ) feet with claws ( ) light hollow bones ( ) a light horny beak with no teeth ( ) respiratory air sacs and lungs with one way air flow ( ) an enlarged breastbone with strong muscles attached

feet with claws

The small heart-shaped gametophyte called a prothallus is part of the life cycle of the

ferns

The glomerular (Bowman's) capsule

filters material from the blood.

Jaws are believed to have evolved from the

first pair of gill arches.

A lily (a monocot) would have ( ) rhizoids rather than true roots. ( ) flower parts in threes. ( ) seeds in a cone. ( ) netted leaf veins. ( ) two cotyledons.

flower parts in threes.

Which of the following is NOT a mineral required by the body?

folic acid

Which sequence is correct in the life cycle of alternation of generations? ( ) gametophyte → spores → sporophyte ( ) gametophyte → gametes → spores → sporophyte ( ) gametophyte → gametes → zygote → spores → sporophyte ( ) gametophyte → spores → gametes → zygote → sporophyte ( ) gametophyte → gametes → zygote → sporophyte → spores

gametophyte → gametes → zygote → sporophyte → spores {Gy-G-Z-Sy-S}

The function of the spongy layer of a leaf is primarily

gas exchange.

Which of the following variables does not increase an individual's likelihood of developing a cardiovascular disease?

gender

Movement of alleles between populations such as by the migration of breeding individuals is called

gene flow.

A random alteration in the sequence of DNA nucleotides that provides a new variant allele is

gene mutation.

The ____ is the total number of alleles of all the gene loci in all the members of a population.

gene pool

If there is a change in the allele frequency of a gene pool due to chance, primarily in a small population, it is termed ( ) mutations. ( ) genetic drift. ( ) gene flow. ( ) nonrandom mating. ( ) natural selection.

genetic drift.

Which body part is associated with only the primary somatosensory area?

genitals

Which of the following is NOT a unique characteristic of chordates at some time in their life history? ( ) a notochord ( ) a dorsal hollow nerve cord ( ) pharyngeal pouches ( ) gill clefts ( ) a post-anal tail

gill clefts

Glucose is found in glomerular filtrate but NOT in the urine because

glucose is reabsorbed back into the bloodstream.

Which structure releases aldosterone?

glucose is reabsorbed back into the bloodstream.

Which amino acid, in mice, was discovered to play a role in memory?

glutamate

Some desert organisms can live out their life without ever drinking liquid water. What phase(s) of cellular respiration could provide the organism with water?

glycolysis and electron transport chain

What phase(s) of cellular respiration produce(s) NADH + H+?

glycolysis, prep reaction, and citric acid cycle

What is the correct order of phases in cellular respiration?

glycolysis, prep reaction, citric acid cycle, electron transport chain

The ____ algae are thought to be closely related to the first plants because they share most of the characteristics of plants.

green

The living coelacanths discovered off the coast of Africa in the Indian Ocean in 1938, and near Indonesia in 1998, proved that it

had changed very little and had not gone extinct.

When researchers videotaped the body of a dead whale on the bottom of the ocean, it was rippling with the activity of many scavengers inside the carcass. These scavengers would have been

hagfish

The second meiotic division is essentially a mitotic division except for the fact that the cells produced are

haploid

In the moss life cycle, the ______ generation is dominant.

haploid gametophyte

When discussing homeostasis in body temperature, it is NOT true to state that the body responds to

heat by constricting the blood vessels in the skin.

The _____ enzyme is responsible for unwinding the double-helix structure of DNA during replication.

helicase

Which type of T cell improves the immune response?

helper T cell

Which type of T cell has a TCR that can recognize an antigen fragment presented by antigen-presenting cells with MHC class II proteins?

helper T cells

The AIDS virus attacks

helper T cells.

Which of the following proteins is found in abundance within red blood cells?

hemoglobin

Usually there is only one capillary bed between an artery and vein; an exception to this is the

hepatic portal system which runs from the capillary bed in the intestine to the capillary bed in the liver via a hepatic portal vein.

Which of the following disease is not caused by deficient/excess nutrients in the diet?

hepatitis

Which of the following is an infectious cause of jaundice?

hepatitis B

Which type of nutrition is believed to have come first?

heterotrophic

Metabolically, the archaea are

heterotrophic and some are autotrophic as well.

If an albino (recessive) woman is married to a man with normal coloring and they have an albino child, what was the genotype of the man?

heterozygous

In cattle, consider that the lack of horns is dominant to the presence of horns. A bull without horns is crossed with a horned cow. Of four offspring, one is horned and the other three lack horns. The bull is

heterozygous.

Phillip is breathing at approximately 40 ventilations per minute. What is the respiratory center indicating?

high carbon dioxide concentration in the blood

Normally, concentrations of metabolically important substances, such as glucose, are

high in glomerular filtrate but only a trace in urine.

Normally, concentrations of wastes, such as urea, are

high in urine in comparison to plasma.

Which brain structure serves as a bridge between the sensory association areas and the prefrontal area?

hippocampus

Which part of the brain is a seahorse-shaped structure deep in the temporal lobe?

hippocampus

Which structure communicates with the prefrontal area of the brain and is involved in learning and memory?

hippocampus

Sometimes biologists are alleged to have said that "man comes from monkeys." The correct way for a modern biologist to explain the apparent sequence of human evolution is

humans and monkeys share a common ancestor.

Sometimes biologists are alleged to have said that "man comes from monkeys." The correct way for a modern biologist to explain the apparent sequence of human evolution is ( ) monkeys have evolved less than humans. ( ) humans and monkeys share a common ancestor. ( ) humans and monkeys are biologically identical. ( ) evolution leads toward more perfect forms and humans therefore came after modern monkeys. ( ) humans continue to evolve while monkeys do not.

humans and monkeys share a common ancestor.

If you have a 10% sugar solution and a 35% sugar solution how does the 10% solution compare to the 35% solution?

hypotonic

The complex eye that can distinguish shapes is found

in molluscs but the eye structure evolved differently.

Why do organisms without oxygen need to convert pyruvate to lactate?

in order to regenerate NAD+

The function of an enzyme is to

increase the rate of a metabolic reaction.

Patients with diabetes mellitus have frequent urination and increased thirst because

increased glucose in the urine increases its osmolarity and less water is reabsorbed by blood.

Which is a combination of physiological and psychological dependence?

increasing a drug to get the same effect and preoccupation with trying to get more drugs

Social research indicates that a person is most likely to marry someone from the same village or city, or a high school or college classmate. Therefore, the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium does NOT apply well to human populations because

individuals are not pairing up by chance across the whole population, and genetic drift is more likely to change gene frequencies.

Influenza strains that sweep around the world often carry names such as Shanghai H1N1 or Mexico City H2N2. The viruses vary in H and N surface spikes because

infected people develop immunity to the present strain, and strains that mutate sufficiently to be outside the range of immunity are soon spread in highly populated areas.

Girdling a tree involves cutting a deep groove all the way around a tree trunk; it would have the effect of

interrupting the passage of phloem sap and killing the tree

Which of these organs are found in the coelom?

intestines, heart, lungs, liver

An intervening sequence of DNA that is not expressed is called a(n)

intron.

If a chromosomal segment is turned around 180°, the chromosomal mutation is termed a(n)

inversion.

An isotonic solution means that the solute concentration outside the cell

is the same as inside the cell.

Glycolysis is likely to have evolved before the citric acid cycle and electron transport chain because

it is found in all living organisms.

Which of the following sequences correctly represents vertebrate evolution? ( ) jawless fish → lobe-finned fish → amphibians → reptiles → mammals ( ) jawless fish → amphibians → reptiles → lobe-finned fish → mammals ( ) mammals → lobe-finned fish → reptiles → jawless fish → amphibians ( ) lobe-finned fish → mammals → reptiles → jawless fish → amphibians ( ) lobe-finned fish → reptiles → mammals → jawless fish → amphibians

jawless fish → lobe-finned fish → amphibians → reptiles → mammals {Jaw-Lobe-Amp-Rep-Mam}

Which molecule is responsible for the waterproofing of the skin?

keratin

Which of the following are NOT considered lymphoid organs?

kidneys

Which organ is not part of the digestive system?

kidneys

The reason red blood cells only live about 120 days is because red blood cells

lack a nucleus and therefore cannot repair and rebuild cell structures.

What is the name of the cavity that contains the bone cells themselves?

lacunae

The jawless fish that is parasitic, attaching itself to and sucking fluids from the tissues of a living fish, is the

lamprey

The cartilaginous fishes include all EXCEPT ( ) lampreys. ( ) dogfish shark. ( ) skates. ( ) rays. ( ) whale shark.

lampreys

Which of the following would be an indication of kidney failure?

large amount of protein in the urine

Water is absorbed primarily by the

large intestine.

Which of the following associations is NOT correct?

large matrix—epithelial tissue

If pairs of factors separate independently of other pairs of factors, you are dealing with the

law of independent assortment.

Monocots differ from eudicots in that monocots have

leaf veins that are parallel.

Cabbage, spinach, and lettuce all come from the which part of the plant?

leaves

Oxygenated blood enters the heart at the

left atrium.

Which of the following correctly traces the path of blood from the heart to the kidneys and back to the heart again?

left ventricle → aorta → renal artery → kidney → renal vein → vena cava → right atrium

The breathing rate is controlled by chemoreceptors that detect

levels of carbon dioxide in the blood.

In humans, what is the sequence of fat digestion from the lumen of the small intestine to the bloodstream?

lipids → fatty acid and glycerol (converted in epithelial cell) → lacteal → bloodstream

Each time water in a cell freezes slowly, long sharp crystals spear through the membrane structures of the cell. The most reasonable explanation for the bad taste of meat that has "freezer burn" from repeated freezing is the destruction of

lysosomes, and the resultant self-digestion.

Mammals are different from birds in all these characteristics EXCEPT ( ) having hair. ( ) having mammary glands. ( ) maintaining a constant body temperature. ( ) having young born alive. ( ) having a bladder.

maintaining a constant body temperature.

Transitional forms are seen in the fossil record that link all of these groups EXCEPT ( ) birds and reptiles. ( ) reptiles and amphibians. ( ) fish and amphibians. ( ) mammals and birds. ( ) mammals and reptiles.

mammals and birds.

Kinesin and dynein are associated with

microtubules.

Since the proximal convoluted tubule reabsorbs molecules by diffusion, what structure would you expect to find at the microscopic level?

microvilli to increase surface area

Where within the cell is ATP built up?

mitochondria

When viewed through a microscope, one characteristic of living cells is that their internal structures move. What organelles are most directly responsible for this motion we see?

mitochondria and cytoskeleton

Where does the preparatory reaction take place within the cell?

mitochondrial matrix

Which part of a simple reflex takes the message away from the CNS?

motor neuron

The H+ (protons) accumulate in the thylakoid space during electron transport between photosystems I and II. The excess of protons in the thylakoid space

moves from the thylakoid space to the stroma through the ATP synthase complex.

Which layer of the intestinal wall will first absorb nutrients from the lumen?

mucosa

Starting from the inside of the esophagus and going to the outside, the layers of the digestive tract in sequence are

mucosa → submucosa → smooth muscle → serosa.

The inheritance of blood types in humans can be explained by

multiple alleles.

Which of the following types of skeletal material is NOT found in at least some sponges?

muscle

Which disorder is characterized by a lack of the protein dystrophin?

muscular dystrophy

What is the correct evolutionary pathway for the key features of chordates?

notochord - vertebrae - jaws - bony skeleton - lungs - 4 limbs - amniotic egg - mammary glands

What is the correct evolutionary pathway for the key features of chordates? ( ) notochord - vertebrae - jaws - bony skeleton - lungs - 4 limbs - amniotic egg - mammary glands ( ) vertebrae - notochord- jaws - bony skeleton - lungs - 4 limbs - amniotic egg - mammary glands ( ) notochord - vertebrae - jaws - bony skeleton - lungs - amniotic egg - 4 limbs- mammary glands ( ) notochord - vertebrae - jaws - bony skeleton - mammary glands - lungs - 4 limbs - amniotic egg ( ) mammary glands - notochord - vertebrae - jaws - lungs - 4 limbs - amniotic egg - bony skeleton

notochord - vertebrae - jaws - bony skeleton - lungs - 4 limbs - amniotic egg - mammary glands {Noto Vert -> Mam}

For Mendel's law of segregation to occur, the alleles must be

on a homologous pair of chromosomes.

In fruit flies, bar eye is inherited by an X-linked allele (B for bar). If a heterozygous bar-eyed female is mated to a nonbar-eyed male, what will be the expected ratio of phenotype given four offspring?

one bar-eyed and one nonbar-eyed female, one bar-eyed and one nonbar-eyed male

The out-of-Africa hypothesis of human evolution proposes that Homo sapiens evolved from

one population of Homo ergaster and the other populations were supplanted by H. sapiens

What is the correct order of the steps regarding speciation? ( ) geographic isolation → one species → reproductive isolation → two species ( ) two species → geographic isolation → one species → reproductive isolation ( ) one species → geographic isolation → reproductive isolation → two species ( ) reproductive isolation → one species → reproductive isolation → two species ( ) reproductive isolation → two species → reproductive isolation → one species

one species → geographic isolation → reproductive isolation → two species {1->2}

If the protein coat of a virus that infects a bacterium is labeled with radioactive sulfur and the DNA of the virus is labeled with radioactive phosphorus, over time

only the phosphorus will be found inside the bacterium.

If an organism shows a recessive phenotype, such as short pea plants, its genotype can be ( ) either TT or Tt. ( ) either Tt or tt. ( ) only TT. ( ) only tt. ( ) TT, Tt, or tt.

only tt.

One difference between spermatogenesis and oogenesis is

oogenesis stops at the second meiotic division and awaits fertilization by a sperm before finishing meiosis.

A cluster of prokaryotic genes under the control of one regulatory sequence is called a(n)

operon.

Which pairing of occurrence and date is NOT correct? ( ) origin of invertebrates-630 million years ago ( ) origin of life-4.6 billion years ago ( ) origin of eukaryotic cells-2.1 billion years ago ( ) origin of prokaryotic cells-3.5 billion years ago ( ) chordate evolution-545 million years ago

origin of life-4.6 billion years ago

A megasporocyte would be found in the

ovary

The structure that forms most of the flesh of an apple is the

ovary

Botanically, a seed is a structure developed from a(n)

ovule

Some very important persons such as Japanese Emperor Hirohito and China's Premier Zhou Enlai were kept alive during their last days by many transfusions of blood. Without knowing further details of their ailments, which of the following functions most likely provided the most significant contribution to keeping them alive?

oxygen and carbon dioxide carrying capacity

Which of the following is considered an accessory gland in the digestive system?

pancreas

In order for fats to be digested into fatty acids and glycerol efficiently

pancreatic juice must be secreted and bile must be present.

Babies generally appear to be immune to diseases for approximately the first six months of life. After this, they develop more diseases. What could be responsible for this immunity?

passive immunity from the mother

When you have been bitten by a highly venomous snake and received a dose of venom sufficient to kill several people, you do not have the time to build up your own immunity over the next week. However, hospitals carry "antivenom" made from injecting horses with small-to-larger dosages of snake venom, and then harvesting the antibodies from the horse plasma. This is a case of

passive immunity.

Usually it is not possible to penetrate inside a body cavity without cutting through protective tissues. However, sperm reach the egg via the vagina, uterus, and fallopian tubes (oviducts). Without crossing any epidermal barrier, the sperm can find itself inside which body cavity?

pelvic

Which feature is lacking in the cell wall of Archaea that will distinguish them from the bacteria?

peptidoglycan

An aphid is an insect that has mouthparts to sip plant sap. When placed on a herbaceous stem, it soon has its mouthparts embedded and is withdrawing plant sap. Sometimes so much plant sap is taken that it cannot use all of it and the aphid secretes droplets of the sugar to attract ants that in turn protect and care for the aphids. What layer of cells has the aphid's mouthparts tapped?

phloem

Sugars are conducted through plant tissues by the

phloem.

In a liquid environment, ____ molecules will automatically form droplets called liposomes.

phospholipid (lip--LIPosomes --phosphoLIPid)

Which is NOT a function of the urinary system?

production of water from oxygen and bicarbonate ions (HCO3)

By what route does CO2 leave the body?

pulmonary artery → alveolus → bronchiole → bronchus → trachea → larynx → pharynx

The alternating expansion and recoil of an arterial wall is termed a(n)

pulse.

The new model of evolution that proposes that organisms spend most of their time in fairly unchanging form and undergo occasional bursts of speciation is called ( ) genetic drift. ( ) phyletic gradualism. ( ) sympatric speciation. ( ) punctuated equilibrium. ( ) the biological species concept.

punctuated equilibrium.

All of the following are characteristics of primates EXCEPT the ( ) nails on hands and feet. ( ) stereoscopic vision. ( ) well-developed brain. ( ) opposable thumb. ( ) rapid postnatal maturation.

rapid postnatal maturation.

Which of the following mechanisms does NOT result in variation in the gene frequencies from the ancestral population? ( ) founder effect ( ) differential reproduction ( ) recombination of alleles ( ) genetic drift ( ) natural selection

recombination of alleles

Which of the following is not normally found in the glomerular filtrate?

red blood cells

The primary functions of the spinal cord involve

reflex actions and communication between the brain and peripheral nerves.

Secretin functions to stimulate the

release of bile from the gallbladder and the release of pancreatic juices.

The urethra serves what other body system in males?

reproductive

During sympatric speciation ( ) evolution ceases for a time. ( ) wide phenotype differences disappear between subpopulations. ( ) reproductive isolation between certain subpopulations occurs. ( ) a geographic separation occurs between certain subpopulations. ( ) mutations begin to appear making the subpopulations distinctly different.

reproductive isolation between certain subpopulations occurs.

Cellular respiration is an aerobic process. This means that it

requires oxygen.

The sodium/potassium pump is primarily responsible for the

resting potential.

The structure found in non-vascular plants that anchor them to the soil and may serve in asexual reproduction is called the

rhizoids

In humans, the lungs are caused to inflate when the

rib muscles and diaphragm contract.

Which of the classes of RNA molecules is linked with proteins in forming the large and small subunits of a cytoplasmic structure?

ribosomal RNA

Blood flow in the capillaries is

slower because there are more capillaries and they represent more flow volume.

What evidence suggests that proteins are synthesized and modified in the rough ER as opposed to the smooth ER?

ribosomes are associated with the surface of the rough ER.

If an active cell produces an important protein for secretion, what sequence of organelles might we examine for the origin of that secretion?

ribosomes-to-endoplasmic reticulum-to-Golgi apparatus

A hormone called cytokinin was discovered in coconut milk and found to stimulate cell division. With this function, where else in a plant would you expect to find cytokinin?

root tips

Proteins are processed and modified in the interior of the

rough endoplasmic reticulum.

Ascaris is considered to be a(n)

roundworm

Which of the following crosses will yield only homozygous recessive offspring? ( ) RRYY x RRYY ( ) RRYY x rryy ( ) RrYy x rryy ( ) rryy x rryy ( ) RrYy x RrYy

rryy x rryy

Organisms that feed on dead organic matter are called

saprotrophs

If you wash your skin and hair many times a day, you will soon have dry skin that cracks and bleeds because you have removed the _____ secreted by ______ that is necessary to keep the skin supple.

sebum; oil glands

Which is NOT a correct association of structure and function?

sensory neuron—controls sensory organs such as eyes

The respiratory advantage provided by a four-chambered heart over a three-chambered heart in vertebrates is

separation of oxygen-rich blood and oxygen-poor blood.

Which organ in the human produces maltase and peptidases?

small intestine

Filter feeders are usually

sessile or relatively inactive

The cell wall of diatoms is embedded with

silica

From the inside of the lungs, what is the first cell type the air must pass through to reach the blood?

simple squamous epithelium

The muscle group in your upper arm is composed of what type of muscle tissue?

skeletal muscle

During a football game an offensive lineman is hit in the legs from the side. Upon examination by the physical trainer it was determined that the player has a dislocated knee. There was a significant amount of damage to the entire knee joint. What are the main tissues and membranes that would have been damaged

skeletal muscle, connective tissues, and the synovial membrane

Which of the following is NOT a feature of punctuated equilibrium? ( ) slow and steady change within a lineage before and after a divergence ( ) long periods of stasis ( ) no visible change in a species ( ) rapid periods of speciation ( ) relatively few transitional species

slow and steady change within a lineage before and after a divergence

Which of these conditions is NOT among the requirements of the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium? ( ) no net mutations ( ) no net migration of alleles into or out of the population ( ) small population with genetic drift ( ) no selection of one genotype over another ( ) sexually reproducing and random mating population

small population with genetic drift

If you vomit and stomach contents move out through the nose, there has been a failure of the

soft palate to move back to close off the nasopharynx.

During photosynthesis, solar energy is converted to chemical energy by the chloroplasts. The process is represented by:

solar energy + carbon dioxide + water → carbohydrate + oxygen

When you add sugar to your coffee or tea, the sugar is the

solute

Heartburn occurs when

some of the stomach contents escape back into the lower esophagus.

Which of the following forms of energy is NOT one of those thought to have been involved in the production of large organic molecules in the primitive reducing atmosphere?

sound (no sound in space atmosphere)

Which pair exhibits the closest relationship?

spider - tick

Which type of natural selection occurs when an intermediate phenotype is favored? ( ) disruptive selection ( ) directional selection ( ) stabilizing selection ( ) genetic drift selection ( ) adaptive radiation

stabilizing selection

The site of formation of pollen grains is in the

stamen

Many lung ailments are "not curable but treatable." Which is more curable?

standard tuberculosis

During pollination in angiosperms, pollen grains will stick to the enlarged knob in the center of the flower called the

stigma

A fifteen-foot tree growing in a fence row is used as a fence post to which barbed wire is stapled at a height of five feet. Years later, the tree is thirty feet high. The barbed wire of the fence is embedded in the tree bark at

still five feet high since the lengthening of the trunk occurs at the apical meristem.

It is advantageous to have a bladder because it

stores urine to prevent constant urination.

What type of epithelium contains thin, flat cells stacked upon each other?

stratified squamous

The layer that makes the Casparian strip waterproof is made of

suberin and lignin.

Free energy is calculated by

subtracting the free energy content of the reactants from that of the products.

In the Watson-Crick model of DNA, the "sides" of the ladder are composed of

sugar-phosphate molecules.

What keeps the alveoli open so that gas exchange can take place?

surfactant

One group of neurotransmitters retards heart rate, promotes digestion, contracts the eye pupil, etc. The other group has the opposite effect. These drugs are affecting the

sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems.

The summing up of excitatory and inhibitory signals in a neuron is called

synaptic integration.

The nuclear membrane reappears in mitosis during

telophase.

What is the difference between the chromosomes in a secondary spermatocyte and those in a spermatid?

the chromosomes in secondary spermatocytes consist of two chromatids, the ones in the spermatid consist of only one chromatid

The body of a slime mold that flows over a rotten log appears to lack any partitioning into distinct cells; however it does become cellular when it changes form and produces spores. The surfaces of parasitic flatworms and some insect tissues are "syncytial" layers of living material that have many nuclei but lack partitioning by cell membranes. These tissues actively consume food and produce wastes. Considering that the cell theory states that "all living things are composed of cells," then

the general concept of life-is-cellular still holds since sometime in their life these organisms still utilize cells, but this shows cell membranes can be abandoned.

What evidence would NOT be studied by a biogeographer? ( ) continental drift or the movement of tectonic plates over time ( ) amount of genetic similarity among current populations ( ) ocean currents and wind patterns ( ) ranges of animals and ability to migrate ( ) the genetic makeup of different but related organisms

the genetic makeup of different but related organisms

Systole occurs when

the heart tissue is contracting.

What are the two parts of the diencephalon?

the hypothalamus and the thalamus

The specificity of an enzyme to a substrate is currently best explained by

the induced-fit model.

Insulin formed by the Golgi apparatus in insulin-producing cells leaves those cells by

the insulin-filled vesicles fusing with the cell membrane and spilling their contents externally.

The equation, p2 + 2 pq + q2 = 1.0, describes ( ) the process of evolution. ( ) the size of a population. ( ) the rate of speciation of species p and q. ( ) the makeup of a gene pool. ( ) evolution of a population.

the makeup of a gene pool.

Which of the following is not part of the brain?

the meninges

Carpal tunnel syndrome results in damage to the median nerve, resulting in lack of control to the wrist and also numbness. This indicates that

the nerve contained both sensory and motor neurons.

Water is split and oxygen is released in

the noncyclic electron pathway.

If the mitochondrion is the result of endosymbiosis, what membrane of the mitochondrion represents the engulfing vesicle?

the outer mitochondrial membrane

What happens to the pH of the bloodstream if a person hypoventilates?

the pH of the blood will decrease

What happens to the blood pH if a person hyperventilates?

the pH will increase

The high energy bond in ATP is found in or between

the phosphate groups.

If the hypothesis that protocells were based on an "RNA world" is correct, which would NOT be necessary to shift to a "DNA world"?

the presence of oxygen

Which of the following is not a function of the liver?

the production of digestive enzymes

Asexual reproduction in plants does NOT involve

the production of gametes.

When an enveloped animal virus enters a cell, then

the protein capsid is removed through uncoating to expose the viral genome.

"Artery" and "vein" are defined by whether they leave or enter the heart. If they were defined by whether they carried oxygenated or deoxygenated blood, we would have to change the name(s) of

the pulmonary artery and vein (they would have to be switched).

Certain individuals with a Y chromosome develop into females because testosterone is not able to induce the formation of male sexual characteristics. This is most likely due to a defect in

the receptor

Occasionally someone claims to have built a machine that can run forever, producing as much energy as it consumes. This has always been disproved because it violates

the second law of thermodynamics (which states that energy cannot be changed from one form to another without a loss of usable energy).

The hepatic portal vein is located between

the small intestine and the liver.

The Golgi apparatus directs its protein products to the correct location in the cell based on

the specific molecule that is added and the molecule determines the destination in or out of the cell.

How fast a person can type or play the piano is ultimately limited by the number of impulses a person can send to their finger muscles per second. This in turn is limited by

the speed with which sodium ion can be pumped back outside the neuron membrane.

Which of these parasitic worms is NOT a nematode?

the worm that causes schistosomiasis

In dissection, most nerve fibers appear gray to white because

they are mostly myelin sheath made of lipid or fat molecules.

Proteins do NOT pass through cell membranes because

they are very large molecules.

The position of mammals in evolution is best described as

they arose from mammal-like reptiles in the Triassic but remained small and insignificant while dinosaurs dominated the land.

What property of phospholipids make them suitable for the formation of the double layer found in membranes?

they have both a hydrophobic and a hydrophilic end

The kidney was one of the first organs to be successfully transplanted because it is so encapsulated and has limited vessels feeding into or out of it. How many major vessels must be cut in transplant surgery for one kidney?

three: the renal artery and vein and one ureter

Monocots have their floral parts in ______, while eudicots have their parts in _______, or multiples of those numbers.

threes; fours or fives

What is a clot called that remains at its origin? What is a clot called that breaks away and becomes lodged in the lungs?

thrombus; pulmonary embolism

The reservoir for hydrogen ions for chemiosmotic ATP synthesis during photosynthesis is the

thylakoid space.

The flattened sacs within the stroma of a chloroplast, which are connected to form a single inner compartment, are called

thylakoids.

The amount of adenine is always equal to the amount of ____ in DNA.

thymine

Which of the following lymphoid organs is largest during a person's childhood but shrinks in adulthood?

thymus

The energy difference between the reactant glucose and oxygen molecules and the product water and carbon dioxide is 686 kilocalories, yet the 36 ATP molecules produced are only storing 263 kilocalories in their outermost phosphate bond. The rest of the energy went

to provide heat that is soon lost from the organism.

The insect organ most equivalent to the human lung in function is the

tracheae

Myelinated axons that run together in bundles in the CNS are

tracts

Bacterial cells pick up free pieces of DNA from the medium-pieces that were released from dead bacteria-in a process called

transformation

Initiation, elongation, and termination are three stages in

translation.

Both meningitis and kuru involve infectious agents.

true

Myasthenia gravis can be treated with immunosuppressive drugs although there is no cure.

true

The ability to throw spears and kill animals from a distance gave Cro-Magnon an advantage in their environment.

true

The australopithecines evolved and diversified in Africa from 4 MYA until 1.5 MYA and are the possible direct hominin ancestors for humans.

true

The cells of the distal convoluted tubules have numerous mitochondria to support active transport.

true

The cerebrum is the largest portion of the brain in humans.

true

Biological evolution (the evolution of living cells) differs from chemical evolution (the evolution of the molecules that make living cells) in that biological evolution would have been possible only after the development of

true cells

Which of the following human digestive enzymes is incorrectly matched to its substrate?

trypsin-nucleic acid

A lung disease caused by bacteria which become encapsulated is called

tuberculosis.

Although adult tunicates are stuck to the ocean bottom, they are considered early relatives of vertebrates because

tunicate larvae have a notochord.

An acetyl group contains how many carbons?

two

Unattached earlobes (EE or Ee) are dominant over attached earlobes (ee). A couple both have unattached earlobes. Both notice that one of their parents on both sides have attached earlobes (ee). Therefore, they correctly assume that they are carriers for attached earlobes (Ee). If the couple proceeds to have four children, then

two heterozygous, one homozygous dominant, and one homozygous recessive is a likely outcome, but all heterozygous, or two, three or all four homozygous is also possible.

The amphibian heart has

two separate atria and one shared ventricle that allow oxygen-rich and oxygen-poor blood to mix.

The amphibian heart has ( ) two separate atria and two separate ventricles that partition oxygen-rich and oxygen-poor blood. ( ) two separate atria and one shared ventricle that allow oxygen-rich and oxygen-poor blood to mix. ( ) two separate ventricles and one shared atrium that allow oxygen-rich and oxygen-poor blood to mix. ( ) one atrium and one ventricle similar to the fish. ( ) one atrium and one ventricle but reroutes the blood through the heart after passing through the gills.

two separate atria and one shared ventricle that allow oxygen-rich and oxygen-poor blood to mix.

For the complete respiration of one molecule of glucose, the citric acid cycle must turn a total of

two times.

Which of the following conditions does NOT contribute to evolution? ( ) mutations ( ) gene flow ( ) genetic drift ( ) natural selection ( ) unchanging environmental conditions

unchanging environmental conditions

Which features set members of protist apart from the rest of the kingdoms?

unicellular and microscopic

To which system do the kidneys and bladder belong?

urinary

Which of the following features is NOT a characteristic used to distinguish birds?

variable body temperature

The meristematic tissue used for secondary growth that is found between the xylem and phloem of each vascular bundle in eudicot stems is termed the

vascular cambium.

What are the interconnecting spaces that produce and serve as a reservoir for cerebrospinal fluid in the brain called?

ventricles

Which represents the correct order of evolution of chordate features? ( ) amnion → limbs → lungs → jaws → vertebrae ( ) limbs → lungs → jaws → vertebrae → amnion ( ) lungs → jaws → vertebrae → amnion → limbs ( ) vertebrae → jaws → lungs → limbs → amnion ( ) vertebrae → amnion → limbs → lungs → jaws

vertebrae → jaws → lungs → limbs → amnion {Vert -> Am}

Anatomical features that are fully developed and functional in one group of organisms but reduced and functionless in a similar group are termed

vestigial.

Name the structure and organ of the digestive tract that contain microvilli and maltase, and absorb nutrients.

villus, small intestine

You can eliminate all fat from your diet without suffering any harmful effects.

villus, small intestine

Which of the following is considered to be noncellular?

viruses

The maximum volume of air that can be moved in plus the maximum volume of air that can be moved out during a single breath is the

vital capacity.

An example of a colonial green alga is

volvox

Vertebrates possessing a four-chambered heart are

warm-blooded (maintains a constant body temperature).

Which skin disorder is the result of a proliferation caused by the human papillomavirus?

warts


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