Biology Final
Plants that flourished in the Mesozoic era along with dinosaurs were the
cycads
Which feature distinguishes birds from the rest of the reptiles?
endothermic
Food is prevented from entering the trachea by the
epiglottis
Which type of memory is associated with specific facts, persons, and events?
episodic
Which of the following tissues may be specialized to secrete mucous?
epithelial
Which of the following tissues would line the mouth?
epithelial
Sharks
have a keen sense of smell.
Which of the following symptoms would not be typical of otitis media?
headache
Which of the following organisms exhibit radial symmetry as adults?
cnidarians
According to the operon theory, the function of the regulator gene is to
code for a repressor molecule that can bind to the operator.
The majority of cases of lung cancer are associated with smoking.
True
The term "metabolism" refers to all of the chemical reactions that occur in a cell. True or False?
True
When a plant grows upward, the distance between the internodes increases in length. True or False?
True
When you eat an apple, the core left over is the ovary. True or False?
True
Seeds contain all of the following EXCEPT ( ) a seed coat. ( ) an endosperm. ( ) an embryo. ( ) a pollen grain. ( ) triploid tissue.
a pollen grain.
If A → B → C → D → E represents a metabolic pathway, then letter E would be
a product.
Mendel carried out most of his research with
pea plants.
Which of the following diseases is caused by exposure to particles inhaled primarily in the workplace (silica, coal dust, etc.)?
pulmonary fibrosis
Jackie's ankles are very swollen at night after work. When she went to the doctor about the problem, the doctor requested a urine specimen. Why?
renal pelvis.
The systemic circuit circulates blood from the
left ventricle to right atrium.
Which organelle will use up oxygen and give off carbon dioxide and water?
mitochondria
The cephalopods resemble other molluscs because they have
most of the internal organs located in a visceral mass.
If you have extreme difficulties learning how to hit a baseball or play the piano, there may be a problem with your cerebellum.
true
Naked strands of RNA not covered by a capsid are
viroids
Which group does NOT have members that cause human disease?
archaea
The role of mycorrhizae is to
improve the extraction of water and minerals from the soil.
Endothermic animals with four-chambered hearts include the ( ) amphibians. ( ) reptiles. ( ) fish. ( ) arthropods. ( ) birds.
birds
The cri du chat syndrome represents a chromosomal mutation type termed
deletion.
Ribosomes are composed of
RNA and protein.
Compound fruits
develop from several individual ovaries.
If a cell stops at the G1 checkpoint, this is most likely due to what problem?
There is DNA damage.
Which relationship is NOT correct?
thermoacidophiles-cold Antarctic ice
The chitinous bristles that earthworms use to anchor themselves in the earth and pull themselves along are
setae.
Sodium is considered one of the major minerals needed in the human diet.
True
Visible light has more energy than radio waves. True or False?
True
Consider that the rock outcrops at the surface of the land in your neighborhood are Permian. What would be true if you dig downward?
You may find FOSSILS of the first REPTILES or JAWED FISHES below.
The term hypertonic means
a higher solute concentration.
The only function of apoptosis is to destroy healthy cells when they become damaged or infected. True / False?
False
The overall cell cycle is dramatically different for animals than for plant cells. True or False?
False
The red maple tree cannot photosynthesize because it is not green. True or False?
False
Urethra and bladder infections are easily treated with antibiotics, but even simple kidney infections are much more difficult to treat.
False
Which structure in Figure 14.1 stores food, has limited digestion, and secretes HCl?
2
What is the function of ribulose bisphosphate (RuBP) during photosynthesis?
It combines with CO2 to produce a 6-carbon compound.
Which of the following features was NOT necessary for adaptation by reptiles to life on land? ( ) hard, horny scales ( ) internal fertilization by means of a penis ( ) shelled egg ( ) being cold-blooded ( ) well-developed lungs
being cold-blooded
Most of the carbon dioxide transported in the plasma is in the form of
bicarbonate ions.
Carrier molecules are required for
both facilitated diffusion AND active transport.
Dendrites
carry impulses toward a cell body.
Eukaryotic chromosomes are composed of
chromatin.
Amphibians most likely evolved from ancestors most similar to the
coelacanth
Which of the following is not related to obesity?
exercise and sensible diet
Protists offer a glimpse into the past because they are most likely related to the first prokaryotic cell to have evolved.
false
Smoking may increase your risk of lung cancer, but it does not affect the risk of bladder cancer.
false
A cell placed in a hypotonic solution will
gain water.
Which of the following is responsible for the storage of extra bile?
gallbladder
Which is NOT a correct association?
gap junctionsstomach
In the body, glucose is stored in the liver as
glycogen
All of the following may be found in the blood except
glycogen.
In which plant structure does photosynthesis primarily occur?
leaf
Which of the following is a nonvascular plant that has the longest evolutionary history on land? ( ) ferns ( ) bristlecone pine tree ( ) moss ( ) redwood tree ( ) grass
moss
According to Fox's laboratory experiments, the protocell could have been composed
mostly of polypeptides.
What are the products of photosynthesis?
oxygen and carbohydrate
Which molecules are the reactants or substrates for aerobic respiration?
oxygen and glucose
What accounts for the attractiveness of many flowers that helps enhance their reproductive opportunities?
petals
The male gametophyte in flowering plants will be found within the
pollen grain.
The capsid of a virus is composed of
protein
At body temperature, which of these combinations is most likely to result in digestion?
protein, HCl, pepsin
Contraction of the right ventricle forces blood initially into the
pulmonary artery.
Blood richest in oxygen is found in the
pulmonary veins.
Press a sponge through a coarse cloth bag and extrude the whole cells through the holes. The cells then
reassemble into a new organized sponge with each cell resuming its original job.
Muscles are connected to bones by
tendons.
Which structure can be classified as an endocrine and reproductive organ?
testes
Which part of the brain is used to integrate incoming information and send it to the appropriate portion of the cerebrum?
thalamus
Which is NOT a correct association of brain structures and functions?
thalamus—regulates heartbeat and blood pressure
The term for the body of a bryophyte such as Marchantia is
thallus
When anyone severs his spinal cord, as Christopher Reeve did in a horse riding accident, they suffer a loss of sensation and a loss of voluntary control.
true
The vascular tissue in the leaf is referred to as a
vein.
Which structure(s) would be subject to the lowest blood pressure?
vena cava
Which of the following is NOT a correct association?
ventricles—receive blood from body
Which molecule would you need to radioactively label in order to produce radioactive oxygen during photosynthesis?
water.
What components does respiration include?
exchange of gases in the lungs and in the tissues
Which of the following does not contribute to homeostasis?
excretion of proteins and nucleotides
Which of the following is not involved in digestion?
transport of nutrients from food via the blood
A stroke results from a disruption of the blood supply to the brain.
true
Urine contains substances that underwent pressure filtration and substances that underwent tubular secretion.
true
The "powerhouse" of the cell is the
mitochondria.
The most primitive primates are considered to be the ( ) prosimians. ( ) apes. ( ) New World monkeys. ( ) Old World monkeys. ( ) humans.
prosimians
The site of translation is the
ribosome.
The cyclic electron pathway produces only
ATP.
The three shapes of bacteria are
bacillus, coccus, and spirillum.
Which of the following organisms show the typical method of acquiring food that is found in animals?
Earthworms, annelids, who feed on any available organic matter that they can take into their mouths
The first step of the cyclic electron pathway involves the removal of the electrons from water. True or False?
False
The first member of genus Homo to use fire is
Homo erectus.
If the proteins forming the cell junctions within the stomach were denatured, what is a likely consequence?
The desmosome junctions would not hold together causing the cells in the stomach to pull apart.
What determines whether or not genes located on the same chromosome can assort independently?
The distance between genes located on the same chromosome determines whether or not they can show any level of independent assortment.
If a molecule crosses a plasma membrane faster than it diffuses in water, then the process is likely to involve active transport. True/False?
True
If a person has chronic bronchitis, will they cough up mucous?
True
You can tell the age of a stem by counting the bud scale scars. True or False?
True
Oxygen diffuses into the capillaries of the lungs because there is
a higher concentration of O2 in the alveoli than the capillaries.
Sea stars and sea urchins operate their tube feet by
a hydraulic system that regulates water pressure.
The mycelium is a mesh of filaments, each of which is called
a hypha
Stomata
allow gas exchange.
Earthworms are
annelids.
Surface-area-to-volume ratios indicate
as cells get larger, their surface area gets larger but at a slower rate than the volume increases.
If an enzymatic reaction was controlled by feedback inhibition, we would expect it to stop
as soon as a critical level of end product builds up.
Interleukin and interleukin antagonists may be used for all of the following except
as treatments for B cell deficiencies.
A mushroom will produce a sexual spore at the tip of a club-shaped
basidia
Which of the following are NOT cnidaria?
planaria
Platelets
initiate clotting
The motor molecules associated with actin are called
myosin
To be an effective antibiotic or chemotherapeutic agent, it is necessary
not to kill the human host or cause allergic reactions AND to be able to kill a bacterial cell only.
Wood is composed of
secondary xylem.
Sponges exhibit radial symmetry.
false
Inflammation of the gums is called
gingivitis
How many membranes does a chloroplast have?
three
How many nuclei are present inside a pollen grain?
three
How many openings does the bladder have?
three
Which of the following is an incorrect statement?
Dinoflagellates, diatoms, and trypanosomes are unicellular algae.
Because mitochondria were once independently living prokaryotic cells, if removed from a eukaryotic cell they can survive independently. True/False?
False
Because plants evolved from bacterial ancestors, the primary plant cell wall and the bacterial cell wall are both composed of peptidoglycan. True/False?
False
Because the inside of a cell is more organized than the outside, the inside of the cell has increased entropy. True or False?
False
Brock's father has inherited a mitochondrial disease. Is Brock in danger of also having this disease? True / False?
False
Cells are not as efficient in their use of energy as gasoline engines. True or False?
False
Centrioles are absolutely necessary to the process of mitosis in all organisms. True / False?
False
During mitosis, separation of the sister chromatids ensures that each daughter cell will receive two copies of each type of chromosome. True or False?
False
The endocrine system is the only system that is involved in coordinating and regulating the functioning of all the body's other systems.
False
The same signaling molecule that binds to the receptor on the outside of the cell is used to alter gene expression in the nucleus. True / False?
False
Which species is believed to be the first creature to walk erect and possibly be the first hominin? ( ) Ardipithecus kadabba ( ) Australopithecus anamensis ( ) Ardipithecus ramidus ( ) Australopithecus afarensis ( ) Homo habilis
Ardipithecus kadabba
For translation to take place, which of the following would NOT be required to be present? A) DNA B) mRNA C) tRNA amino acid complex D) rRNA E) ribosome
A) DNA
Which genus of bacteria causes more diseases in humans than any other?
Streptococcus
Larval Trichinella worms live in the
The skeletal muscle of pork
Which of the following statements about planaria is NOT true?
There is a rudimentary circulatory system with a small central heart.
Which of these would have been most likely to develop only after the formation of a true cell?
autotroph
The element in your blood necessary for the clotting process is
calcium
Fungi are NOT photosynthetic because they lack
chlorophyl
The substance that initially traps solar energy in photosynthesis is
chlorophyll.
Which organisms form lichens?
cyanobacteria and fungi
Which lobe of the cerebrum is responsible for vision?
occipital
Which of the following is NOT a component of the carpel of a flower? A) anthers B) stigma C) style D) ovary E) ovule
A) anthers
Which of the following refers to materials only leaving the cell? A) diffusion B) exocytosis C) endocytosis D) pinocytosis E) phagocytosis
B) exocytosis
Which of the following is a byproduct of photosynthesis? A) carbon dioxide B) water C) oxygen D) glucose E) energy
C) oxygen
If the normal nucleotide sequence was TACGGCATG, what type of gene mutation is present if the resulting sequence becomes TAGGCATG? A) chromosomal mutation B) germinal mutation C) addition mutation D) deletion mutation E) substitution mutation
D) deletion mutation
Which sequence of stages in mitosis is correct? A) prophase, metaphase, interphase, telophase B) metaphase, anaphase, prophase, telophase C) anaphase, interphase, telophase, prophase D) prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase E) interphase, metaphase, prophase, anaphase
D) prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase
Which of the following serve to directly accelerate the cell cycle? A) tumor suppressor genes B) carcinogens C) repressors D) proto-oncogene proteins E) p53 gene
D) proto-oncogene proteins
Which of the following parts of a plant embryo grows downward? A) plumule B) epicotyl C) seed coat D) radicle E) shoot
D) radicle
Which substance will help in seed germination and indicates to the plant that the stem must elongate to reach the light? A) cytokinins B) ethylene C) auxin D) agent orange E) phytochrome
E) phytochrome
A reading of 120/80 indicates blood velocity.
False
Which of the following is NOT correct? ( ) xylem-conducts water up from the soil ( ) phloem-transports organic nutrients ( ) vascular tissue-xylem and phloem ( ) vascular plants-sporophyte is dominant ( ) sporophyte-haploid
sporophyte-haploid
Which of the following is NOT a basic type of tissue?
urinary
The X-ray diffraction photography of Rosalind Franklin and Maurice Wilkins was critical evidence A) indicating that DNA has a double helix structure. B) showing the bases of DNA were held together by hydrogen bonds. C) showing equal numbers of purines and pyrimidines. D) revealing the structure of the deoxyribose sugar. E) of the location of each adenine, guanine, cytosine, and thymine.
A) indicating that DNA has a double helix structure.
Replication of the DNA for meiosis occurs between telophase I and prophase II. True or False?
False
When a substance moves from an area of low concentration to an area of high concentration while using energy, the process is termed
active transport.
Sea stars reproduce
by sexual means and also by asexual fragmentation.
The loop of the nephron (loop of Henle)
creates a high osmotic pressure in the medulla.
Which of the following is NOT one of the steps (processes) involved in urine formation?
creatinine production
If a person has a portion of number 5 chromosome missing, they may have
cri du chat syndrome.
Because most birds travel through the air at high speeds, they must have
highly sensitive sensory systems.
Due to experimentation, it was discovered that which structure was involved in the conversion of short-term memories to long-term memories?
hippocampus
Which portion of the antibody binds to the antigen?
hypervariable region
Which organ of the digestive tract functions to store food, kill bacteria, and partially digest proteins?
stomach
When the paramedic shouts "stand back" and applies the paddles to administer a strong current, this is an attempt to
stop the ventricles from uncontrolled contractions so the SA node can reestablish a coordinated beat.
Language is NOT dependent on
the spinal cord
At night, plants do not carry out any metabolism because there is no sunlight. True or False?
False
Energy, but NOT chemicals, may cycle through living things. True or False?
False
What will happen to the protein solution of side A in Figure 4.1? {image of U shaped tube with 20% protein & 80% water on side A & 100% water on side B with a differentially permeable membrane between the sides}
It will become less concentrated since water passes from B to A.
Which of the following is a long-term effect of heroin use?
The body decreases the production of endorphins.
Disruptive selection is described in the text with the case of British land snails. In the grassy fields, the light-banded snails escape bird predators. In the darker forest, the dark snails survive and the light-banded snails are eaten. As long as the snails continue to cruise across the British landscape mating at the same season, why doesn't this "disruptive selection" eventually lead to two separate species?
There is no reproductive isolation to prevent gene flow.
Anaphylactic shock may occur due to
a bee sting
You are examining a cell under the microscope that is undergoing cell division and cannot find any asters. What else would not be present in this cell?
a cleavage furrow
The disruption of homeostaisis can lead to what type of disease that can be life-threatening, but usually occurs and is resolved quickly?
acute
Gene mutations are
alterations in the normal sequence of bases within a gene.
Which of the following are NOT grouped with the Protista?
black bread mold
Name the tissue in which the cells are separated by a liquid.
blood
Chloroplasts and mitochondria are involved in a redox cycle because
carbon dioxide is reduced during photosynthesis and carbohydrate is oxidized during cellular respiration.
The Calvin cycle reactions are dependent upon a supply of
carbon dioxide, NADPH, and ATP.
The larger lymphatic vessels are most similar in structure to
cardiovascular veins.
Homologous structures such as the bones in wings, flippers, and arms are most closely concerned with
comparative anatomy.
The nucleolus
contains RNA and is found in the nucleus.
In Figure 17.16, the structure at "a" is a(n)
effector
Active genes are found in the _______ of eukaryotic chromosomes.
euchromatin.
A pellicle, either rigid or flexible, could be found in
euglenoids
Which vascular plants have seeds?
gymnosperms
The overall effect of renin release will be to
increase blood pressure for homeostasis.
Both plant and animal cells have mitochondria because they both
need ATP for energy.
In vertebrates, the _______ is/are usually replaced by ________.
notochord; a vertebral column
Most enzymes are
protein molecules.
Most of the water obtained by a plant enters through the
root hairs.
The name Echinodermata literally means
spiny skin
Which of the following is not a symptom of addiction to a certain drug?
the drug continues to cause physical or psychological changes in your body
Which of the following is NOT a part of a developing eudicot embryo? A) epicotyl B) hypocotyl C) cotyledon D) radicle E) coleoptile
E) coleoptile
Exocytosis and endocytosis are carried out by proteins in the cell membrane. True / False?
False
An autoimmune disease means that the body attacks itself because it does not recognize itself.
True
In asexual reproduction in plants, there is only one parent, instead of two. True or False?
True
Which group of organisms can trace their ancestry to the protists?
all of these trace their ancestry to the protists
Nitrogenous wastes are produced by
breakdown of proteins.
Which of the following plant hormones prevents senescence and can initiate leaf growth? A) indoleacetic acid B) gibberellin C) cytokinin D) abscisic acid E) ethylene
C) cytokinin
The deposits of chalky fossils that build the White Cliffs of Dover were produced by
foraminiferans.
Microtubules
form a spindle that distributes chromosomes in an orderly manner.
The cartilaginous fishes include all EXCEPT
lampreys
Alternative forms of a gene that influence the same trait and are found at the same location in homologous chromosomes are called
alleles.
The main function of stomata is to
allow passage of CO2 and O2 into the leaf.
During cellular respiration, what is reduced?
oxygen
Inflammation does not involve
B cells.
Soft drinks are a good source of carbohydrates for the body.
False
Tubular secretion allows hydrogen ions, creatinine, and penicillin to be excreted in the distal convoluted tubule. How are these molecules moved across?
active transport
A person who is blood type AB has
antigens A and B on the surface of RBCs.
A seed does NOT contain the
ovary.
The formation of sperm gametes is termed
spermatogenesis.
When arterioles constrict, blood pressure decreases.
False
Which is a correct association of mitochondrion structure and phase of cellular respiration? A) matrix - electron transport chain B) cristae - preparatory reaction C) matrix - citric acid cycle D) matrix - glycolysis E) cristae - glycolysis
C) matrix - citric acid cycle
Which of the following sequences correctly represents vertebrate evolution?
jawless fish → lobe-finned fish → amphibians → reptiles → mammals
The removal of electrons and/or hydrogen atoms from a substrate is called what?
oxidation
If the total number of chromosomes in a cell is six, then after mitosis there will be
six chromosomes in each daughter cell.
Aged red blood cells are destroyed in the
spleen and liver.
Haploid spores are produced in the ___ of a moss.
sporangium
Which type of organism will form endospores when faced with unfavorable environmental conditions?
bacteria
Which part of a seed provides nourishment for the embryo enabling seed plants to survive on land?
endosperm
Inbreeding within a population is an example of
nonrandom mating.
Which of the following is INCORRECTLY matched?
pyelonephritis—urethral infection
Which of the following should not normally contain urine?
renal artery
A male who is color-blind marries a heterozygous woman. What percent of their male children will be color-blind?
50%
What are the correct outputs, during the citric acid cycle from one molecule of glucose?
6 NADH, 4 CO2, 2 ATP, 2 FADH2
A gene is physically located on the _____ of the cell.
DNA
Which statement about cnidaria is NOT true?
The body plan is tube-within-a-tube, with both mouth and anus.
When does apoptosis occur?
during development
Protein digestion takes place in the
stomach and small intestine.
A member of the green algae is
Chlamydomonas.
A corn kernel is classified as a seed. True or False?
False
The major insect body parts are
Head, thorax and abdomen
Ovules are contained within the
ovary
Which association is NOT correct?
pharynx—vocal cords
Higher than normal blood pressure is called
hypertension
The pH of the stomach is usually about
2.0
Which of the following organisms move about by means of pseudopodia?
Amoeba proteus
The fossil called Lucy is a member of the species ___, which lived about 3.18 million years ago.
Australopithecus AFARENSIS
The fossil called Lucy is a member of the species ___, which lived about 3.18 million years ago.
Australopithecus afarensis
Which statement is NOT true about Down syndrome? A) It is caused by a third copy of chromosome 21. B) Greatly increased incidence occurs with fathers over age 40. C) It is usually associated with chromosomal nondisjunction in meiosis. D) Characteristics include mental retardation and extra eyelid folds. E) Affected individuals display mental retardation.
B) Greatly increased incidence occurs with fathers over age 40.
What is the value of photosynthesis to humans?
It will reduce the amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere.
If an individual has a XYY genotype, they are classified as having
Jacobs syndrome.
Which phase of the ECG indicates ventricular excitation and contraction?
QRS wave
Considering the U.S.D.A. recommended diet, which of the following statements is NOT true?
The daily diet should contain large amounts of saturated fats.
During an enzymatic reaction, what happens to the enzyme?
The enzyme and the substrate form a TEMPORARY complex.
The two layers of tissue in a hydra are
The epidermis that covers and protects and the gastrodermis where cells that complete digestion are found.
Which statement is NOT true about echinoderms?
The exoskeleton is made up of bony tissue
Which of the following is NOT true about T cells?
They produce antibodies.
Glucose is broken down during cellular respiration so that the released energy can be stored and converted into ATP. True or False?
True
Which of the following associations is not true?
Vitamin E is necessary for blood clotting.
The molecule that is found at the beginning and end of the citric acid cycle is
a C4 molecule.
Obesity, bulimia nervosa, and anorexia nervosa are all alike in that
all are difficult to treat and may be caused by a number of factors.
Anemia is one symptom of deficiency in all of the following vitamins and minerals except
calcium.
Which of the following is from a division within the gymnosperm group? ( ) horsetail ( ) cycad ( ) moss ( ) fern ( ) monocot
cycad
Bone
is laden with blood vessels and canaliculi to deliver nutrients
When a lysosome fuses with a vacuole,
its contents are digested.
The Adam's apple is actually a part of the
larynx
The Archaea include all of the following EXCEPT the
lichens
The digestive juices found in the stomach include
pepsin and hydrochloric acid.
The first fossil evidence of vascular tissue is seen in the
rhyniophytes
The anther and filament are parts of the
stamen
The formation of carbohydrate occurs within the
stroma.
If a cell lacked ribosomes, it would NOT be able to
synthesize proteins.
What is the main reason for hemolytic uremic syndrome?
the bacteria Escherichia coli
Amphibians are NOT considered to be fully adapted to life on land because
they are dependent upon water for external fertilization.
The genetic code consists of ____ bases that stand for one amino acid.
3
A sea star's nervous system includes
A central nerve ring that gives off radial nerves in each arm
Which of the following is NOT a part of a flower? A) stem B) sepals C) petals D) stamen E) carpel
A) stem
Which theory would suggest that both polypeptides and RNA arose at the same time.
Alexander Cairns-Smith's simultaneous evolution of polypeptides and RNA.
A new classification by domains separates traditional bacteria into
Archaea and Bacteria.
Which description best fits the lophotrochozoa?
As embryos they have three germ layers that will develop into the organ level of organization as adults.
What is the originator cell for monoclonal antibodies?
B cells
Adaptive immunity depends upon the activity of what type of cells?
B cells and T cells
Which genetic disorder is associated with an irregular shape of the red blood cells?
Sickle cell disease
Which is a correct description of muscle tissues?
Skeletal muscle cells are often striated or banded where actin and myosin filaments overlap.
Intrinsic control of heartbeat rate involves what mechanism(s)?
The SA node initiates heartbeat although the AV node can generate a slower beat rate.
Which of the following is NOT true about protostomes?
The first opening during embryonic development becomes the anus.
Which of the following statements is NOT true in regard to active immunity?
The particular antibody that is formed will react against any virus or bacterial cell.
Why are plant leaves green?
They reflect green wavelengths of light.
At the base of most food chains are autotrophs. True or False?
True
Chromosomes are attached to the spindle fibers in order to move to and from the equator. True / False?
True
Commercial micropropagation methods result in cloning of plants. True or False?
True
Crohn's disease is considered an autoimmune disease.
True
Cystic fibrosis has a genetic cause.
True
The length of DNA in each chromosome is longer than the diameter of the animal cell. True or False?
True
a kidney stone, perhaps stuck in the urethra
True
For the ancestors of land plants, supplying water to all cells of the organism would have been possible because
Water would simply diffuse into the cells from the surrounding environment.
A female with two Barr bodies in her cells would have what combination of sex chromosomes?
XXX
The clonal selection theory states that
a B or T cell is activated by binding to/recognizing an antigen, then that cell will be cloned into cells that recognize the same antigen.
Transmission of a nerve impulse from one neuron to another neuron is NOT dependent on
a refractory period.
What is the main reason for the presence of a pimple?
all of these are reasons for the presence of a pimple
What are alleles?
alternative forms of a gene for a single trait, such as blue eyes or brown eyes
Ectothermic animals with three-chambered hearts would include
amphibians.
Which of these is a bivalve?
an oyster
The ____ of a tRNA molecule will base pair with the codon of a mRNA molecule.
anticodon
A vaccine contains
antigens that are no longer virulent.
Comparisons are made among a broad range of organisms for similarities in amino acid sequences. However, it is necessary to use ( ) structural proteins. ( ) basic biochemical molecules that are universal. ( ) blood type molecules. ( ) similarities only based on available dietary proteins. ( ) There are no restrictions, any amino acids for any structure would provide a legitimate comparison among organisms.
basic biochemical molecules that are universal.
Photosynthesis shows higher activity for violet/blue and orange/red and a lower absorption for green/yellow. If we could invent a different photosynthetic pigment that absorbed absolutely all visible wavelengths of light, the leaves would appear which color?
black
Lymph, such as that collected under a blister, contains all the components of blood except
blood cells, albumin and other plasma proteins.
Venous return does not depend on
blood pressure.
Spinal nerves contain
both sensory and motor fibers.
Bacteria living in the large intestine
can produce vitamins.
Which of these is the most accurate description of a virus?
chemical complexes of RNA or DNA protected by protein
The main reason that ATP is considered the energy currency in cells is because it
contains accessible energy in phosphate bonds.
What will cycle the energized electrons from the reaction center of PS I back to the reaction center in PS I?
cyclic electron pathway
Urinary tract infections that involve the bladder are called
cystitis.
Which of the following is NOT characteristic of earthworms?
dorsal solid nerve cord
Poisons are often
enzyme inhibitors.
You suddenly develop explosive and frequent diarrhea. Which of the following is most likely not the cause?
excess fiber in your diet
Lophotrochozoa are animals that are organized circularly, so no matter how they are sliced in half longitudinally, mirror images are obtained.
false
If you had a problematic hillside that continually eroded when it rained, plants with which type of roots would best solve your problem?
fibrous
Which is NOT part of a description of an antibody molecule?
forms an X-shaped protein molecule
During the daytime, stomata in leaves
give off oxygen and take in carbon dioxide.
What capillaries are enclosed by the glomerular (Bowman's) capsule?
glomerular
Which of the following is NOT an autoimmune disease?
inflammation
Segments of DNA that are NOT part of the gene are called
introns.
Protist reproduction
is mostly asexual with sexual as a second option.
The vocal cords are found in the
larynx.
The water vascular system of the echinoderm is used for
locomotion
Clover is an example of a what type of flowering plant?
long-day
If you are tracing the path of blood from the right to the left side of the heart, you must mention the
lungs.
An animal that is characterized by vertebrae, dorsal hollow nerve cord, hair, and mammary glands must be a(n)
mammal.
A post-synaptic membrane
must be either a dendrite membrane or cell body membrane.
Dendrites and an axon are parts of a(n)
neuron
What is the function of sodium bicarbonate in the digestive tract?
neutralization of chyme arriving at the small intestine
Hemoglobin is NOT
normally found free in the plasma.
Ribosomal RNA is produced in the
nucleolus.
Which eukaryotic organelle is the largest?
nucleus
A basic difference between spermatogenesis and oogenesis is that in oogenesis
one functional egg is produced.
Neurotransmitters are molecules that cross the synaptic cleft via
passive diffusion and either excite or inhibit the postsynaptic neuron.
In which disease of the lungs do the lungs fill with thick fluid?
pneumonia
The megaspore divides mitotically, resulting in a female gametophyte or embryo sac that differentiates into an egg and a central cell with two nuclei called the
polar nuclei.
Spores are produced in the ____ of a fern.
sori
The part of the skin that has adipose tissue to help insulate the body is the
subcutaneous layer.
Which lymphatic duct will drain the abdomen?
thoracic duct
Which is NOT a major function of the respiratory tract?
transferring and extracting nutrients
The ____ will store pigments and toxins in plant cells.
vacuole
The stone tools and the dentition of Homo habilis indicate that early humans probably
were omnivores.
Plant vascular tissue contains
xylem and phloem.
The kingdom Protista includes all of the following kinds of organisms EXCEPT
yeast
What are the chances that two individuals with wavy hair (an incomplete trait) will have a curly-haired child? Curly hair and straight hair exhibit incomplete dominance.
25%
If a species contains 23% A in its DNA, what is the percentage of guanine it would contain?
27%
What pH is required in order for protein to be digested into peptides with the use of pepsin?
3.0
The age of the earth is estimated to be about
4.6 billion years old.
In humans, aniridia, a type of blindness, is due to a dominant allele A. Migraine headaches are due to another dominant allele M. If a man who suffers from both conditions (AaMm) marries a woman who suffers from both (AaMm), what are the chances of an offspring having both traits?
9/16
Which statement best describes double fertilization in an angiosperm? ( ) Two egg cells are fertilized within each ovule. ( ) A sperm nucleus fuses with an egg cell and a sperm nucleus fuses with polar nuclei. ( ) Two sperm are required for fertilization of one egg cell. ( ) A flower can engage in both self pollination and cross pollination. ( ) One sperm fertilizes the egg while two polar nuclei fuse with a second egg.
A sperm nucleus fuses with an egg cell and a sperm nucleus fuses with polar nuclei.
Which of the following best defines substrate-level ATP synthesis? A) An enzyme passes a high-energy phosphate to ADP resulting in ATP B) ATP is used to activate glucose for glycolysis C) An exergonic reaction is used to drive the synthesis of ATP from ADP plus phosphate D) Oxidation of a substrate results in a high energy bond E) ATP is synthesized from adenosine plus 3 phosphates
A) An enzyme passes a high-energy phosphate to ADP resulting in ATP
Which of the following cells was most likely the first type of cells on Earth? A) Bacteria B) Fungi C) Archaea D) Plants E) Animals
A) Bacteria
Which of the following statements comparing the ATP synthase complex in cellular respiration and photosynthesis is not true? A) Both require the movement of H+ from inside a compartment to outside of the compartment. B) Both produce ATP. C) Both work via chemiosmosis. D) Both require a H+ gradient. E) Both are located in a membrane.
A) Both require the movement of H+ from inside a compartment to outside of the compartment.
The endosymbiotic theory argues that prokaryotes became some of the organelles of early eukaryotic cells. All of the following support this hypothesis EXCEPT: A) The vacuoles can "come and go" across the plasma membrane. B) Mitochondria and chloroplasts have their own DNA. C) Mitochondria and chloroplasts are nearly identical to some free living prokaryotes. D) The mitochondria and chloroplasts have their own DNA AND are nearly identical to some free living prokaryotes. E) Mitochondria and chloroplasts divide by splitting.
A) The vacuoles can "come and go" across the plasma membrane.
Which of the following proteins would you expect to be a coded for by a proto-oncogene? A) a growth factor receptor B) a DNA repair protein C) a protein involved with the G1 checkpoint D) a caspase E) a DNA replication protein
A) a growth factor receptor
Which of these is most closely associated with the process of electron transport? A) a sequence of molecules in the membranes of the thylakoids B) a stack of thylakoid membrane structures C) the double membrane of the chloroplast D) a flattened disk or sac in the chloroplast E) the central fluid-filled space of the chloroplast
A) a sequence of molecules in the membranes of the thylakoids
The hypothesis that suggests that RNA and polypeptides might have evolved simultaneously was proposed by
Alexander Cairns-Smith.
Which of the following is true about the clonal selection theory?
An antigen selects certain B cells to produce a clone of plasma cells.
Which of the following is generally NOT a characteristic of all animals?
Animals range from unspecialized single-celled to specialized multicellular forms.
Which feature is not found in the lophotrochozoa?
As embryos they have two germ layers that develop into their body systems.
Which is a correct example of tonicity? A) Water is hypertonic to red blood cells B) Turgor pressure is created when a plant cell swells in a hypotonic solution C) Plasmolysis results from plant cells in hypotonic solutions. D) Crenated red blood cells result when they are placed in a hypotonic solution. E) If a cell is placed in a hypertonic solution, water enters the cell.
B) Turgor pressure is created when a plant cell swells in a hypotonic solution
Which of the following is true concerning a comparison of arteries and veins?
Both contain 3 layers in their walls.
Which tissue lacks a direct blood supply and heals very slowly?
Cartilage
Which pathway in cellular respiration will produce ATP, NADH2, and carbon dioxide?
Citric Acid Cycle
In the case of Darwin's finches, an ancestral finch species from the mainland arrived on the Galapagos Islands and soon developed into many new species via adaptive radiation. The finches did not undergo adaptive radiation back on the mainland. What is the most plausible biological explanation? ( ) Directional selection works better on islands. ( ) Competition from many other bird species on the mainland provided stabilizing selection that was absent on the islands. ( ) The environment on the mainland was completely uniform. ( ) The founder effect greatly expanded the variation in alleles in the Galapagos finch gene pool. ( ) The ancestral mainland finch was reproductively isolated.
Competition from many other bird species on the mainland provided stabilizing selection that was absent on the islands.
Which description best fits the Central Nervous System (CNS)?
Consists of the brain and spinal cord, located in the midline of the body.
Phylogenetics uses evolutionary trees called cladograms to arrange species into clades, or related groups, showing all of the descendents of a common ancestor. The branches of the tree are based on all BUT WHICH of the following ( ) Shared derived characteristics ( ) Convergent evolution ( ) Homologous structures ( ) Morphological data ( ) DNA sequences
Convergent evolution
Which of the following would not be a function of the peroxisomes? A) break down fats in the liver B) produce bile salts in the liver C) help germinating seeds convert fatty acids into molecules that can be converted to sugars D) storage of toxic materials in the cell E) metabolism that uses oxygen and releases carbon dioxide in leaves
D) storage of toxic materials in the cell
In which kind of cross could you expect to find of ratios of 1:1:1:1 among the offspring? A) monohybrid cross B) dihybrid cross C) one trait test cross D) two trait test cross E) no cross will yield offspring in 1:1:1:1 ratios
D) two trait test cross
Which of the following is a prokaryotic cell? A) plant cell B) liver cell C) muscle cell D) paramecium E) bacterium
E) bacterium
What is the equation for photosynthesis?
Energy + 6CO2 + 6H2O → C6H12O6 + 6O2
Hydrangeas are a flowering plant with large showy blooms. When a plant is grown in aluminum rich soil it has blue flowers; if the same plant is transplanted into soil that is lacking aluminum the flowers produced will be pink. This is an example of
Environmental effects
Actin filaments, intermediate filaments, and microtubules are all similar in that each is composed of a single type of protein. True/False?
False
Glycolysis is linked to the citric acid cycle when oxygen is not available. True or False?
False
What are the products of the noncyclic electron pathway?
H+, O2, ATP, and NADPH
Of the following fossils, which is arranged in the correct order from oldest to the most recent? ( ) Homo erectus, Homo sapiens, Homo habilis ( ) Homo sapiens, Homo erectus, Homo habilis ( ) Homo habilis, Homo erectus, Homo sapiens ( ) Homo erectus, Homo habilis, Homo sapiens ( ) Homo sapiens, Homo habilis, Homo erectus
Homo habilis, Homo erectus, Homo sapiens {HH-HE-HS}
Which of the following is an example of homeostasis?
Human oral body temperature is always close to 37o C (98.6° F).
What is the relationship between linked genes and independent assortment?
Linked genes do not show independent assortment.
All of these humans are believed to have evolved in Africa EXCEPT ( ) Homo erectus. ( ) Homo habilis. ( ) Homo rudolfensis. ( ) Neandertals. ( ) Homo ergaster.
Neandertals
Which statement is NOT true in regards to the inflammatory reaction?
Neutrophils change into macrophages that act as scavengers.
Our body recognizes the foreign nature of a parasite or disease agent and we soon build up antibodies. A few parasites can change their identity to evade our immune system. How could cells do this on a regular basis?
New glycoproteins are produced in the cell and moved into the plasma membrane.
What genetic disorder is associated with the lack of an enzyme necessary for the normal metabolism of the amino acid phenylalanine?
Phenylketonuria (PKU)
Which of these may occur in both angiosperms and gymnosperms? ( ) Seeds develop within a cone. ( ) Seeds develop within a flower. ( ) Seeds are surrounded by a fruit at maturity. ( ) Pollen is carried by the wind for pollination. ( ) Pollen is carried by honeybees as pollinators.
Pollen is carried by the wind for pollination.
One adaptation that was necessary for charophytes to move onto land was the protection of the embryo from desiccation. In mosses the embryo, called a developing sporophyte, is
Protected within the archegonium and nourished by the 'foot' growing down into the gametophyte tissue.
The pacemaker of the heart is termed the
SA node
Why is cellular respiration organized into four phases?
So that the energy within the glucose molecule can be released in a stepwise fashion.
You spray an insect with common insecticide that destroys the ability of acetylcholinesterase to recycle acetylcholine. What then happens?
The insect loses control of body functions as nerve impulses flow continuously.
A flower that is missing the stamens would be considered female. True or False?
True
Sphincter muscles regulate the opening and closing of arterioles leading to capillary beds, directing the flow of blood to different areas of the body depending on the body's needs.
True
An adaptation exhibited by the tapeworm for survival in a host's intestine is
a tough integument resistant to host digestive fluids.
Swimming sperm are produced in the ____ of the moss gametophyte stage.
antheridia
Centrioles
are composed of microtubule triplets.
Mendel's law of segregation implies that the two members of an allele pair
are distributed to SEPARATE gametes.
Down syndrome
can occur if the sperm has an extra number 21 chromosome.
In plant cells, what is responsible for organizing the spindle?
centrosomes
The production of ATP as a result of an electrochemical gradient is called
chemiosmosis.
Which organelle will give off oxygen and use up carbon dioxide in plants?
chloroplasts
When an earthworm secretes a slime layer to receive eggs and sperm and form a ''cocoon,'' this secretion is produced by the
clitellum
The "lub" heart sound is due to the
closing of the atrioventricular valves.
One bacterial cell passes DNA to a second cell in the process of
conjugation.
In an average adult, only about 1/3 of the air actually reaches the alveoli.
false
The long insoluble threads of a blood clot originate from
fibrinogen.
The organisms examined by Darwin on the Galapagos Islands that were most important in his development of the theory of natural selection were
finches.
Which evidence for evolution uses impressions of plants and animals pressed into sedimentary rock? ( ) fossil record ( ) biogeography ( ) comparative anatomy ( ) comparative embryology ( ) comparative biochemistry
fossil record
What is the correct order an excreted water molecule moves from glomerulus to collecting duct?
glomerular capsule → proximal convoluted tubule → loop of nephron → distal convoluted tubule
You have discovered an organism that lives inside the gastrointestinal tract and does not contain a nucleus. Based on what you know of cellular respiration, how does it obtain its energy?
glycolysis
The chief distinguishing characteristic of all mammals is the presence of
hair and mammary glands.
Which is NOT a correct association of intestinal disorders?
hemorrhoids—a sexually contracted disease
During which stage of the cell cycle do the chromosomes duplicate?
interphase
Which types of embryos have extraembryonic membranes?
mammalian
Gladiolus produces leaves with parallel veins and floral parts in multiples of three. This plant is a(n)
monocot
Sac fungi take their name from the shape
of the structure that produces the spores.
Pollen would land on the ______ during pollination.
stigma
Miller's laboratory experiments showed that
the primitive gases can react together to produce small organic molecules.
A normal male marries a color-blind woman. What percent of their female children will be color-blind?
0%
How many molecules are formed from the cleavage of glucose during the first step of glycolysis? How many carbons are found in the resulting molecules?
2 molecules, each with 3 carbons
Which of these is NOT a true statement?
All chordates are vertebrates.
Which of the following is specifically responsible for antibody-mediated immunity?
B cell
In humans, brown eyes (B) is a simple dominant trait over blue eyes (b). A brown-eyed woman whose child is blue-eyed would have the genotype ( ) bb. ( ) Bb. ( ) BB. ( ) BBB. ( ) BbBb.
Bb.
Most antibodies found in the blood belong to what class of immunoglobulins?
IgG
What role does NAD+ play in cellular respiration?
It is an electron carrier
The most important human parasite among the sporozoa is ____, the causative agent of malaria.
Plasmodium vivax
Eukaryotic transcription factors assist the ______ in binding to the _________.
RNA polymerase; promoter
Which statement about arachnids is NOT true?
Spiders have trachea for respiration.
Which statement about sponges is NOT correct?
Sponges are thought to be on the evolutionary pathway leading to more complex animals such as corals and worms.
Which is NOT one of the preconditions in a population where natural selection is at work? ( ) There is variation that can be inherited in a population. ( ) The population becomes adapted to its environment. ( ) Many more individuals are produced by a population than can survive and reproduce. ( ) Adaptive characteristics in some individuals make them more likely to survive and reproduce. ( ) Heritable variations must be passed on the subsequent generations.
The population becomes adapted to its environment.
It may be possible to "fix" a coronary blockage by gene therapy.
True
Simple squamous epithelium has
a single layer of flat cells.
The megaspore in seed plants will develop into the
female gametophyte.
If a person inherits two X chromosomes, this individual will be
female.
The buildup of the products of nucleic acid metabolism can lead to
gout
____ are animals that have three pairs of legs, a tympanum for reception of sound waves, and Malpighian tubules for excretion.
grasshoppers
Scientific studies have shown that which of the following is NOT associated with smoking?
increased risk of diabetes
A major characteristic of the arthropods is the presence of
jointed appendages
The iris is a plant with long, sword-like leaves. Its flowers have six petals that form a tongue and "flags." When you cut through the stem to cut flowers for a bouquet arrangement, the many vascular bundles form tough "strings" throughout the stem. From this description, it is obvious that the iris is a
monocotyledon.
Which of the following kinds of molecules is thought to have been absent from the primitive reducing atmosphere?
oxygen (O2)
Which organelle primarily functions to package or regulate the production of H2O2?
peroxisome
Earlier in the history of Western medicine, surgeons did not know the immune function of the thymus gland and it was sometimes removed in children. What symptoms would you now predict these patients might display afterward?
reduced ability to recognize foreign material and distinguish it from body proteins
The tube that transports urine from the kidney to the urinary bladder is the
ureter.
Which of the following is not true of the chromosomes in a cell undergoing mitosis? A) They are highly compacted. B) They are available for RNA synthesis. C) They have histones bound to them. D) They are found within the cell nucleus. E) They are present in the diploid number.
B) They are available for RNA synthesis.
In semi-conservative DNA replication, each new double helix formed will have
one new and one old strand in each helix.
CAM plants
open their stomata at night to minimize water loss.
Which of the following is an upper respiratory tract disease?
pharyngitis
During which phases of the cell cycle do the chromosomes look like "X"s?
prophase, metaphase
Which of the following is NOT considered to be a metabolic waste?
renin from the kidneys
People claim that once you have learned to ride a bicycle you can always ride a bicycle, even if you haven't ridden for a long time. What type of memory is associated with this?
skill memory
Viruses are
smaller than bacteria
Which statement is NOT true about ADH?
It is secreted by the adrenal gland.
Tay-Sachs is a recessive genetic disease in humans. If one parent is homozygous normal and the other is a carrier (heterozygous), what are the chances that their child will have this disease?
0%
A floating Portuguese man-of-war is
a colony of polyps composed of different types of individuals.
In the pine life cycle, a microspore develops into ( ) a seed. ( ) a sporophyte. ( ) a pollen grain. ( ) a megaspore. ( ) an ovule.
a pollen grain.
A major evolutionary trend among plants is
a reduction in the size of the gametophyte and an increase in the size of the sporophyte.
Parasitic plants have specialized roots for invading a host plant's tissues. What are these roots called?
haustoria
Which types of cells are found only in the Central Nervous System?
interneurons
Cellular respiration is best associated with the
mitochondrion
In which kind of cross would you expect to find a phenotypic ratio of 3:1 among the F2 offspring?
monohybrid cross
Which is NOT part of the correct description of a protozoan?
multicellular
What system do the cnidaria have that sponges lack?
nervous
A cross is made between two parents with genotypes AaBB and aabb. If there are 32 offspring, how many of them would be expected to exhibit both dominant characteristics?
16
Prokaryotic cells are represented by fossils that are dated back as far as _____ billion years ago.
3.5
Which of the following statements is NOT correct about flowering plants? A) A sperm nucleus combines with one polar nucleus to form the endosperm. B) A sperm nucleus combines with the egg nucleus to eventually form the embryo. C) A pollen grain may be carried to the stigma of the ovary by the wind. D) A pollen tube grows down the style. E) They exhibit double fertilization.
A) A sperm nucleus combines with one polar nucleus to form the endosperm.
Which of the following statements about fermentation is NOT true? A) Fermentation involves the citric acid cycle. B) Fermentation does not require oxygen. C) Fermentation can produce lactic acid. D) Fermentation produces a net 2 ATP molecules. E) Fermentation can produce alcohol.
A) Fermentation involves the citric acid cycle.
ATP can be broken down into
ADP plus phosphate plus energy.
A person who is B positive will have
B antigens, anti-A antibody, Rh antigen.
Which of the following levels of control involves the use of a poly-A tail? A) protein activity B) translation of mRNA C) mRNA processing D) transcriptional control E) chromatin structure
C) mRNA processing
Which of these associations is incorrect? A) epidermal cell--protection B) stomata--gas exchange C) sclerenchyma cells--cell division D) sieve-tube members--sugar transport E) xylem cells--water transport
C) sclerenchyma cells--cell division
Which of these associations is NOT correct? A) plumule—leaves B) radicle—roots C) seed coat—ovary wall D) cotyledons—stored food E) hypocotyl—stem
C) seed coat—ovary wall
Most major food plants such as wheat, oats, and rice are in the group of
C3 plants.
Which photosynthetic mode would be most favorable in a desert environment?
CAM
Which of the following is NOT a frameshift mutation of the nucleotide sequence CATUAUCCC? ( ) CATTUAUCCC ( ) ATUAUCCC ( ) CTUAUCCC ( ) CATUAUCGC ( ) CCATUAUCCC
CATUAUCGC
Which of the following is true about capillaries?
Capillaries are extremely narrow.
Which of the following is NOT a method by which the general dates of the geological time scale can be determined? ( ) Lower rock layers are older than surface layers. ( ) Common assemblages of indicator fossils occur in layers with primitive layers lower. ( ) Radioisotopes decay at constant rates and the ratio of isotopes-to-stable elements provides a relative age. ( ) Carbon 14 should double in a sample every 5,730 years and so can be used to date organic matter. ( ) Absolute and relative dating methods can both be used.
Carbon 14 should double in a sample every 5,730 years and so can be used to date organic matter.
The fact that for a given species the amount of purines in the DNA always matches the number of pyrimidines was first determined by
Chargaff
Which type of membrane protein will be used to bind to hormones? A) channel proteins B) carrier proteins C) cell recognition proteins D) receptor proteins E) enzymatic proteins
D) receptor proteins
Which is NOT a function of the cytoskeleton? A) maintains a cell's shape B) anchors organelles in place within a cell C) allows cell and its organelles to move D) secretes the calcium for bone tissue E) allows the formation of pseudopodia
D) secretes the calcium for bone tissue
A piece of meat and a piece of fruit are fed to both a lizard and a person. The extent to which these foods are digested by digestive enzymes along these two gastrointestinal tracts varies. Which of the following is NOT a reason for the variation in digestion? A) pH of the digestive organs B) body temperature C) variation in enzymes produced D) amount of protein in the meat and fruit E) bacteria present in the digestive tract
D) the amount of protein in the meat and fruit
If you were to breed a black male guinea pig to a brown female guinea pig in an attempt to determine which one was homozygous dominant and which one was homozygous recessive, how could you be certain that the guinea pigs are truly homozygous?
The guinea pigs would be homozygous for black (or brown) coat color if each strain could be bred for many generations and only black (or brown) colored offspring were produced.
A person with an XO genotype is classified as having
Turner syndrome.
When only a few individuals survive unfavorable times, thereby losing the majority of genotypes in the next generation, it is called ( ) natural selection. ( ) a bottleneck effect. ( ) a founder effect. ( ) vestigial structures. ( ) industrial melanism.
a bottleneck effect.
Animals that have no particular symmetry exhibit
asymmetry
Which of the following does NOT represent a category of the MyPlate food guide symbol?
coffee
The fibers that get stuck between your teeth when you eat celery are
collenchyma.
The _____ indicates the gene combination of an individual.
genotype
If a virus is latent, it
has integrated itself into the host cell genome.
Compared to the moss, the fern is better adapted to life on land because the fern
has vascular tissue, but the moss does not.
A leafy plant with no true roots, no stem, and rhizoids that grow into the soil from the leaf like structure is a
liverwort
The digestive system does NOT function in the
manufacture of food molecules.
What is the term used to describe the accumulation of small changes in the gene pool of a species over time?
microevolution
Which organelle has 13 rows of tubulin dimers around an empty central core?
microtubules
Which type of animal symmetry produces mirror images of each other no matter how the animal is sliced longitudinally?
radial symmetry
All of the following are characteristics of primates EXCEPT the
rapid postnatal maturation.
Why does the primary somatosensory area have a larger section dedicated to the fingers and hand, than to the feet and toes?
the fingers and hand are how we take in more sensory information from our surroundings than the feet and toes
If the chloroplast is the result of endosymbiosis, what membrane of the chloroplast represents the plasma membrane of the original prokaryote?
the inner chloroplast membrane
Ammonia in urine is NOT evidence of
the need to reabsorb more water.
Which of the following is NOT characteristic of a fern? ( ) Eggs are produced in antheridia. ( ) Fern sporophyte is the dominant generation in the fern life cycle. ( ) Fern gametophyte is nonvascular. ( ) Fern sporophyte leaves first appear in a curled-up form termed a fiddlehead. ( ) Fern sporophyte is vascular.
Eggs are produced in antheridia.
How does expired air compare with inspired air?
Expired air contains less oxygen but more carbon dioxide.
A reaction is only considered an oxidation reaction when oxygen is involved. True or False?
False
Almost all of the disorders of the respiratory system are due to infectious diseases. Those that are not infectious are mostly likely inherited diseases.
False
As soon as a beautiful plant in your backyard blooms, you remove the flowers. By doing so, you have now inhibited the growth of the plant. True or False?
False
Each kidney has about one thousand structural units called nephrons.
False
Homologous chromosome are genetically identical to each other. True or False?
False
In a coronary bypass operation, a stent is placed within the blockage and the clogged area is compressed.
False
The two-stage life cycle in plants evolved as an adaptation to life on land. True or False?
True
There is an osmotic gradient within the tissues of the renal medulla: the concentration of salt is greater in the direction of the inner medulla.
True
When heat dissipates into the environment, it is no longer usable by the individual who produced it. True or False?
True
Within the field of systematic biology scientists use the characteristics of living and fossil organisms to infer the evolutionary relationships among organisms. True or False?
True
Which of the following organisms does not lead to a fungal disease?
Trypanosoma brucei
A female that does not undergo puberty or menstruate or lacks breast development may have
Turner syndrome.
A fruit is a ( ) mature ovary. ( ) microspore. ( ) megaspore. ( ) seed. ( ) stigmatized pollen grain.
mature ovary.
The heart rate speeds up or slows down because the
medulla oblongata, through the autonomic system, stimulates or depresses heart rate based on activity and stress.
A cell that is responsible for the ability of an organism to produce a rapid antibody response against a foreign protein when it is encountered years after the first encounter is a(n)
memory B cell.
The microscopic anatomical unit of excretion found in the kidney is the
nephron
Which blood cells are usually the first to arrive at the site of an infection?
neutrophils
According to cell theory
new cells arise only from preexisting cells.
Both parents are heterozygous for Tay-Sachs disease (an autosomal recessive disorder). Three children in a row were born with Tay-Sachs disease. What is the chance that a fourth child will have Tay-Sachs disease?
25%
Gulls recognize their own species by the type of ring around the eye. This is an example of
behavioral isolation.
Which of the following is NOT a fruit? A) corn kernel B) peas and beans C) tomato D) cucumber E) onion
E) onion
Structures in plants that produce the gametes are called
gametophyte
There is a net gain of four ATPs as a result of glycolysis. True or False?
False
Transpiration rates will NOT vary among plants. True or False?
False
How much of the protein content in chloroplasts is made up of the enzyme RuBP carboxylase? Why?
20-50%; the enzyme is very slow
Because they have nerve fibers and muscle fibers, hydra are capable of directional movement. These nerve and muscle fibers are found
Nerves are found just under the ectodermis and muscle fibers are found in the mesoglea.
Which of the below is the correct sequence for the cell cycle? A) S-M-G1-G2 B) S-M-G2-G1 C) S-G1-G1-M D) S-G2-M-G1 E) S-G1-M-G2
S-G2-M-G1
What is the most probable evolutionary path for genus Homo?
Sahelanthropus tchadensis - Ardipithecus kadabba - Australopithecus anamensis - Australopithecus afarensis - Homo habilis
Meiosis results in a change in chromosome number indicated by
2n to n.
Peas and beans are considered legumes. Why?
A legume is a fruit that splits along two sides when mature.
If the pericycle in a plant was missing, what would be affected?
There would be no branch roots.
Which of the following is NOT true regarding monoclonal antibodies?
They are produced from plasma cells derived from different B cells.
Bacteria can be beneficial in all but which of the following ways?
They are the primary producers of most ecosystems.
How is a seed like a spore?
They both disperse the species.
Which is NOT a correct description of body cavity partitioning?
The diaphragm separates the pericardial cavity from the thoracic cavity
During organ transplant, which feature is the most important to recognize?
The difference between the MHC proteins of the donor and the recipient.
Which of the following statements about hydra morphology is correct?
The hydra is a tube shaped polyp that has two layers of tissue.
Which is NOT a correct association of structure with function among layers of the digestive tract?
The mucosa and submucosa are made of epithelial tissue.
If you play with a living anemone with a probe, it will withdraw even if you vibrate the probe like a food animal would vibrate; it also withdraws if you just add sugar. However, it reaches out and grasps an object that both vibrates and tastes like food. The use of such a double system prevents unnecessary firing of expensive nematocysts. Why are nematocysts "expensive"?
The nematocyst is very complex and costs the anemone much energy to build.
Non-vertebrate chordates, tunicates and lancelets, differ from other chordates in that
The notochord of non-vertebrate chordates does not become a vertebral column.
Different species of female fireflies flash different patterns during mating season. This is an example of _________ isolation.
Behavioral Isolation
The ray-finned fishes are believed to have evolved into the amphibians. True or False?
False
The ____ gene causes mental retardation by increasing the levels of purines in the blood.
Gart
Why is fermentation essential to humans?
It is essential when we need a rapid burst of energy.
Which of the following is NOT true about the cerebrum?
It is responsible for maintenance of breathing and heart rate.
Which statement is NOT true about a protocell?
It would have contained DNA as its genetic material.
A member of the sporozoan group of protists that can cause diseases is
Plasmodium vivax.
Nervous control of urination involves what mechanism(s)?
Stretch receptors in the urinary bladder send impulses to the spine causing a urinary reflex but the brain can delay the reflex.
Why would it make sense to have the birthing process controlled by a positive feedback loop?
because there is a definite cutoff point to be reached
Which of the following is NOT a nitrogenous waste product?
bile pigments
Which eating disorder is most likely due to a person being depressed?
binge-eating disorder
Which eating disorder is the most common?
binge-eating disorder
Which feature is used to distinguish modern humans?
bipedalism
The liquid that collects in the cavity of the glomerular (Bowman's) capsule is
blood plasma minus blood proteins.
Which of the following would not lead to an immunodeficiency?
blood transfusion
Fertilization in the earthworm is accomplished by the use of the
clitellum
What lines up at the metaphase plate during metaphase II of meiosis and metaphase of mitosis?
each chromosome composed of two sister chromatids at both
A closed circulatory system is found in
earthworms
Meiosis differs from mitosis in that
it occurs only in the reproductive tissues that produce gametes.
A hydra moves via
muscular cells in the epidermis.
Which type of tissue will respond to stimuli and transmit impulses?
nervous
Since each child of two heterozygous parents has a 1/4 chance of receiving a recessive trait from each parent,
no matter what the first child's phenotype, the next child will have a 1/4 chance of being phenotypically recessive.
Muscles undergo fermentation when
no oxygen is available.
The point on a stem to which a leaf or bud is attached is termed the
node.
What pathway moves the electrons from water through PS II to PS I and then on to NADP+?
noncyclic electron pathway
When homologous chromosomes fail to separate during meiosis, this is termed
nondisjunction.
In vertebrates, the embryonic ____ is replaced by tissues that form a vertebral column.
notochord
The pressure that is generated when water flows through a differentially permeable membrane is termed
osmotic pressure.
Pyruvate can be converted to lactate instead of going to the preparatory reaction. Why does this occur?
oxygen is not available
The final acceptor for hydrogen ions in aerobic cellular respiration is
oxygen.
Disease-causing agents like viruses or bacteria are considered a(an)
pathogen.
In humans, fats are absorbed
primarily into the ducts of the lacteal of the small intestine.
The function of meristematic tissue is
production of new tissues.
Synapsis occurs during what stage of meiosis?
prophase I
You are examining a cell under the microscope and see what appear to be four sister chromatids bound together and remnants of the nuclear envelope. What stage of meiosis are you looking at?
prophase I
The synthesis of DNA or RNA from the organic soup would have been guided by the actions of enzymes in the
protein-first hypothesis.
What two components are commonly found in the extracellular matrix that help resist stretching and provide resilience?
proteins & polysaccharides
Which type of genes, if abnormally activated such that the protein is always present and active, can result in cancer
proto-oncogenes
The genes that code for the proteins of the signaling pathway could be classified as
proto-oncogenes.
What specialized types of primary meristem develop from a shoot apical meristem?
protoderm, ground meristem, procambium
If digestive enzymes are used to remove the plant cell wall, the naked plant cell that remains is called a
protoplast.
The function of endosperm is to
provide nutrients to the embryo.
Reabsorption of water, nutrients, and required salts occurs in the what part of the nephron?
proximal convoluted tubule
Which blood vessel has the highest concentration of carbon dioxide?
pulmonary artery
The part of the circulation involved with pumping blood to and from the lungs is the
pulmonary circuit
Planaria move by
secreting a film of mucus and pushing against it with epidermal cilia.
Osmosis can occur when a membrane is
semipermeable.
Which is NOT a correct association of respiratory problems and symptoms?
tonsillitis—inflammation of the uvula often cured by removal of the useless tissue
A nerve impulse is caused by
a change in the difference in positive and negative ions on the outer and inner surfaces of the neuron membrane, a change that opens adjacent channels and propagates its flow.
Wherever an evolutionary tree branches, there is assumed to be
a common ancestor.
A chain of asexual spores produced by a sac fungus is called
a conidia
If the gene product needed is either transfer RNA or ribosomal RNA, the most efficient way to produce this product is
activating chromatin.
The most common autosomal abnormality present in people is
an extra chromosome 21.
The blood that enters the coronary artery comes from the
aorta.
If there are twelve different intermediate products produced during production of a molecule in a cell, we can expect that there
are about twelve enzymes, at least one responsible for each step in the metabolic pathway.
Echinoderms and cnidarians
are both radially symmetrical.
Hemp (Cannabis sativa) is a dioecious plant. This means that the flowers of hemp
are incomplete.
You are planning to build a swimming pool in your backyard. How close can you get to the trees in your backyard without disturbing their root structure?
at least 4-5 times the diameter of the crown of the tree
If we inject three different antigens into a human at the same time,
at least three different plasma cells will be involved in antibody production since each plasma cell only produces one specific antibody.
Which stage of viral reproduction takes place when the spikes of the virus bind to a specific receptor molecule on the surface of a host cell?
attachment stage
Which term does NOT apply to the first protocell?
autotrophic
Positive phototropism and positive gravitropism occur from the action(s) of
auxin in both cases.
In the axon, the nerve impulses travel
away from the cell body.
Which of the following organisms is considered a microbe?
bacteria
Which refers to the movement of a piece of one chromosome to another nonhomologous chromosome? A) inversion B) translocation C) deletion D) duplication E) monosomy
B) translocation
In Figure 25.4, when replication is finished, strand 1 will have the same base composition as strand ___ while strand 2 will have the same base composition as strand ____. {image of DNA strands where bases of two spiraled strands on the left are labeled 1 and 2, and bases of the other two spiraled strands on the right are labeled 3 and 4.} A) 2; 3 B) 1; 3 C) 3; 4 D) 1; 4 E) 2; 4
C) 3; 4
What is thought to be the first major derived feature that separates land plants from charophytes?
Both charophytes and land plants protect their zygotes but only land plants also protect the resulting embryo.
Which of the following is a way that crayfish and grasshoppers are similar?
Both have antennae that have a sensory function.
How is a lymph capillary like a blood capillary?
Both have thin walls.
In what ways are photosynthesis and cellular respiration not alike?
Both will use the electron carrier NADH.
Will the reaction A + B turn into C, "move" forward if the free energy of A and B is 25 units and the free energy of C is 30 units? True or False?
False
Xenotransplantation is the use of animal organs instead of human organs in transplant patients. Scientists are considering using dogs as organ donors because they have long been domesticated by humans.
False
Which of the following is NOT a reason why the ginkgo is unique? ( ) The ginkgo grows well in polluted areas. ( ) Ginkgo biloba is the only surviving species in its division. ( ) The tree is propagated vegetatively to provide male trees that lack smelly seeds. ( ) Ginkgos have naked seeds. ( ) Ginkgos are popular for big cities along streets and parks.
Ginkgos have naked seeds.
The observation by ________ that human reproductive potential would rapidly outstrip available food and living space was an important concept adopted by Darwin in formulating his theory of natural selection.
Thomas Malthus
Mitotic division is the normal process of cell reproduction to build and maintain the body of an organism, while meiosis takes place only in the formation of gametes for reproduction. True or False?
True
NADH and FADH2 bring electrons to the electron transport chain during cellular respiration. True or False?
True
Plant hormones are small organic molecules produced by the plants themselves. True or False?
True
Since cyanobacteria do not contain chloroplasts and yet they photosynthesize, chloroplasts are not required for photosynthesis. True / False?
True
Since plant cells do not have centrioles, they cannot be required for all organisms to conduct mitosis and meiosis. True / False?
True
Some plant leaves and stems are covered with hairs. True or False?
True
Technically, mitosis refers to nuclear division and NOT cytoplasmic division. True / False?
True
The ability to throw spears and kill animals from a distance gave Cro-Magnon an advantage in their environment. True or False?
True
The australopithecines evolved and diversified in Africa from 4 MYA until 1.5 MYA and are the possible direct hominin ancestors for humans. True or False?
True
The cells that make up xylem are no longer living. True or False?
True
In Figure 17.4, number 3 represents
action potential.
The metabolic pathways of photosynthesis and cellular respiration
both involve oxidation and reduction reactions.
The reason an increase in substrate concentration will not increase the reaction rate indefinitely is because
the active site will become saturated with substrate and the enzyme will not be able to go any faster.
The difference between a weak stimulus and an intense stimulus is
the axon fires at a greater frequency for an intense stimulus.
A sponge actually feeds by
the beating of the flagella of collar cells, forming a current; food is absorbed by collar cells.
If the hepatic portal vein was blocked, where would the blood that was supposed to flow into the hepatic portal vein back up?
the capillaries of the small intestine
Aortic and carotid bodies are
sensitive to oxygen changes.
The type of membrane that covers the heart is called a
serous membrane.
What is not removed from the body via the urinary system?
feces
Which type of junction permits small molecules to pass between two cells?
gap junction
The cell membrane is composed of
lipids and proteins.
Which are NOT among the phylum Mollusca?
lobsters
Tay-Sachs is a serious childhood metabolic disorder where ____ fail to digest certain lipids.
lysosomes
In a person with a mitochondrial disease such that mitochondria do not produce enough energy for the cell, which organs would likely be most affected?
muscles
Which of the following tissues is INCORRECTLY matched with a function?
muscle—protection from pathogens
In the emergency room, saline solutions are often run into a person's vein. The saline solution must be
0.9% NaCl
If a woman is a carrier for the color blind recessive allele and her husband is normal, what are their chances that a son will be color blind?
50%, since the mother is only a carrier.
Which of the following conditions is NOT due to a sex-linked gene? A) color blindness B) hemophilia C) muscular dystrophy D) Klinefelter syndrome E) inability to see red or green
D) Klinefelter syndrome
Both inspiration and expiration require active engagement of the diaphragm and the rib muscles.
False
Cereal grains are one of the easiest plants to genetically modify. True or False?
False
Crossing-over is the only factor that is responsible for the variation that exists between offspring of one set of parents. True/False?
False
Heat is not a form of energy. True or False?
False
In order to produce a new plant via meristem culture, you need to remove the meristem from one plant and place it in a water containing various minerals. The meristem will then develop new shoots and roots. True or False?
False
In the process of photosynthesis, the light reactions follow the Calvin cycle reactions. True or False?
False
In the tissues, oxygen and nutrients enter the capillaries and carbon dioxide and wastes leave the capillaries.
False
Inflammation or the inflammatory response is a harmful process that should be avoided.
False
Innate immunity involves B and T cells since you were born with them.
False
Most respiratory infections are caused by viruses and can successfully be treated with antibiotics.
False
One of the new technologies developed from tissue culture and genetic engineering is plant hybridization. True or False?
False
Only blood pressure controls movement of fluid through the capillary wall into the tissue. Therefore, people with high blood pressure often have swelling issues.
False
Only leaves carry out photosynthesis. True of False?
False
Only organisms with chloroplasts are capable of photosynthesis. True or False?
False
Oxygen in the lungs diffuses from the capillary walls to enter the alveolar walls.
False
Oxygen leaves the alveoli in the lungs and enters the capillaries by endocytosis. True / False?
False
Photosynthesis and cellular respiration utilize the same chemical pathways but in reverse of each other. True or False?
False
Photosystem I comes before Photosystem II in the noncyclic electron pathway. True or False?
False
Primary growth of a stem is due to the activity of the vascular meristem. True or False?
False
Since all organisms carry on cellular respiration, all living cells must contain mitochondria. True/False?
False
Since enzymes are not used up during a reaction, they do not play any role in the reaction. True or False?
False
Taxonomy is the branch of systemic biology that studies the evolutionary relatedness among groups of organisms. True or False?
False
The addition of an enzyme will change the end result of a reaction. In other words, a particular reaction will result in a different product if an enzyme is used. True or False?
False
The final product of glycolysis is oxygen. True or False?
False
The hepatic portal vein empties into the inferior vena cava.
False
The kidney has three regions: the renal pelvis, the renal atria, and the renal ventricle.
False
The most efficient method to produce ATP in animal cells is by glycolysis. True or False?
False
The only end product of alcoholic fermentation is the alcohol. True or False?
False
The only source of energy for human beings is glucose because it can be broken down via cellular respiration. True or False?
False
The sound of a heartbeat results when the ventricles contract and blood is surged out of the heart.
False
The symptoms of laryngitis include a severe sore throat, high fever, and white patches on the throat.
False
The unique value of the ATP molecule is that when glucose is broken down during cellular respiration, all of the free energy of glucose is transformed into ATP. True or False?
False
When a kinase adds phosphates to an enzyme, it will only activate the enzyme. True or False?
False
When you drink coffee, which is more acidic than you bloodstream, the pH of your blood drops.
False
You are unable to see arteries and arterioles without a microscope.
False
The tendrils that support vining plants are a type of stem. True or False?
False (tendrils are specialized leaves)
Enzymes maintain their same shape when they bind to a substrate. True or False?
False.
One morning when Jon is urinating, he experiences an incredible stabbing pain in his groin. What is most likely causing this pain?
a kidney stone, perhaps stuck in the urethra
The extinction of the dinosaurs has been associated with
a meteor impact at the end of the Cretaceous Era that caused major cooling.
Which of the following is NOT a fungus?
amoeba
Extraembryonic membranes are NOT found in the development of
amphibians.
Which disease is associated with mild tremors in one or more limbs, abnormally high levels of glutamate in the cerebrospinal fluid and onset between the ages of 40 and 60?
amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
From the discussion of long-day and short-day plants, it is obvious that "day-neutral" plants
are not dependent on the length of the night or day for flowering.
Respiratory structures in insects are
are spiracles and tracheae
In the processing of food through the digestive tract, what is the correct order?
bolus → chyme → feces
Thylakoids and cristae are respectively structures of
chloroplasts and mitochondria.
During crossing-over,
chromatids exchange segments of genetic material.
Which is the largest group of protozoans?
ciliates
The stinging cells or nematocysts are characteristic of
cnidarians
The blood vessel that provides oxygen to the heart tissue is the
coronary artery.
The specialized tissue in a root that functions in food storage is the
cortex.
Which of the following is NOT an echinoderm?
crayfish
The ATP synthase complex is located in the
cristae of the mitochondria.
Which type of lymphocyte is sometimes called a "killer cell" that brings about destruction of antigen-bearing cells?
cytotoxic T cell
During a medical test for spinal meningitis the physician orders a "spinal tap". What cavity would he be removing the fluid from?
dorsal
Heroin binds to receptors on neurons that travel from the spinal cord to the region of the brain that feels pleasure. These receptors are normally meant for
endorphins.
Which part of an angiosperm seed is triploid (3n)?
endosperm
The idea that mitochondria may have resulted when a nucleated cell engulfed aerobic bacteria is known as the
endosymbiotic hypothesis.
When a cell uses substantial energy to organize its cell contents to a greater degree than the organization that exists outside the living cell,
entropy has decreased.
Jeremy has developed a problem with regulating his waking/sleeping cycle and regulating his body temperature. Doctors suspect he may have a brain lesion. Where might this lesion be located?
in the hypothalamus
Stomata open
in the light when a plant is running photosynthesis.
Fertilization in flowering plants occurs
in the ovule.
At body temperature, which of these combinations is most likely to result in digestion?
fat, bile salts, sodium bicarbonate, lipase
The reason that missing chromosomes and extra sex chromosomes do NOT cause more harm than they do is best explained by the
inactivation of any X beyond the first as a Barr body.
The largest animal group, both in number of species and number of individuals, is the
insects
Which of the following is correct in matching the common name with a phylum name?
fluke—Platyhelminthes
Defining characteristics of chordates are
gill arches or pharyngeal pouches, dorsal tubular nerve cord, notochord, and post-anal tail.
Sharks ( ) have bone skeletons. ( ) lack jaws. ( ) have a keen sense of smell. ( ) lack the lateral line system of bony fishes. ( ) do not have paired fins.
have a keen sense of smell.
The molluscs look so different, and yet we can tell they are related because they all
have a mantle, visceral mass, and a foot.
Enzymes are specific. This means that they
have a particular substrate.
In order to infect a cell, a virus must
have a special protein on its surface capsid that can interact with a protein on the surface of the host cell.
Each enzyme has a particular substrate because enzymes
have active sites complementary in shape to their substrates.
Mass extinctions ( ) are the result of humans damaging the natural environment. ( ) are the result of humans exploiting wildlife and using pesticides. ( ) occurred in cycles when organisms fail to evolve. ( ) have occurred about 4 or 5 times in fossil record, due in some cases to catastrophic changes. ( ) require life to evolve again from protocells.
have occurred about 4 or 5 times in fossil record, due in some cases to catastrophic changes.
In Figure 17.16, the structure at "c" is a(n)
interneuron.
Public health workers look for ways to prevent diseases. Which of the following jaundice-causing disease has the potential to be currently reduced by public health measures?
Hepatitis A by sewage control.
You have two true-breeding rose bushes, one with red flowers and one with white flowers, a cross between these two roses yields a bush with pink flowers. What condition does this demonstrate?
Incomplete dominance
Artificial RNA with a known base sequence was added to a medium containing bacterial ribosomes and a mixture of amino acids. By chemical identification of the resulting polypeptide, researchers could discover the
codon.
Why are green algae placed in the Protista while plants are placed in a separate kingdom?
Plants enclose and protect the embryo within the female plant while green algae do not.
____________ regulation occurs within a cell when the newly formed protein is modified.
Posttranslational
The fact that a nucleic acid is a very complicated molecule suggests that
RNA could not have arisen on its own by chance, but required enzymes to guide the synthesis of nucleotides and nucleic acids.
Although it sounds like science fiction, human bladders can be grown in the laboratory.
True
An example of a negative feedback system is when there is too much of a particular chemical in the body, a sensor detects it and brings about a response that causes the levels to drop.
True
Blood in the pulmonary capillaries has a higher partial pressure of carbon dioxide than atmospheric air.
True
Both plants and animals have organs and tissues. True or False?
True
Capillaries exchange oxygen and nutrients for wastes in the tissues.
True
Cross-pollination occurs when pollen from an anther of one plant is transferred to the stigma of another plant of the same species. True or False?
True
Currently, the one year survival rate following a kidney transplant is 95-98%.
True
Cytokines may be used in cancer and AIDS because they stimulate white blood cell formation and/or function.
True
Enzymes, coenzymes, and cofactors provide a mechanism for a cell to regulate the metabolism of a large amount of cell products using small quantities of chemicals. True or False?
True
Fatty acids are a more concentrated source of energy compared to a carbohydrate. True or False?
True
Fermentation follows glycolysis in some cells if oxygen is not available. True or False?
True
Hyptertension is sometimes called the silent killer because no symptoms may be experienced until a stroke or heart attack occurs.
True
If a particular molecule is brought into the cell by receptor-medicated endocytosis, then changing the receptors will change the molecule that is being transported. True or False?
True
In order to prevent an allergic reaction, injections of the allergen are sometimes given.
True
In some plants, the haploid stage is the dominant stage while in humans, the diploid stage is the dominant stage. True or False?
True
It is the secondary oocyte and not the egg that the sperm fertilizes to form a diploid organism. True / False?
True
Less energy is needed to bring about a reaction when an enzyme is present. True or False?
True
Microtubules found in spindle fibers are capable of assembling and disassembling. True or False?
True
One way to determine whether something is being actively transported across a membrane, is to compare its rate of transport with and without a chemical that blocks ATP production. True / False?
True
Pyruvate contains less chemical energy than glucose. True or False?
True
The chromatids are held together at a region called the centromere. True or False?
True
The major portion of the heart is the myocardium, made up mainly of cardiac muscle.
True
The only haploid stage in the animal life cycle is the gamete. True / False?
True
There is an inverse relationship between wavelength of light and amount of energy. True or False?
True
Ultimately, humans get their energy from the sun. True or False?
True
Upon visiting a redwood forest, you realize that because of their meristematic tissue these ancient trees are still growing. True or False?
True
When a person is bitten by a venomous snake, a donation of blood plasma from another person who has recently survived the same type of snake bite would provide some passive immunity.
True
Would untreated SCID be considered a lethal disease?
True
Which of the following would not show the five characteristics typically found in animals?
Trypanosoma, a single celled organism that causes sleeping sickness in humans.
A friend complains that all of her houseplants have bent stems. You examine the plants and find that their stems all curve toward the light. What would you recommend to your friend to correct the problem?
Turn each plant occasionally.
The spleen has a relatively thin outer capsule and can actually burst due to a blow to the abdomen. A person whose spleen has burst
may need antibiotic therapy.
The membranes that protect the brain and spinal cord are called
meninges.
The mitotic stage of cell division consists of
mitosis and cytokinesis.
The cell cycle consists of
mitosis and interphase.
A differentially permeable membrane separates a molasses solution from distilled water. Over time, the
molasses will become more dilute.
Which of these is NOT a part of a neuron?
neuroglial cell
Within eukaryotic cells, the ____ is surrounded by a double membrane and carries the coding that determines protein synthesis.
nucleus
Messenger RNA is produced in the
nucleus.
The outer sac that encloses the heart and provides lubrication is the
pericardium.
If oxygen had been present in the original primitive atmosphere,
organic molecules would be prevented from joining together.
Macrophages, a type of white blood cells, are able to remove bacteria from our bloodstream and tissues by
phagocytosis.
Which portion of the respiratory tract is commonly referred to as the "throat"?
pharynx
Which respiratory organ normally allows both air and food passage?
pharynx
Cold weather can change the ______ of a Himalayan rabbit.
phenotype
The organ of nutrition used in fetal development in the most successful mammals is the
placenta
Which type of cell will produce antibodies that are released into the bloodstream?
plasma cell
Which of the following is NOT an example of innate immunity?
plasma cells
Which structure regulates passage of molecules into and out of the bacterial cell?
plasma membrane
Which feature is common across all seed plants? ( ) flowers ( ) fruits ( ) pollen tubes ( ) flagellated sperm ( ) sperm carried by windborne pollen
pollen tubes
Traits that are controlled by several sets or pairs of alleles, such as skin color and height in humans, are the result of what form of inheritance?
polygenic
When the cap of an average gilled mushroom is cut off and shaken a cloud of powdery material is released. The material released are
spores
If a person has a blood pressure of 120/80, the "120" refers to the
systolic pressure.
When we are relaxed, only a small amount of air moves in and out with each breath. This is called
tidal volume.
The urine in your bladder is unable to pass out of the bladder through its epithelial lining. Which type of junction exists between these cells?
tight junction
The highest carbon dioxide concentration will be found in (or at) the
tissue cells.
Why are 2 ATP needed to begin glycolysis?
to activate the glucose
The main function of the cerebrospinal fluid is
to cushion and protect the central nervous system.
Color-blindness is inherited as an X-linked recessive trait. A male who is color-blind marries a heterozygous woman. What percent of their total children will be color-blind?
50%
Which statement is NOT correct about the results of the Hershey-Chase experiment with the T2 virus? A) Radioactively labeled protein was found in the bacteria, not in the virus coats. B) Radioactively labeled DNA was found in the bacteria, not in the virus coats. C) DNA was labeled with radioactive phosphorus. D) Protein was labeled with radioactive sulfur. E) Two separate experiments were actually run, one with radioactive phosphorus and one with radioactive sulfur.
A) Radioactively labeled protein was found in the bacteria, not in the virus coats.
Which action would cause a long-day plant to flower? A) Interrupt the day with a period of darkness. B) Interrupt a long night with a flash of light. C) Give the plant some phytochrome. D) Allow an insect to pollinate the plant. E) Keep the plant in the dark.
B) Interrupt a long night with a flash of light.
If A has a free energy of 38 units, and C has a free energy of 45 units, and the reaction is exergonic, based on the calculation of free energy, which is the substrate and which is the product?
C is the substrate and A is the product
You have two true-breeding rose bushes, one with red flowers and one with white flowers, a cross between these two roses yields a bush with white flowers that have red splotches. What condition does this demonstrate?
Codominance
Which of these is present in plant, but not animal, cells? A) nucleus B) centrioles C) cell membrane D) Golgi apparatus E) chloroplasts
E) chloroplasts
The electrical changes that occur in the heart during contraction are recordings termed
ECGs
The citric acid cycle turns once for each original glucose molecule. True or False?
False
Which limbic structure allows us to respond to and display anger and also prompts the release of adrenaline into the bloodstream?
amygdala
Which statement about photosynthesis and cellular respiration is true? A) Photosynthesis produces water while cellular respiration uses water. B) Photosynthesis produces oxygen while cellular respiration uses oxygen. C) Photosynthesis occurs in mitochondria while cellular respiration occurs in chloroplasts. D) Photosynthesis breaks down carbohydrates while cellular respiration produces carbohydrates. E) Photosynthesis requires oxygen while cellular respiration requires sunlight.
B) Photosynthesis produces oxygen while cellular respiration uses oxygen.
Tissues that produce large amounts of secretions, such as the gastric glands of the stomach, contain cells with large numbers of
Golgi apparati.
Which of the following would NOT slow down the electron transport system's production of ATP?
Increase the pumping of hydrogen ions into the intermembrane space of the mitochondria.
Which of the following crosses will yield 4 phenotypes in the 1:1:1:1 ratio? ( ) RRYY x RRYY ( ) RRYY x rryy ( ) RrYy x RrYy ( ) RrYy x rryy ( ) rryy x rryy
RrYy x rryy
If there is complete linkage with genes Ss (for smooth or wrinkled seeds) and Gg (for green or yellow seeds) what phenotypes would you expect in the offspring of a cross with one heterozygous parent (Ss, Gg) which would all produce all smooth and green seeds and a homozygous recessive parent (ss, gg) which would produce all wrinkled yellow seeds?
Smooth green seeds or wrinkled yellow seeds only
Stacey is 5 foot 8 inches tall and weighs approximately 80 pounds, yet she thinks she is very fat. Which of the following statements is probably not true about Stacey?
Stacey probably spends a lot of time throwing up.
If echinoderms are radially symmetrical, why are they considered primitive relatives of cnidarians?
The echinoderm larvae are originally bilaterally symmetrical but metamorphose into a radially symmetrical adult.
Generally, nerve impulses do not move "backward" along a series of neurons. What is the reason for this?
There is a short refractory period during which sodium gates cannot open and an action potential cannot move backwards.
Which of the following is NOT true about viruses?
They contain nucleic acid, protein, and mitochondria.
How can marine animals such as sharks live in a salt water?
They increase or decrease the amount of urea in their blood until the blood is isotonic with the environment.
Which statement is NOT true about bacteria?
They reproduce sexually.
"Goose bumps" are caused by the arrector pili muscles making the hair follicles stand up.
True
The model of speciation that requires some time with geographic barriers between two populations allowing evolution of reproductive isolation is
allopatric speciation.
If we set up an experimental design to explore the full digestion of starch to glucose, we would need to include which enzymes?
amylase and maltase
ATP contains
an adenine base, a ribose sugar, and 3 phosphate groups.
An insect circulatory system is best described as
an open system that mostly washes hemolymph "blood" through the hemocoel.
During which phase will homologous chromosomes separate?
anaphase I
Which type of organism is characterized by having jointed appendages, ability to molt, and three sets of fused segments?
anthropods
Which of the following is NOT considered to be a innate defense mechanism against infection?
antibodies in mother's milk
Which is a type of neuroglial cell?
astrocyte
Amphibians most likely evolved from ancestors most similar to the
coelacanth.
Edward Jenner promoted the use of cowpox infection, that was very similar to more dangerous smallpox, as a vaccination to provide patients immunity from future smallpox epidemics. This was a case of these subjects
developing active immunity.
Which membrane transport process can continue whether the cell is alive or dead?
diffusion
Which of the following body systems is not involved in the control of fluid balance in the body?
digestive
In the life cycle of the fern, meiosis takes place ( ) during development of seeds. ( ) upon development of the gametophyte. ( ) during the production of egg and sperm. ( ) during the production of spores. ( ) during the development of vascular tissue.
during the production of spores.
Which is NOT a correct association of lower respiratory problems and causes or symptoms?
emphysema-reduced lung and chest volume due to collapsed alveoli and overventilation
In what order does a dentist drill through tooth layers?
enamel →dentin →pulp
The amount of energy available to do work after a chemical reaction has occurred is called
free energy.
Which mechanism used to form urine, requires a high blood pressure?
glomerular filtration
Which of these characteristics is NOT found in the amphibians but is developed in reptiles?
internal fertilization
The roots of many plants have a relationship with fungi called
mycorrhizae.
Epithelial tissue can be modified to
perform absorption.
In plants, chloroplasts are necessary for
photosynthesis.
Biologists are fairly certain that oxygen was built up in the atmosphere by the development of photosynthesis. The production of oxygen and therefore the beginning of extensive aerobic life was made possible by the evolution of
photosystem II.
When an intestinal cell ingests substances inside very small vesicles that can only be seen with an electron microscope, this is
pinocytosis.
Which of the following treatments can cure lung cancer?
pneumonectomy
The most primitive primates are considered to be the
prosimians
When a moss spore lands on an appropriate site, it germinates into the first stage of the gametophyte called a(n)
protonema
When a moss spore germinates, the single row of cells that first appears will branch and form a(n)
protonema.
Figure 24.1 {a normal female & affected male produce a normal female and a normal male: - The normal female offspring and another normal male produce 2 normal females and an affected male - The normal male offspring and another affected female produce an affected male} The trait diagrammed in Figure 24.1 is a(n)
recessive X-linked trait.
The above-ground portion of a mushroom is termed basidiocarp, which specializes in
reproduction
Tapeworms are specialized for parasitism by an excessive development of which system?
reproductive
A short while after a person has died, a "gasp" of air may occur as the lungs collapse. This flow would represent the
residual volume.
Lymph is
returned to the circulatory system at the subclavian vein.
What is the correct sequence in which a drop of blood returning from the body encounters the heart valves?
right atrioventricular valve →pulmonary semilunar valve →left atrioventricular valve →aortic semilunar valve
What is the correct sequence in which a drop of blood returning from the body encounters the heart chambers?
right atrium →right ventricle →left atrium →left ventricle
The pulmonary semilunar valve prevents blood from re-entering the
right ventricle.
The head region of a tapeworm is called the
scolex
Because one original strand of the double-stranded helix is found in each daughter cell, the replication process is called
semi-conservative.
Melanin is a substance responsible for
skin pigmentation to protect from harmful light.
Which can have a cellular form as well as an acellular (plasmodial) form with multiple nuclei?
slime molds
In the black bread mold
spores are used in both the sexual and asexual portions of the life cycle.
Which life cycle phase is diploid in moss?
sporophyte generation
Which form of protist has a complicated parasitic life cycle that nearly always involves the production of infective spores?
sporozoans
Which protist is NOT correctly linked to the type of movement it shows?
sporozoa—flexing the pellicle
In moving from the outside environment to the inside of the cell, the first layer of a bacterium encountered would be
the capsule.
When a plant cell is placed in a hypotonic solution, the cell wall prevents
the cell from bursting.
At the cellular level, photosynthesis occurs within
the chloroplast.
What feature enables the Archaea to survive in harsh environments?
their cell walls
Since the membrane is more permeable to K+ than to Na+,
there are always more positive ions outside the membrane than inside.
Amphibians are NOT considered to be fully adapted to life on land because ( ) they are dependent upon water for external fertilization. ( ) their skin is used for respiration. ( ) they have hopping legs. ( ) their skin is used for respiration. ( ) most amphibians live their entire lives in water.
they are dependent upon water for external fertilization.
How many layers does an arterial wall possess? Which is the thickest?
three, the middle layer
Which technology was first established by Cro-Magnon? ( ) throwing spears ( ) scrapers ( ) controlled fire ( ) group life ( ) All of these are unique to Cro-Magnon.
throwing spears
Which part of the respiratory system is composed of C-shaped cartilaginous rings and cilia?
trachea
Which type of sexual exchange occurs among bacteria in which DNA is carried into a bacterial cell by means of a bacteriophage?
transduction (sex-exchange : trans)
Which of the classes of RNA molecules carries the amino acids that are added to the growing polypeptide chain?
transfer RNA
Fungal infections are difficult to treat because of the similarity in their nucleus, organelles and ribosomes to those in human cells.
true
Hemophilia is an inherited clotting disorder found most often in males.
true
Which includes the parasites that cause African sleeping sickness?
zooflagellates
All arteries contain oxygenated blood, and all veins contain nonoxygenated blood.
False
The ____ are believed to be the first group of hominids that buried their dead.
Homo neanderthalensis
Which statement is NOT correct about the roundworms?
Roundworms are essentially no more than parasitic flatworms that have lost their need to be flat.
Africa, Asia, South America, and Antarctica share some patterns of primitive (fossil) plants and early reptiles, but do not have similar mammal populations. This therefore
SUGGESTS that the EARLIER PLANTS AND REPTILES evolved while continents were joined but mammals radiated into diverse groups after separation.
Which statement is NOT true about seed plants? ( ) They generally do not require external water for reproduction. ( ) Seed plants produce homospores. ( ) The pollen grain later becomes the male gametophyte. ( ) The female gametophyte is retained within the sporophyte. ( ) The seed contains the embryonic sporophyte generation.
Seed plants produce homospores.
Which of these characteristics first developed in reptiles?
amniotic egg
Which of the following will produce carbon dioxide in cellular respiration? A) glycolysis B) preparation reaction C) citric acid cycle D) both glycolysis and the electron transport chain E) both the preparation reaction and the citric acid cycle
E) both the preparation reaction and the citric acid cycle
The geological time scale indicates the order of Eras to be Cenozoic as the most recent, the middle Era is the Mesozoic, with dinosaurs as the major group, and the earliest Era being the Paleozoic. Consider a hillside of rock that surfaces in your backyard that is identified as dating back to the Mesozoic Era. What is possible?
Fossils were mainly deposited when your backyard was sediment, so many layers might be missing, but any layer from EARLIER MESOZOIC THROUGH PALEOZOIC might be found.
Upon examination, a cell is found to have twice as much DNA as the normal diploid state but is no longer in the process of replicating the DNA. All of the DNA is found within a single nucleus. Which stage of the cell cycle is this cell in?
G2 phase
In a cladogram, clades are groups of related organisms. In the past, phylogeneticists built clades using the idea of parsimony, that the pattern that uses the fewest evolutionary changes is the most likely to be correct. Today with the use of computers and DNA sequences the explanation that is thought to be the best is ( ) One that shows the most changes in nucleotide sequences. ( ) One that eliminates any similar DNA sequences. ( ) One that shows the DNA unique to that species. ( ) One that shows the fewest changes in the nucleotide sequences. ( ) Still one that uses the same system of parsimony.
One that shows the FEWEST changes in the nucleotide sequences.
Which of the following is an accurate comparison of Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases?
Patients with AD produce too much beta amyloid while those with PD produce too little dopamine.
A member of the sac fungi that contains an ascocarp is
Penicillium species.
Alternation of generations means that a diploid sporophyte produces haploid spores by meiosis and a haploid gametophyte produces gametes by mitosis. True or False?
True
An infection with Mycobacterium can cause tubercles in the lungs.
True
The number of ATPs produced directly as a result of one turn of the citric acid cycle is
1.
If 0.9% NaCl were isotonic to a cell, then
1.0% would be hypertonic.
The earliest forms of life on earth are found in rocks that are estimated to be ( ) 1 million years old. ( ) 4 million years old. ( ) 1 billion years old. ( ) 3.5 billion years old. ( ) 4.6 billion years old.
3.5 billion years old.
In the Calvin cycle, the 3-carbon molecule that will be immediately formed after carbon dioxide fixation occurs is
3PG.
In humans, the diploid number of chromosomes is
46.
All of the genes on a single chromosome are
A linkage group
Which stem modifications are underground, thin, papery leaves and have a thick stem that lie dormant during the winter? A) corms B) rhizomes C) stolons D) runners E) nodes
A) corms
Some herbicides inhibit the electron transport chain in the thylakoid membrane. Without the movement of electrons, hydrogen ions would not be pumped from the stroma to the thylakoid space and the hydrogen ion gradient would not be established. How would this affect the Calvin cycle reactions?
ATP would not be produced and as a result, the Calvin cycle reactions would not occur.
Which of the following statements about proteins in the diet is not true?
Amino acids are stored in the body, so we do not need a regular supply of protein in the diet.
Which component of the extracellular matrix is responsible for forming proteoglycans?
Amino sugars
Which of these is a proper contrast between birds and mammals? ( ) Birds are cold-blooded; mammals are warm-blooded. ( ) Birds are egg laying; no mammals lay eggs. ( ) Birds have air sacs in addition to lungs; mammals have no air sacs. ( ) Birds lack a septum between the ventricles; mammals have a septum between the ventricles. ( ) Birds, unlike mammals, require no parental care.
Birds have air sacs in addition to lungs; mammals have no air sacs.
Which statement is true regarding the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions of the autonomic motor pathways?
Both divisions have two neurons per message.
Which is NOT a correct association describing aspects of the cardiac cycle?
Diastole is contraction of the heart and systole is relaxation.
Which statement is NOT true about epithelial tissue?
Epithelial cells have spaces between them.
What would be the outcome of applying ethylene to a bushel of oranges?
Ethylene stimulates cellulase which will hydrolyze the CELLULOSE in plant cell walls. This will cause the fruit to ripen.
Why are fats a better source of energy than carbohydrates?
Fatty acids have a LONG chain of reduced CARBON atoms that will produce large amounts of ATP when their BONDS ARE BROKEN.
Which is NOT a correct description of cartilage?
Fibrocartilage contains strong collagen fibers.
A home heating system is an example of a positive feedback mechanism.
Flase
Information from X-ray crystallographic data collected by _______ was used by Watson and Crick in their development of the model of DNA.
Franklin
Which cellular structure is responsible for packaging materials with the cell?
Golgi apparatus
Which of the following is a way that crayfish and grasshoppers are different?
Grasshoppers have spicules and tracheal tubes that serve as the means of gas exchange while crayfish have gills.
Which is NOT a correct step in the hormone regulation of blood pressure and reabsorption?
High blood pressure causes the kidneys to secrete aldosterone.
If an individual has a XXY genotype, they are classified as having
Klinefelter syndrome.
In Figure 17.4 of an action potential, number 1 indicates the movement of
Na+ to the inside.
All of these humans are believed to have evolved in Africa EXCEPT
Neandertals.
What blood type does an individual have according to the blood typing results illustrated in this figure?
O positive
Which of the following statements does not correctly describe air movement along the respiratory tract?
The bronchi serve as passageways into the trachea.
An increased amount of ADH leads to
a decreased amount of urine.
Which body structure describes the freshwater hydra?
a freely moving polyp with mouth pointing upward
Some, but not all, viruses contain ______, located on their outer surface.
a membranous envelope composed of the host's plasma membrane
Which plant hormone will act as an inhibitor of growth and maintains dormancy?
abscisic acid
The madreporite helps the sea star
absorb water to regulate its vascular system.
Which is the most common type of intercellular junction between skin cells?
adhesion junctions
Ectothermic animals with three-chambered hearts would include ( ) amphibians. ( ) mammals. ( ) fish. ( ) arthropods. ( ) birds.
amphibians
Extraembryonic membranes are NOT found in the development of ( ) amphibians. ( ) reptiles. ( ) birds. ( ) mammals. ( ) chordates.
amphibians
Which pair is mismatched?
ascocarp-shelf fungi
If two adjacent populations of the same species show gene flow, then the two populations will ( ) become more similar in their gene pools. ( ) become isolated from each other. ( ) develop into different species. ( ) adapt to different conditions and become separate. ( ) become the same population.
become MORE SIMILAR in their gene pools.
The stigma, style, and ovary are located in a
carpel
Which of the following is NOT considered to be a fruit according to a biologist? ( ) apple ( ) grapes ( ) tomato ( ) peas in a pod ( ) celery
celery
Antioxidants are
chemicals found in fruits and vegetables that defend against free radicals.
In a certain group of people, males are more subject to respiratory infections and are sterile. The most likely explanation for this disease is malfunctioning
cilia and flagella.
In flame cells
cilia drive fluids through tubules for excretion of excess water.
The "antenna" system of a plant that gathers the solar energy consists of
closely packed pigment molecules.
The lancelets are found ( ) in tropical Amazon streams. ( ) as parasites inside the tracts of fish. ( ) very rarely in mountain streams, where they are almost extinct. ( ) commonly in the sandy bottoms of shallow coastal waters around the world. ( ) on the bottom of the ocean.
commonly in the sandy bottoms of shallow coastal waters around the world.
Spirogyra practice a type of sexual exchange called
conjugation
Collagenous and elastic fibers are found in what type of tissue?
connective
The kind of algae that help to build a coral reef are
coralline algae.
You need to identify a plant but it is winter and the leaves have fallen to the ground mixed with others. The parts of flowers, fruits, and seed leaves of germinating seeds are not available either. Your best clue to whether it is a monocot or a eudicot is to
cut the stem and if the vascular bundles are scattered in the stem, it is a monocot.
Which is grouped with the algae?
diatoms
The physical principle upon which kidney dialysis is based is
diffusion
The definition of osmosis is the
diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane.
If a chromosomal segment appears more than once in the same chromosome, it is termed a(n)
duplication.
The innermost core of a virus's structure is made up of
either DNA or RNA
The largest number of ATP molecules are produced in which phase of cellular respiration?
electron transport chain
Which difference distinguishes protostomes from deuterostomes?
embryonic development
The most likely ancestors of the chordates are considered to be echinoderms because
embryos of echinoderms and chordate embryos are deuterostomes.
Which of the following diseases make up chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)?
emphysema, chronic bronchitis, and asthma
Which is a correct association of protein types?
enzymatic proteins - carry out metabolic reactions directly
A unicellular alga that has both plant-like photosynthesis and animal-like motility is a(n)
euglenoid.
Which of the following function would not be lost or seriously compromised if someone suffered a severe burn over most of their body?
exchange of gases
When you pick a bouquet of anther-less flowers, you have picked
female gametophytes retained within the body of sporophytes.
Psilotum are most closely related to ( ) angiosperms. ( ) gymnosperms. ( ) conifers. ( ) green algae. ( ) ferns.
ferns
Which is NOT a correct association of disease with cause or symptoms?
fetal alcohol syndrome—increased intelligence and physical performance
Which of the following is not a major class of nutrients required by the human body?
fiber
A blue-eyed, left-handed woman marries a brown-eyed, right-handed man who is heterozygous for both of his traits. If blue eyes and left-handedness are recessive, how many different phenotypes are possible in their children?
four
Which intercellular junction allows for the rapid movement of small molecules or ions to flow from one animal cell to the next?
gap junctions
Which of the following is NOT a unique characteristic of chordates at some time in their life history?
gill clefts
Blood traveling from the intestines to the liver is traveling in the
hepatic portal vein.
During interphase,
hereditary material duplicates itself.
Which of the following associations is correct?
herpesvirus - chicken pox
The inside and outside of the plasma membrane are
identical in phospholipid bilayer but have cytoskeletal filaments on the inside and carbohydrate chains of glycolipids and proteins on the outside.
When the dorsal root of a spinal nerve is cut,
incoming sensory nerve impulses are lost.
Some twentieth-century authors wrote that the earliest protocells would have to be autotrophs. This concept appears to be
incorrect, since the primordial soup could contain many preformed food molecules.
The importance of dietary fiber includes all of the following EXCEPT
increased blood cholesterol levels.
Edema cannot be caused by
increased capillary osmotic pressure.
Showy flowers are most likely pollinated by
insects or birds.
Which of these characteristics is NOT found in the amphibians but is developed in reptiles? ( ) thin moist skin ( ) internal fertilization ( ) small inefficient lungs ( ) aquatic larvae ( ) eggs with gelatinous covering
internal fertilization
Which specific component in hemoglobin combines with oxygen?
iron in the heme
A reflex
is an automatic, involuntary response.
The structure which monitors blood pressure in the kidney is called the
juxtaglomerular apparatus.
Crustose, fruticose and foliose obtain their nutrients from photosynthetic cells contained within their middle layer. These are varieties of
lichens
What are the two sets of reactions for photosynthesis?
light reactions, Calvin cycle reactions
What organic substance makes the walls of sclerenchyma cells tough and hard?
lignin
When individuals experience fear and pleasure, what part of the brain has been stimulated?
limbic system
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of echinoderms?
locomotion by muscles
The failure of which organelle during development can result in a child being born with webbed toes?
lysosomes
Mammals are different from birds in all these characteristics EXCEPT
maintaining a constant body temperature.
Considering that males can have Klinefelter (XXY) syndrome, XYY, and normal XY chromosomal combinations, and females can have Turner (XO) syndrome, poly-X (XXX, XXXX), and normal XX combinations, it is obvious that
maleness results from the minimal presence of one Y chromosome.
An animal that is characterized by vertebrae, dorsal hollow nerve cord, hair, and mammary glands must be a(n)
mammal
An impulse traveling up the spinal cord first enters the brain at the
medulla
Which part of the brain contains centers for the heartbeat and respiration?
medulla oblongata
Which type of mammal lays eggs?
monotremes
The raw material for evolutionary change is ( ) gene flow. ( ) genetic drift. ( ) mutation. ( ) nonrandom reproduction. ( ) natural selection.
mutation.
Which of the following agents of evolutionary change results in adaptation? ( ) mutation ( ) genetic drift ( ) gene flow ( ) nonrandom mating ( ) natural selection
natural selection
The carriers of the electron transport chain are located
on the cristae of the mitochondria.
The stalk that attaches a leaf blade to a stem is a/an
petiole.
The response of plants to the relative length of light and darkness is termed
photoperiodism.
Which modern technology is NOT used in the creation of transgenic plants?
plant hybridization
Microbiology is the study of microbes, these include all but which of the following?
plants
A complex protein-rich cell shelters and supports the DNA genetic code, and the code is the blueprint for the cell proteins; thus is set the "chicken-or-the-egg" dilemma of which came first. This is probably solved by the discovery that
polypeptides and RNA could have evolved simultaneously.
All the members of a single species that occupy a particular area and are able to interbreed are a
population.
Bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) or "mad cow disease" is caused by a(n)
prion
The duodenum is NOT a site of
production of HCl.
During what stage of mitosis does the nuclear envelope disappear and the chromosomes become distinct?
prophase
Which of the following is matched to the incorrect body system?
protects against disease and infections—cardiovascular system
Which is NOT a correct association of memory type?
semantic memory—non-language memory
A heart murmur that sounded "lub-dup-shush" would indicate which of the following?
semilunar valve is not closing properly
Based on molecular data, the split between apes and humans is thought to have occurred about ______ million years ago.
six
Which type of muscle is involuntary and lacks striations?
smooth
Carbonic anhydrase
speeds up the conversion of carbonic acid to carbon dioxide and water.
The pollen grain contains the
sperm.
Muscles that encircle tubes and act as valves are called
sphincters.
An example of a filamentous green alga is
spirogyra
Which lymphoid organ has sinuses filled with blood instead of lymph?
spleen
What type of bone contains numerous bony plates separated by irregular spaces?
spongy
What are the two most common applications of cytokine therapies?
stimulation of blood cells and treatment of cancer
A correct function of the human stomach is
storage of food and mixing with digestive fluids to allow chemical digestion.
What is the function of neuroglial cells?
support and nourish neurons
Evolutionary advantages of being "woody" include
tall growth that allows greater leaf access to sunlight.
Which of these is NOT associated with a roundworm infection?
tapeworm
Saltatory conduction occurs when
the action potential jumps from node to node.
The term "deuterostome" refers to
the second embryonic opening becoming the mouth.
When water enters a plant cell
the vacuole becomes enlarged.
If a tree has flower petals that are small and the same color as its leaves, it is likely to be pollinated by
the wind.
Lactose is milk sugar that is broken down by the enzyme lactase. The reason that some people are "lactose intolerant" could be because
they are missing the enzyme lactase in their digestive system.
Which technology was first established by Cro-Magnon?
throwing spears
The loss of water by evaporation from a leaf is termed
transpiration.
Tissue rejection following organ transplantation is due to all of the following except
transplantation of tissues from one part of the body to another in the same person.
The main function of the esophagus is to
transport food from the mouth to the stomach.
A cross section through the zone of maturation of a root would show
transport tissues.
Stored food in a cotyledon was derived from
triploid endosperm.
A person who has an extra copy of a chromosome is said to have
trisomy.
Dead plants seen alongside a salted roadway died because the saline solution caused the cells to
undergo plasmolysis.
Which of the following types of lipids do not promote cardiovascular disease?
unsaturated fatty acids
Damage to the nephrons can lead to uremia, which is characterized by
urea in the blood.
The prostate gland in older men may block the flow of fluid in the
urethra.
Urinary tract infections confined to the urethra are called
urethritis.
Which of the following features is NOT a characteristic used to distinguish birds? ( ) feathers ( ) air sacs ( ) variable body temperature ( ) hard-shelled egg ( ) four-chambered heart
variable body temperature
A waitress that stands for hours and has a habit of crossing her legs when she sits will increase the chances of having blood accumulate in her
veins.
Fertilization in the mosses is dependent upon
water
Which of these is NOT a characteristic of sponges?
water enters through a single cavity, the osculum
Researchers have long attempted to find a substitute for red blood cells, specifically the hemoglobin carrying ability. With the low but possible risk of disease transfer from blood transfusion, such a synthetic substance could be guaranteed safe if it was effective. Which of the following properties would be important for "artificial red blood cells"?
would bind to oxygen in a high oxygen concentration solution and release oxygen when in a low oxygen concentration solution
A fungal structure that results from sexual reproduction and can survive unfavorable growing conditions is the
zygospore.
Which energy association is correct? A) Kinetic energy is energy of motion. B) Water stored behind a dam is an example of kinetic energy. C) Energy in the chemical bonds of a molecule is kinetic energy. D) Potential energy must be used immediately or it is lost. E) Light energy is a form of chemical energy.
A) Kinetic energy is energy of motion.
Which of the following is NOT true about a karyotype? A) Homologous chromosomes are arranged in pairs. B) Sex chromosomes are identified separately from autosomes. C) All chromosome pairs are numbered differently for males and females. D) Chromosome pairs are assorted by both size and shape. E) Banding patterns are used in pairing chromosomes.
C) All chromosome pairs are numbered differently for males and females.
Which of the following best characterizes apoptosis? A) Apoptosis is bad for an organism. B) The stages of apoptosis are different in each cell type. C) Apoptosis happens accidentally to healthy cells. D) Apoptosis plays a normal role in development and cancer prevention. E) Apoptosis results in our going from a fertilized egg to trillions of cells.
D) Apoptosis plays a normal role in development and cancer prevention.
Why does FADH2 result in fewer ATP than NADH + H+?
FADH2 drops its electrons off LOWER on the electron transport chain
The body is unable to make any amino acids so all 20 of them must be acquired from a balanced diet.
False
Which statement is NOT true about neutrophils?
They are agranular leukocytes
In what way are fungi like heterotrophic bacteria?
They are both heterotrophic and play an important role in ecosystems.
Two parents with widow's peak and short fingers have a child with a continuous hairline and long fingers. What are the genotypes of the two parents? (W = widow's peak; S = short fingers) ( ) WWSS x wwss ( ) wwss x WWSS ( ) WWss x WWss ( ) WwSs x WwSs ( ) WwSs x wwss
WwSs x WwSs
An oncogene is
a mutated form of a proto-oncogene.
Which type of natural selection increases the frequency of an extreme phenotype? ( ) directional ( ) diversifying ( ) stabilizing ( ) disruptive ( ) nonrandom
directional
The type of respiration in which gases are exchanged between the blood and tissue fluid is termed
internal respiration.
Which of the following is not a function of the cerebrum?
maintains posture and balance
Which type of mammal lays eggs? ( ) monotremes ( ) marsupials ( ) placentals ( ) snakes ( ) birds
monotremes
Which of the following is the best description of the cause of multiple sclerosis (MS)?
myelin sheath lesions impair normal coordination of impulses
Red blood cells come in many blood types including A, B, AB and type O (lacking proteins A and B), Rh positive, Rh negative (lacking Rh+), and many others. If blood is transfused, the recipient detects any new or foreign proteins. The blood type proteins are
on the outer surface of the red blood cell membrane.
Cells of the ground tissue system are called
parenchyma, collenchyma, and sclerenchyma cells.
The vascular tissue by which nutrients are transported throughout ferns is called
phloem
Which are cell fragments that help initiate blood clotting?
platelets
If you were assigned the task of constructing a cladogram representing the evolutionary relationship between humans, gorillas, tigers, lizards and sharks, what feature could you use as the shared derived trait? ( ) presence of a jaw ( ) presence of hair ( ) give birth to live young ( ) lay eggs ( ) production of milk to nourish their young
presence of a jaw
Prior to protein synthesis, the DNA
serves as a template for the production of mRNA.
To what does the term stroma refer?
the central fluid-filled space of the chloroplast
Which organ of the body contains very few, if any, capillary beds?
the cornea
How many NADH + H+ are produced by the citric acid cycle per turn?
three
Which represents the correct order of evolution of chordate features?
vertebrae → jaws → lungs → limbs → amnion
Which of the following events would be controlled by an external signal? A) Cell division. B) Prophase proceeds into metaphase. C) The chromosomes align at the equatorial plane before the cell begins anaphase. D) All of the DNA is copied before the cell enters into the G2 phase. E) All of these are controlled by an external signal.
A) Cell division
Which of the following is consistent with the laws of physics governing energy? A) Eventually, sunlight that is absorbed on the earth returns to the atmosphere as dispersed heat. B) You eat a "quarter-pounder" hamburger and add exactly a quarter-pound of additional weight to your body. C) When a liter of gasoline is burned in a car engine, 100% of its energy goes into moving the car along the road. D) A calorie of sunlight becomes a calorie of plant tissue. E) A calorie of plant tissue, which when eaten by you, becomes a calorie of muscle "power."
A) Eventually, sunlight that is absorbed on the earth returns to the atmosphere as dispersed heat.
Which of the following factors could cause the cell membrane to become less permeable? A) If the channel proteins were to denature and become inactive B) If the molecules trying to enter the cell were decreased in size C) If the hydrophilic head of the phospholipids were to become hydrophobic while the hydrophobic tails become hydrophilic D) If the size of the protein channel was to increase E) All of these choices would cause the cell membrane to become less permeable
A) If the channel proteins were to denature and become inactive
Which of the following would be considered evidence that chloroplasts are involved in photosynthesis? A) Isolated chloroplasts give off oxygen when exposed to sunlight. B) Plants that are green contain chloroplasts. C) Both plants and algae have chloroplasts. D) Plants have both chloroplasts and mitochondria. E) Chloroplasts contain thylakoids which are stacked in structures called grana.
A) Isolated chloroplasts give off oxygen when exposed to sunlight.
Which of the following is NOT true concerning plant tissue culture? A) New plants can be cultivated from any existing plant cell. B) Most plant cells are totipotent, meaning an entire plant can be produced from one cell. C) Hormones can be used to cause the production of shoots from tissue. D) Plants can be produced from shoot tips, leaves, and anthers. E) Foreign genes such as those from other plants or even animals can be inserted into plant cells.
A) New plants can be cultivated from any existing plant cell.
All but one of the following experiments would allow a scientist to discover if the phenotype of an organism would be affected by environmental changes; choose the experiment that would NOT show environmental effects. A) Cuttings are taken from an English Ivy plant and are then grown in soils with different pH levels. B) A Siamese cat has patches of fur removed from its hips and an ice pack is secured over the area. C) A mouse with the genetic disorder phenylketonuria (PKU) is fed a diet low in phenylalanine for a year and then changed to a diet rich in the same molecule. D) A group of mice that show the same dominant trait are fed a variety of diets to determine if they show different body types. E) A hydrangea is grown for one year in aluminum poor soil and then grown for one year in aluminum rich soil.
D) A group of mice that show the same dominant trait are fed a variety of diets to determine if they show different body types.
What evidence would not suggest that the fluid in the nucleus is different from the cytoplasm? A) There is a pH difference between the two fluids. B) The nuclear membrane encloses the nucleoplasm. C) Nuclear pores only permit passage of certain molecules into and out of the nucleus. D) Cytoplasm and nucleoplasm both flow freely into and out of the nucleus. E) Electron microscopy reveals nonmembranous components associated with the nuclear pores.
D) Cytoplasm and nucleoplasm both flow freely into and out of the nucleus.
Which of the following is NOT an advantage of tissue culture? A) Plant tissue can be used to produce medicines such as digitoxin and other products for the treatment of human disease. B) Tissue culture allows the production of healthier plant varieties. C) New plant varieties can be formed by using somatic embryos. D) The use of transgenic plants has led to a serious decline in crop production throughout the world. E) Engineered plants are resistant to herbicides and disease.
D) The use of transgenic plants has led to a serious decline in crop production throughout the world.
Which is NOT a correct association of cell organelles and function? A) lysosome-intracellular digestion B) mitochondrion-cell respiration C) ribosome-production of proteins D) cell wall-regulate molecule passage in and out of animal cells E) vacuole-storage of chemicals
D) cell wall-regulate molecule passage in and out of animal cells
The extracellular matrix is responsible for which of the following features? A) The extracellular matrix does all of these features. B) The extracellular matrix helps the cell resist stretching. C) The extracellular matrix enables the cell to adhere to neighboring cells. D) The extracellular matrix plays a role in cell signaling. E) The extracellular matrix acts as a structural feature.
A) The extracellular matrix does all of these features.
Which of the following is a monocot? A) dandelions B) oak trees C) maple trees D) palm trees E) roses
D) palm trees
Which of the following sex-linked disorders is characterized by an abnormal number of repeat sequences in the genome? A) fragile X syndrome B) hemophilia C) color blindness D) Duchenne muscular dystrophy E) none of these
A) fragile X syndrome
Which is true about energy of activation? A) Energy of activation is measured as the energy that is released after a reaction occurs. B) Adding the correct enzyme can lower the energy of activation. C) In any one metabolic pathway, all steps will have the same energy of activation. D) Energy of activation is the difference between the energy of the reactant and the energy of the product. E) The energy of activation is always lower than the energy of the reactant.
B) Adding the correct enzyme can lower the energy of activation.
In modern biochemical genetics, the flow of inherited information is from A) protein → RNA → DNA. B) DNA → RNA → protein. C) DNA → protein → RNA. D) RNA → DNA → protein. E) RNA → protein → DNA.
B) DNA → RNA → protein.
Which is true of facilitated transport by carrier proteins? A) Facilitated transport only applies to small and lipid soluble molecules. B) It is represented by the glucose carrier that can transport hundreds of molecules a second. C) After a carrier has transported a molecule, it is unable to transport any more. D) Facilitated transport requires expenditure of chemical energy and is therefore active transport. E) One carrier protein can carry a variety of different molecules.
B) It is represented by the glucose carrier that can transport hundreds of molecules a second.
Which of the following molecules add stiffness and strength to the plasma membrane? A) glycoproteins B) cholesterol C) phospholipids D) enzymatic proteins E) phosphate groups
B) cholesterol
Which of the following is NOT part of gene expression? A) transcription B) replication C) translation D) amino acids E) protein synthesis
B) replication
Which of the following is not involved in the regulation of the cell cycle? A) cyclins B) internal and external signals C) growth factors D) check points E) caspases
E) Caspases
Which of the following statements is NOT true concerning enzymatic activity? A) Each enzyme has a preferred pH at which the enzyme reaction rate is highest. B) Above a certain temperature, an enzyme will become denatured. C) As the temperature increases, most enzymatic reactions will still proceed at the same rate. D) Enzymatic reactions proceed quite rapidly. E) Enzyme activity increases as substrate concentration increases until the maximum rate is achieved.
C) As the temperature increases, most enzymatic reactions will still proceed at the same rate.
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic shared by cellular respiration and photosynthesis? A) Both photosynthesis and cellular respiration occur in plant cells. B) Both processes produce ATP by chemiosmosis. C) Both processes produce oxygen. D) Both processes use an electron transport chain located in membranes of organelles. E) One or more electron carriers are used in both processes.
C) Both processes produce oxygen.
Of the following conditions, which is absolutely necessary for diffusion to take place? A) a differentially permeable membrane B) a true solution C) a concentration difference D) a non-permeable membrane E) a living cell
C) a concentration difference
Which of the following is a reproductive structure of a plant? A) roots B) stems C) flowers D) leaves D) shoot system
C) flowers
Which of the following is NOT an example of fermentation used by organisms to produce ATP? A) bacteria producing lactate B) bacteria producing alcohol C) humans producing alcohol D) humans producing lactate E) yeast producing alcohol
C) humans producing alcohol
Which is NOT a correct association? A) S stage-DNA synthesis B) M stage-mitosis and cytokinesis C) interphase-shortest stage of the cell cycle D) G1 stage-cell grows in size and cell organelles increase in number E) G2 stage-metabolic preparation for mitosis
C) interphase-shortest stage of the cell cycle
Which of the following nucleotide bases is found only in DNA, not in RNA? A) guanine B) adenine C) thymine D) uracil E) cytosine
C) thymine
Bacteria cause diseases in humans when they
Carry genes that code for specific virulence factors that determine the type and extent of the illness.
Which of the following does NOT describe the role of NAD+ in cellular respiration? A) It accepts 2 electrons B) It is a coenzyme C) It helps to oxidize the substrate D) It is reduced E) It provides the energy for the reaction
E) It provides the energy for the reaction
Which statement is false concerning movement of molecules across the cell membrane? A) Water and gas molecules have no difficulty. B) Small uncharged molecules pass through easily. C) Large molecules do not pass through easily. D) Charged molecules do not pass through easily. E) Lipid molecules do not pass through easily.
E) Lipid molecules do not pass through easily.
Which of the following is NOT true about RNA? A) RNA transfers messages from DNA to ribosomes. B) RNA contains the sugar ribose. C) RNA contains adenine, guanine, uracil, and cytosine. D) RNA is single stranded. E) RNA forms a helix.
E) RNA forms a helix.
Which of the following is not a reason why two children born to the same parents [not identical twins] are unlikely to have the same genetic makeup? A) Crossing over recombines portions of sister chromatids. B) Fertilization provides a new pairing of chromosomes. C) Each sperm or egg has a random assortment of chromosomes, half from each pair. D) Chromosomes align themselves independently during meiosis I. E) Since though they are produced at different times, all sperm will be genetically different from all other sperm.
E) Since though they are produced at different times, all sperm will be genetically different from all other sperm.
Which of the following statements is NOT correct about the arrangement of tissue in the eudicot root? A) The epidermis of the root consists of a single layer of cells B) The specialized root tissues can be seen at the zone of maturation C) The pericycle is the outer layer of cells in the vascular cylinder and has the ability to form secondary or branch roots D) The Casparian strip is a waxy lining on four sides of the cells of the endodermis that regulates the movement of materials into and out of the vascular cylinder. E) The star-shaped phloem is located in the center of the vascular cylinder, with xylem arranged between the arms of the phloem.
E) The star-shaped phloem is located in the center of the vascular cylinder, with xylem arranged between the arms of the phloem
Which of the following is not true regarding active transport? A) moves molecules or ions against their concentration gradient B) involves protein pumps C) is associated with large numbers of mitochondria D) is associated with nerve and muscle cells E) cannot be done by animal cells
E) cannot be done by animal cells
Which genetic trait is NOT associated with the chromosome involved in Down syndrome? A) increased incidence of leukemia B) cataracts C) mental retardation D) accelerated aging E) cystic fibrosis
E) cystic fibrosis
Which of the following methods of reproduction is NOT asexual? A) runners and stolons B) rhizomes C) cuttings D) grafting and suckers E) flowering
E) flowering
Which refers to the loss of a complete chromosome? A) inversion B) translocation C) deletion D) duplication E) monosomy
E) monosomy
Over time, what would we expect in the evolution of C3, C4, and CAM strategies?
Each form of photosynthesis has advantages in a heterogeneous world and as long as environmental conditions vary, all forms will have an adaptive advantage in their unique niche.
A reactant will always produce the same type of product, regardless of the enzymes present. True or False?
False
A response that does not occur immediately cannot be considered an allergic response even if it appears like one.
False
What are the potential effects of heavy marijuana usage?
Hallucinations, anxiety, depression, body image distortion, and other psychotic symptoms.
In addition to his work with bacteria, Louis Pasteur was also the one to name viruses. His work with rabies produced what breakthrough?
He developed a vaccine that he used on a young rabies patient.
Antonie van Leeuwenhoek was a Dutch tradesman and scientist who is famous for all but one of the following. Which is the exception?
He invented the microscope.
Which hominid is considered to be the handyman by being the first to use tools?
Homo habilis
The skin pigment melanin is expressed differently according to exposure to sunlight, with a greater production of the molecule with greater exposure. However, the degree of production can never exceed the inherited genetic level. What evolutionary advantage would be gained from having this phenotypic range for skin pigmentation?
Production of the molecule would only occur when necessary.
What is the most probable evolutionary path for genus Homo? ( ) Sahelanthropus tchadensis - Ardipithecus kadabba - Australopithecus anamensis - Australopithecus afarensis - Homo habilis ( ) Ardipithecus kadabba - Australopithecus anamensis - Sahelanthropus tchadensis -Australopithecus afarensis - Homo habilis ( ) Australopithecus afarensis - Ardipithecus kadabba - Australopithecus anamensis - Sahelanthropus tchadensis - Homo erectus ( ) Ardipithecus kadabba - Australopithecus afarensis - Australopithecus anamensis - Sahelanthropus tchadensis - Homo habilis ( ) Sahelanthropus tchadensis - Ardipithecus kadabba - Australopithecus anamensis - Australopithecus afarensis - Homo ergaster
Sahelanthropus tchadensis - Ardipithecus kadabba - Australopithecus anamensis - Australopithecus afarensis - Homo habilis {ST-AK-AAn-AAf-HH}
Which of these is NOT true of the heart?
The heart helps make red blood cells.
Which of the following statements about the role of the respiratory system in maintenance of blood pH is not true?
The lungs are able to rid the body of a wide variety of acidic and basic substances, thereby directly adjusting the pH of the blood.
Which of the following statements is NOT correct about the lymphatic system?
The lymphatic system consists of blood vessels and lymphoid organs.
Which statement is NOT true about the life cycle of gymnosperms? ( ) The sporophyte is diploid. ( ) The sporophyte produces two distinct types of spores. ( ) The megasporocyte develops into the pollen grain. ( ) The microsporocyte develops into the pollen grain. ( ) Two nonflagellated sperm are released by the male gametophyte.
The megasporocyte develops into the pollen grain.
Which feature(s) helps distinguish the subcutaneous layer from the epidermis and dermis?
The subcutaneous layer is composed of loose connective tissue and adipose tissue.
Radioactive isotopes are used to tag proteins in the cell membranes of mouse cells. These cells are then fused with human cells in cultures. What is the likely consequence of the tagged mouse proteins?
The tagged proteins drift across cell membranes and are soon found dispersed across both human and mouse cell membranes.
Which statement is NOT true about cyanobacteria?
They are eukaryotic like fungi.
Which statement is true regarding both gymnosperms and angiosperms? ( ) They both have swimming sperm. ( ) They both lack the gametophyte generation. ( ) They both have a separate male and female gametophyte generation. ( ) They both produce cones and flowers. ( ) They both rely on pollinators.
They both have a separate male and female gametophyte generation.
Which of the following is NOT true of both T cells and B cells?
They both pass through the thymus.
Both land plants and algae use starch as a storage medium and cellulose in their cell walls, this means that
They both produce glucose since this is the molecule that both starch and cellulose are made from.
Which is NOT true of human salivary glands?
They can become inflamed and cause tonsillitis.
Which statement is true about bacteria?
They contain a single, circular DNA molecule as the genetic material.
Fermentation is the process that allows bread to rise. True or False?
True
If a population goes from an allele frequency of 0.12 A & 0.88 A to 0.23 A & 0.77 a in the course of 7 generations we can conclude that it is evolving. True or False?
True
In a coupled reaction, energy is not released to the environment because the energy from one reaction is used to drive the other reaction forward. True or False?
True
Generally, it is not possible to determine whether nondisjunction failed to occur in oogenesis or spermatogenesis. However, it is possible to assert that _____ resulted in nondisjunction in ____.
XYY; spermatogenesis
Circulating red blood cells in your body do not contain a nucleus and other organelles. Are these cells living?
Yes, because they are actively metabolizing and once contained organelles.
During allopatric speciation ( ) gene flow continues between subpopulations. ( ) reproduction between all subpopulations is impossible. ( ) a geographic separation occurs between subpopulations. ( ) wide phenotype differences appear between subpopulations. ( ) subpopulations are still able to interbreed.
a geographic separation occurs between subpopulations.
When you cut into most active plant tissue, water appears almost immediately because plant cells are in
a hypotonic solution that produces turgor pressure.
The relationship between the fungi and algae in lichens is best described as
a mutually beneficial relationship between normally free-living strains.
Sodium concentration in the urine will be maintained due to the loop of the nephron (loop of Henle) exhibiting
a passive and active release of sodium from the ascending limb.
In the movie Bubble Boy, Jimmy lives inside a plastic bubble where he is protected from all outside agents. Which type of disease would require a child to live inside a plastic bubble?
a total immune deficiency
Which of these characteristics first developed in reptiles? ( ) amniotic egg ( ) scales on skin ( ) four-legged body ( ) skull and vertebral column ( ) animals with lungs.
amniotic egg
Beans, peas, and other legumes have root nodules that are caused by ____ and have the role of ____.
bacteria, taking up and reducing atmospheric nitrogen
In horses, black coat (B) is dominant over brown coat (b), and being a trotter (T) is dominant over being a pacer (t). A black horse who is a pacer is crossed with a brown horse who is a trotter. The offspring is a brown pacer. What is the genotype of the brown trotter parent? ( ) BBTT ( ) BbTt ( ) Bbtt ( ) bbTt ( ) bbtt
bbTt
Which molecules are the products of aerobic respiration?
carbon dioxide and water
The raw materials or reactants of the photosynthetic process include
carbon dioxide and water.
Which of the following does NOT pertain to neurons?
cell walls
Which structures are associated with the limbic system?
cerebral lobes, basal nuclei, and diencephalon
Consciousness is best associated with the
cerebrum
The complement system contains
certain plasma proteins.
Which item is commonly eaten by an individual who suffers from pica?
charcoal
Which two organelles are most directly involved in the flow of energy from the sun through all living things?
chloroplasts and mitochondria
The tissue layers of a leaf, from the upper surface to the lower surface, are
cuticle, epidermis, palisade mesophyll, spongy mesophyll, epidermis, cuticle
Which type of organism causes a "red tide"?
dinaflagellates
"Red tides" are produced by massive blooms of
dinaflagellates.
Which of the following organisms are considered advanced invertebrates with a true coelom?
earthworms
How could you possibly become infected with adult tapeworms?
eating insufficiently cooked pork
Which system is one of the two main body systems that helps maintain homeostasis by regulating other body systems?
endocrine
The waxy material known as the Casparian strip is found on the
endodermal cells.
The tissue that regulates entrance of minerals into the vascular cylinder of a root is(are) the
endodermis.
Glands that secrete their products into ducts are classified as
exocrine glands.
The ______ contain(s) the information for the structure of the protein.
exons
Primates are associated with all of the following except
eyes on the sides of the head.
Bacterial metabolism is quite diverse and can range from heterotrophic individuals that are anaerobic to ones that use mitochondria to run cellular respiration.
false
The Amish of Lancaster, PA. have a higher frequency of an unusual form of dwarfism than the population at large. This is probably due to ( ) natural selection. ( ) a bottleneck effect. ( ) a founder effect. ( ) vestigial structures. ( ) industrial melanism.
founder effect.
Strawberry plants do not produce seeds that are used for next year's crop. How are strawberry plants propagated?
from the nodes of stolons
The kingdom ____ are characterized by having filaments called hyphae that are used to absorb nutrients.
fungi
____ are mostly saprotrophic decomposers that assist in recycling of nutrients in ecosystems.
fungi
Which of the following types of plants will produce a naked seed? ( ) moss ( ) ferns ( ) algae ( ) gymnosperms ( ) angiosperms
gymnosperms
What lines up at the metaphase plate during both metaphase I of meiosis and metaphase of mitosis?
homologous chromosomes for meiosis, each chromosome is composed of two sister chromatids for mitosis
The tissue that has a white, translucent appearance and is found at the ends of long bones is called
hyaline cartilage.
Which of the following features is associated with pica?
individuals are at a greater risk for various poisoning
Earthworms differ from most of the marine annelids in that earthworms
lack paddlelike parapodia that marine annelids have.
Compared with a eukaryotic cell, a prokaryotic cell
lacks organelles beyond ribosomes.
If the blood is alkaline,
less hydrogen ions are excreted and less bicarbonate are reabsorbed.
Which types of embryos have extraembryonic membranes?
mammalian.
A heart with two separate atria and two separate ventricles is seen among
mammals and birds.
Which of the classes of RNA molecules carries the genetic information as it is needed for the construction of a protein?
messenger RNA
In which stage of mitosis do the chromosomes line up in the center of the cell?
metaphase.
Which of the following drugs is a powerful CNS stimulant?
methamphetamine
Trace the path of an inhaled air molecule.
nasal cavity → pharynx → glottis → larynx → trachea → bronchi → bronchioles → alveoli
A land based adaptation that pine trees have is that when microsporocytes undergo meiosis to produce microspores they are then liberated as the
pollen grains.
When two or more sets of alleles affect the same trait in an additive fashion, it is termed
polygenic inheritance.
Which level of primary control in eukaryotic gene activity involves processing early RNA transcripts to mRNA and control of the rate at which mRNA leaves the nucleus?
posttranscriptional control
Which level of primary control in eukaryotic gene activity involves changes in the polypeptide chain before it becomes functional?
posttranslational control
Some human diseases appear to be due to protein agents that may convert other proteins in the cell to also become these agents; this new disease protein agent is called a(n)
prion (pr-protien agent)
The ____ of the tapeworm contains both male and female sex organs and becomes filled with developing embryos.
proglottids
The segments of a tapeworm consisting primarily of eggs, which hang in bags as a long chain behind the head, are called
proglottids.
The likely effect on a neuron of two excitatory signals and twenty inhibitory signals is
prohibiting the axon from firing at all.
A researcher samples the waters of the boiling hot springs in Yellowstone National Park. Under the microscope, she observes what appear to be living cells in the water. If these indeed are living cells, what type of cell would they most likely be?
prokaryotic, archaea
According to the fluid-mosaic model of membrane structure,
proteins float inside or within the phospholipid bilayer.
The two enzymes in the clotting process are
prothrombin activator and thrombin.
Single-celled eukaryotes belong to the kingdom
protista
The multiregional continuity hypothesis of human evolution proposes that Homo sapiens evolved from
several populations of Homo ergaster that existed in Asia, Africa, and Europe
A recent study of the marine hawksbill turtle's stomach contents revealed that sponges constitute a major portion of their diet. Sponge beds are generally protected from predators by the sponge's calcium and silica crystals, but these were found in quantity in the turtles' digestive systems. These structures that protect the sponges from most predators, but not turtles, are
spicules
In order for transmission across the synapse to occur,
synaptic vesicles fuse with the presynaptic membrane.
Which membrane is composed of loose connective tissue and lines moveable joint cavities?
synovial
Planaria feed by
tearing and sucking food particles via a muscular pharynx.
DNA segments called _____ are at the ends of chromosomes and eventually signal the cell to enter apoptosis.
telomeres
Pyruvate is converted to a two-carbon acetyl group attached to coenzyme A (CoA), and CO2 is given off. This phase is called
the Preparatory Reaction.
While science cannot describe "thinking" in physical terms, we are certain that the process involves metabolism inside brain cells. With positron emission tomography (PET scan), it is possible to inject short-lived isotopes and image the regions of the brain that have the most active metabolism during various mental activities. However,
the cellular energy expended in thinking must be less than the chemical bond energy supplied in food to these brain cells.
Lamarck's theory of evolution included the idea that
the continual stretching of giraffe's necks to reach leaves led to longer necks.
According to Lamarck which variable would have the greatest influence on the evolution of an organism?
the environment
Permeability refers to
the extent to which a membrane allows a substance to pass through.
In the new procedures developed to clone a mammalian cell, the nucleus is removed from an egg cell and the nucleus from the adult to be cloned is injected inside this cell. If we did this process with a basketball, we would permanently damage the shell. What property of the cell repairs this damage?
the fluid-mosaic nature of the membrane
During photosynthesis, CO2 is reduced. This means that
the molecule gains electrons.
An XXX female would most likely result from nondisjunction in
the mother during egg formation.
If a crayfish has 200 total chromosomes in its body cells (not ovaries or testes)
they would consist of 100 pairs with one of each pair from the father, one of each pair from the mother.
Why does the surface of the lungs need to be covered with pleura?
to enable the lungs to slide past the internal chest wall and diaphragm
Why does chemiosmosis require a membrane?
to separate two compartments of the cell to allow for gradient formation
In feedback inhibition of a metabolic pathway, where does the inhibitor bind?
to the enzyme of the first reaction
Which level of primary control in eukaryotic gene activity involves the lifespan of the mRNA molecule and the ability of the mRNA to bind to ribosomes?
translational control
Specific DNA sequences that have the ability to move within and out of chromosomes are called
transposons.
The wall of the ureter has three layers, an inner mucosa, a smooth muscle layer, and an outer fibrous coat of connective tissue.
true
Characteristics of eudicots include all EXCEPT ( ) two cotyledons. ( ) leaves with netted veins. ( ) woody or herbaceous plants. ( ) flower parts in fours and fives. ( ) vascular bundles arranged irregularly in the stem.
vascular bundles arranged irregularly in the stem.
Xylem tissue contains
vessel elements and tracheids.
Heterotrophs
are ultimately dependent upon preformed organic molecules made by producers.
Which blood vessels carry blood away from the heart?
arteries
Which disease has an allergic cause?
asthma
What pathway produces the gametophytes during the alternation of generations in plants?
mitosis
Which of the following is an example of a mechanical barrier to infection?
mucous membrane
Root hairs are found in which area of the root?
zone of maturation
Plant hormones bring about a physiological response in the plant after binding to the nucleus of the plant cells. True or False?
False
Members of which genus of algae are found in ponds and have chloroplasts that are arranged in a spiral?
Spirogyra
Which nuclear structure(s) contain(s) the hereditary material?
chromatin
The entrance and exit of air into and out of the lungs is called
ventilation
Which of the following is a benefit of microbes?
All of these are benefits of microbes.
The hereditary material found in all cells is
DNA
Edema can be caused by
accumulation of tissue fluid.
An insect population lives along the edge of a north-south mountain range. The populations from the east and west slope eventually join in a low northern pass and interbreed, producing fertile offspring; but they do not circle around the southern edge because of a desert barrier. When glaciers move southward, the populations are pushed south of the northern pass and are isolated. While isolated, the two populations develop enough differences over time that when the glaciers retreat north and the insects again share the same pass, they no longer mate at the same time, nor can they produce fertile offspring. These insects
were originally ONE SPECIES but are now TWO SPECIES.
The reason that deciduous leaves turn bright colors of red and yellow in the fall is
when chlorophyll breaks down, the remaining pigments other than green will show through.
In the kidney mechanism for buffering the acidity of the blood, when would hydrogen ions be excreted and bicarbonate ions be reabsorbed?
when the blood is acidic
A woman who can roll her tongue (presumably dominant) is married to a man who cannot. Two of their four children can roll their tongues and two cannot. If A = roll tongue and a = cannot roll tongue, then what is the genotype of the parents? ( ) woman Aa; man Aa ( ) woman AA; man aa ( ) woman Aa; man AA ( ) woman Aa; man aa ( ) woman aa; man aa
woman Aa; man aa
In Figure 14.1, which structure is the liver?
1
NADPH and ATP are used in the
Calvin cycle reactions.
What tissue is found in pads between the vertebrae?
Fibrocartilage
Which antibody class is most responsible for the allergic reaction?
IgE
Molds and mushrooms belong to the kingdom
fungi
Water molds are not placed with the fungi because
water molds have cell walls of cellulose while fungi have cell walls of chitin.
The stone tools and the dentition of Homo habilis indicate that early humans probably ( ) were herbivores. ( ) were carnivores. ( ) were omnivores. ( ) were predators. ( ) cooked with fire.
were omnivores.
The response of bacteria that allows them to be identified as Gram-positive or negative is due to
whether their cell walls have a thin or thick layer of peptidoglycan.
Neutrophils and lymphocytes are types of
white blood cells.
Which is the correct arrangement of tissues from outermost to innermost?
vertebrae → meninges → spinal cord → central canal
The fingerlike projections along the surface of the small intestine are called
villi
A student proposes that left-handedness is a recessive trait that is therefore hidden in much of the human population. A survey of a class of 36 students finds that 27 (0.75) are right-handed and 9 (0.25) are left-handed. Using the Hardy-Weinberg formula, what would the expected genotype and allele frequencies be in this theoretical population? ( ) 0.75 right-handed homozygous dominant and 0.25 recessive homozygous for 3-to-1 right-to-left handed alleles in the population ( ) 0.25 right-handed homozygous, 0.50 heterozygous, and 0.25 recessive homozygous for a 3-to-1 right-to-left handed alleles in the population ( ) 0.25 right-handed homozygous, 0.50 heterozygous, and 0.25 recessive homozygous for a 0.5 allele frequency for each allele ( ) 0.50 right-handed homozygous, 0.25 heterozygous, and 0.25 recessive homozygous for a 0.5 allele frequency for each allele ( ) They cannot be estimated using these limited data
0.25 right-handed homozygous, 0.50 heterozygous, and 0.25 recessive homozygous for a 0.5 allele frequency for each allele {0.25 -> 0.5}
If the frequency of the dominant gene is 0.7, what is the frequency of the recessive gene? ( ) also 0.7 ( ) 0.49 or (0.07)2 ( ) approximately 0.27 (square root of 0.7) ( ) 0.3 (or 1.00 - 0.7) ( ) 0.14
0.3 (or 1.00 - 0.7)
In guinea pigs, B = black, b = brown, S = short hair, s = long hair. A heterozygous black, shorthaired animal reproduces with a brown, longhaired animal. What is the expected phenotypic ratio of the offspring?
1 black short hair, 1 black long hair, 1 brown short hair, 1 brown long hair
According to the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, in a population in which 1% does NOT have freckles (recessive), what percentage of the next population is likely to NOT have freckles?
1%
Which blood pressure is considered abnormally high for individuals who are under the age of 45?
130/90 mm Hg
How many total carbons are involved in carbon dioxide fixation with 3 molecules of carbon dioxide and 3 molecules of RuBP?
18
Figure 15.1 Which point in Figure 15.1 produces sound when air passes through it?
2
Figure 15.1 Which point in Figure 15.1 produces sound when air passes through it?
2
How many alleles are required to express a monohybrid trait?
2
What is the input requirements of glycolysis?
2 ATP, 2 NAD+, glucose, and 4 ADP
The final products of glycolysis are
2 pyruvate, 2 ATP, and 2 NADH + H+.
In humans, assume red hair is recessive to dark hair. What are the chances of a dark-haired couple having a red-haired child if each had a red-haired parent?
25%
If the probability of event A is 3/4 and the probability of event B is 1/4, then the probability of both A and B occurring at the same time is ( ) 3/4. ( ) 1/4. ( ) 1 or absolute certainty. ( ) 1/2. ( ) 3/16.
3/16.
An organism has 8 pairs of chromosomes. If sperm and egg did not undergo meiosis, how many chromosomes would be present in a cell that resulted from the fusion of a sperm and egg?
32
How efficient is the breakdown of one glucose via cellular respiration?
40%
Figure 15.1 The exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide occurs at which location in Figure 15.1?
5
In Figure 14.1, which structure is the primary site for digestion and absorption of food?
5
In humans, widow's peak (W) is dominant over straight hairline (w). If a heterozygous male marries a female with a straight hairline, what percent of their children can be expected to have widow's peak?
50%
The four o'clock flower is an example of incomplete dominance: R = red, r = white, and Rr = pink. If two hybrids are crossed, what are the chances that an offspring will have pink flowers?
50%
Hemophilia (h) is a sex-linked recessive trait. If a hemophiliac male marries a carrier female,
50% of their daughters will be hemophiliac.
Which part of photosynthesis does not occur inside the thylakoid membrane?
Calvin cycle reactions
If the diploid chromosome number is 16, the chromosome number of each gamete will be
8.
In guinea pigs, B = black, b = brown, S = short hair, s = long hair. Two heterozygous individuals reproduce. The expected results are
9 black short hair, 3 black long hair, 3 brown short hair, 1 brown long hair.
Indicate the genotypic and phenotypic ratios that you could expect if an individual who is heterozygous for Huntington disease has children with a normal individual. (type in answer)
<correct answer not given in long answer questions> Feedback says: The individual who is heterozygous for Huntington disease would be Hh since it is a dominant disorder. The normal individual would be hh. Hh x hh would produce a genotypic ratio of 50% Hh and 50 hh. The phenotypic ratio would be 50% Huntington disease and 50% normal.
Chargaff's rules of DNA structure states that ( ) A + T = G + C. ( ) A + G = T + C. ( ) A = C, T = G. ( ) A = G, T = C. ( ) the number of purines in DNA never equals the number of pyrimidines.
A + G = T + C.
Early doctors did not understand that blood flowed in a circuit but assumed that blood ebbed and flowed like a tide inside the body. William Harvey was the first to demonstrate the circulation of blood and convince the medical community. Which of the following observations would NOT be evidence that blood was pumped through the body or flowed in a circuit?
A cut made anywhere on the body results in blood seeping from the wound.
What are the long-term consequences associated with the use of cocaine?
A decrease in dopamine production.
The location of a gene on a chromosome is called
A locus
Which of the following pairs of alleles would be most likely to cross over? A) A..........B B) A...B...... C) A......B.......C D) AB............. E) ..........AB
A) A..........B
Karyotyping can be used to diagnose which of the following genetic disorders? A) Down syndrome B) phenylketonuria C) neurofibromatosis D) cystic fibrosis E) hemophilia
A) Down syndrome
Which statement most accurately describes the SECOND law of thermodynamics? A) Energy cannot be changed from one form to another without a loss of usable energy. B) One usable form of energy can be completely converted into another usable form. C) Energy cannot be created nor destroyed but it can be changed from one form to another. D) Energy cannot be created or destroyed. E) Energy cannot be transformed.
A) Energy cannot be changed from one form to another without a loss of usable energy.
Which hypothesis, based on the two laws of thermodynamics as applied to cells, would determine if something is a living cell or not? A) If something uses energy to make itself more organized, then it is alive. B) If something is organized, then it is alive. C) If something moves, then it is alive. D) If something loses heat, then it is alive. E) If something uses energy to move, then it is alive.
A) If something uses energy to make itself more organized, then it is alive.
Which is NOT true about the genetic code? A) It is exactly the same in all organisms. B) It is composed of a triplet code of three bases per codon. C) It produces 64 different possibilities of codon sequences. D) Some amino acids are coded for by more than one codon. E) It contains start and stop codons as instructions.
A) It is exactly the same in all organisms.
Which statement is true regarding the Barr body? A) It is found in the nuclei of females. B) It is found in the nuclei of males. C) It is found in the cytoplasm of males. D) It is found in the cytoplasm of females. E) It is a condensed inactive Y chromosome.
A) It is found in the nuclei of females.
Which of the following is an autosomal dominant disorder? A) Marfan syndrome B) Tay-Sachs C) Sickle cell disease D) Cystic fibrosis (CF) E) Phenylketonuria (PKU)
A) Marfan syndrome
Which events and features are correctly associated with the roots during the pressure-flow model of phloem transport? A) Sugar is stored in the sink. Cells use the sugar for cellular respiration. Water exits by osmosis and returns to the xylem. B) Sugars are stored in the source. Cells use the sugar for cellular respiration. Water exits by osmosis and returns to the xylem. C) Sugar is stored in the sink. Cells use the sugar for photosynthesis. Water exits by osmosis and returns to the xylem. D) Sugar is stored in the sink. Cells use the sugar for cellular respiration. Water exits by diffusion and returns to the phloem. E) Sugar is stored in the source. Cells use the sugar for photosynthesis. Water exits by osmosis and returns to the xylem.
A) Sugar is stored in the SINK. Cells use the sugar for CELLULAR RESPIRATION. Water exits by OSMOSIS and returns to the XYLEM.
Which two structures are associated with the terminal bud? A) apical meristem and leaf primordia B) shoot tip and zone of maturation C) apical meristem and zone of cell division D) zone of cell division and leaf primordial E) none of these structures are associated with the terminal bud
A) apical meristem and leaf primordia
Which of the following is NOT associated with a higher cancer risk? A) hormone therapy B) safe sex C) smoking D) use of alcohol E) exposure to certain hazardous chemicals in the workplace
B) safe sex
Which of the following is the correct sequence for the germination of the eudicot seed? A) The two cotyledons have absorbed the endosperm and supply the nutrients to the embryo. As the embryo emerges from the soil it consumes the nutrients and develops the shoot. The hypocotyl becomes part of the stem and the radicle develops into the roots. B) The cotyledon was absorbed by the endosperm and supplies the nutrients to the embryo. As the embryo emerges from the soil it consumes the nutrients and develops the shoot. The hypocotyl becomes part of the stem and the radicle develops into the roots. C) The two cotyledons have absorbed the endosperm and supply the nutrients to the embryo. As the embryo emerges from the soil it consumes the nutrients and develops the shoot. The radicle becomes part of the stem and the hypocotyl develops into the roots. D) The pericarp has absorbed the endosperm and supply the nutrients to the embryo. As the embryo emerges from the soil it consumes the nutrients and develops the shoot. The hypocotyl becomes part of the stem and the radicle develops into the roots. E) The two cotyledons have absorbed the endosperm and supply the nutrients to the embryo. As the embryo emerges from the soil it consumes the nutrients and develops the shoot. The plumule and the radicle push through the coleorhiza during germination.
A) The TWO cotyledons have absorbed the endosperm and supply the nutrients to the embryo. As the embryo emerges from the soil it consumes the nutrients and develops the shoot. The HYPOCOTYL becomes part of the stem and the RADICLE develops into the roots.
Which of the following does NOT occur when lactose is present in the environment of E. coli? A) The lac repressor binds to the operator. B) The RNA polymerase binds to the promoter. C) Three different genes are transcribed. D) The repressor binds to lactose. E) The enzymes that break down lactose are synthesized.
A) The lac repressor binds to the operator.
Which statement about leaves is NOT correct? A) The photosynthetic mesophyll is made up of an upper spongy layer and a lower palisade layer. B) The epidermis is covered by a waxy layer of cuticle that reduces water loss. C) Gas exchange occurs through tiny openings in the leaf surface called stomata. D) Vascular tissue is arranged in a net pattern in eudicots and a parallel pattern in monocots. E) Regulation of gas exchange through the leaf is the responsibility of the guard cells.
A) The photosynthetic mesophyll is made up of an upper spongy layer and a lower palisade layer.
While transplanting flowers you accidentally damaged the roots. What is the most likely scenario that will occur as a result of damage to the roots? A) The slimy sheath on the root cap has been wiped off and the parenchyma cells were damaged resulting in damage to the zone of cell division. B) The slimy sheath on the root cap has been wiped off and the parenchyma cells were damaged resulting in damage to the zone of elongation. C) The slimy sheath on the root cap has been wiped off and the parenchyma cells were damaged resulting in damage to the zone of maturation. D) The slimy sheath on the root cap has been wiped off and the epidermal cells were damaged resulting in damage to the zone of cell division. E) The slimy sheath on the root cap has been wiped off and the epidermal cells were damaged resulting in damage to the zone of maturation.
A) The slimy sheath on the root cap has been wiped off and the PARENCHYMA cells were damaged resulting in damage to the zone of CELL DIVISION.
The heavy oxygen isotope (18O) could be provided to plants either in the CO2 or in H2O or in both. Today, we know from experimental results that O2 released from chloroplasts comes from H2O and not from CO2. Which of the following experimental results supports this finding? A) When heavy oxygen is part of water given to the plant, the plant produces heavy O2. B) When heavy oxygen is part of CO2 given to the plant, the plant produces heavy O2. C) When heavy oxygen is part of both water and CO2 given a plant, the plant produces heavy O2. D) When no heavy oxygen is part of water given the plant, the plant produces no heavy O2. E) When no heavy oxygen is part of CO2 given the plant, the plant produces no heavy O2.
A) When heavy oxygen is part of water given to the plant, the plant produces heavy O2.
Which statement is accurate about how C4 plants are able to survive hot dry spells during the growing season? A) When the stomata CLOSE during heat stress RuBP carboxylase is NOT exposed to the increase in oxygen concentration experienced in the leaf. This allows the plant to AVOID photorespiration. B) When the stomata CLOSE during heat stress RuBP carboxylase is exposed to the increase in oxygen concentration experienced in the leaf. This allows the plant to AVOID photorespiration. C) When the stomata OPEN during heat stress RuBP carboxylase is NOT exposed to the increase in oxygen concentration experienced in the leaf. This allows the plant to AVOID photorespiration. D) When the stomata CLOSE during heat stress RuBP carboxylase is exposed to the increase in oxygen concentration experienced in the leaf. This allows the plant to UNDERGO photorespiration. E) When the stomata OPEN during heat stress RuBP carboxylase is NOT exposed to the increase in oxygen concentration experienced in the leaf. This allows the plant to UNDERGO photorespiration.
A) When the stomata CLOSE during heat stress RuBP carboxylase is NOT exposed to the increase in oxygen concentration experienced in the leaf. This allows the plant to AVOID photorespiration.
In peas, yellow is dominant over green in seeds. With which of these is it best to cross a yellow-seeded pea plant to determine whether it is homozygous or heterozygous? A) a green-seeded plant B) a heterozygous yellow-seeded plant C) a pure yellow-seeded plant D) a heterozygous yellow-seeded plant or a pure yellow-seeded plant E) There is no way to determine if the plant is pure or hybrid
A) a green-seeded plant
In certain cancerous cells, the cell divides continuously even in the absence of a growth factor (signaling molecule) that indicates the cell should divide. Which of the following could NOT explain this? A) a receptor molecule that is always turned off B) a receptor molecule that is always activated C) a transduction pathway that is always turned on D) a target protein that is always activated E) a gene for cell division that is expressed when it should not be
A) a receptor molecule that is always turned off
In Figure 25.4, if adenine is located on strand 4, then on strand 2 at the same location ____ must be present. {image of DNA strands where bases of two spiraled strands on the left are labeled 1 and 2, and bases of the other two spiraled strands on the right are labeled 3 and 4.} A) adenine B) thymine C) cytosine D) guanine E) uracil
A) adenine
The various uses of ATP include all of the following except A) being a structural component of the cell membrane B) chemical work C) mechanical work D) transport work E) moving substances into a cell
A) being a structural component of the cell membrane
Which feature is not found on the epidermis of a plant leaf? A) bundle sheath cells B) stomata C) cuticle D) trichomes E) guard cells
A) bundle sheath cells
Which of the following is NOT an advantage of genetically engineered plants? A) decreased yield B) herbicide resistance C) salt tolerance D) drought tolerance E) disease protection
A) decreased yield
Which of the following is not one of the zones found in a growing root? A) epidermis B) elongation C) cell division D) maturation E) none of these are zones found in growing roots
A) epidermis
Which of the following is not part of the female portion of the flower? A) filament B) carpel C) pistil D) stigma E) style
A) filament
Which of the following sex-linked diseases is characterized by the absence of a clotting factor? A) hemophilia B) fragile X syndrome C) color blindness D) Duchenne muscular dystrophy E) none of these
A) hemophilia
Which of the following would be considered a dry fruit? A) one that doesn't split open B) one derived from a simple ovary C) one derived from the receptacle and not the ovary D) one derived from several individual ovaries E) one derived from many different carpels
A) one that doesn't split open
Which of the following represents the physical characteristics of the individual? A) phenotype B) genotype C) alleles D) homozygous E) dominance
A) phenotype
Which pathway is the foundation for the majority of ecosystems and food chains on Earth? A) photosynthesis B) anaerobic respiration C) aerobic respiration D) chemosynthesis E) decomposition
A) photosynthesis
Which of the following allows photosynthetic organisms to capture solar energy? A) pigments B) nucleus C) chloroplasts D) glucose E) NAD+
A) pigments
An agent would make a good antibiotic if it affected a structure or process only found in bacterial cells and not in our (eukaryotic) cells. Which of the following actions would theoretically make a good antibiotic? A) prevents repair of the peptidoglycan cell wall B) damages the nuclear membrane C) damages DNA D) prevents ribosomes from producing proteins E) stops cellular respiration
A) prevents repair of the peptidoglycan cell wall
Which trait is not part of the linkage group found on chromosome 19? A) production of elastin B) Muscular dystrophy C) hair color (brown) D) eye color (green/blue) E) colorectal cancer
A) production of elastin
In roots, which structure increases surface area for the absorption of water and minerals from the soil? A) root hairs B) root cap C) Casparian strip D) vascular cylinder E) zone of elongation
A) root hairs
Which of the following is the pathway for water transport in a plant? A) root hairs → cortex → vascular cylinder → leaf cells B) root hairs → pith → endodermis → xylem → leaves C) epidermis → cortex → phloem → root D) epidermis → pericycle → cortex → xylem → leaves E) root hairs → endodermis → leaves → xylem → pith
A) root hairs → cortex → vascular cylinder → leaf cells
Which structure is directly associated with the terminal bud? A) shoot tip B) zone of cell division C) zone of maturation D) zone of elongation E) none of these are associated with the terminal bud
A) shoot tip
Which is the process by which a protein is constructed in the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells? A) translation B) transcription C) transposition D) transformation E) translocation
A) translation
Which of the following will NOT assist you in protecting yourself from cancer? A) use of alcohol B) eating vitamin rich foods C) reducing the amount of salt-cured and nitrate-cured foods D) reducing your weight E) regular exercise
A) use of alcohol
Which of the following would be a way of finishing this hypothesis about the function of the Golgi apparatus? If the Golgi apparatus is involved in packaging products for secretion, then A) vesicles must travel from the Golgi to the cell surface. B) vesicles must travel from the rough ER and smooth ER to the Golgi apparatus. C) the Golgi apparatus must be part of the endomembrane system. D)the Golgi apparatus must consist of 3 to 20 slightly curved sacs. E) the Golgi apparatus would contain proteins.
A) vesicles must travel from the Golgi to the cell surface.
Which of the following is not an autotroph? A) yeast B) oak tree C) cyanobacterium D) algae E) grass
A) yeast
Which of the following is the correct sequence of zones in a longitudinal section of a root, starting from the bottom? A) zone of cell division → zone of elongation → zone of maturation B) zone of cell division → zone of maturation → zone of elongation C) zone of maturation → zone of elongation → zone of cell division D) zone of maturation → zone of cell division → zone of elongation E) zone of elongation → zone of maturation → zone of cell division
A) zone of cell division → zone of elongation → zone of maturation
If one parent has type B blood and the other has type AB, what type might the child have? ( ) A or O only ( ) B or O only ( ) A or B only ( ) A, B, AB only ( ) A, B, O, or AB
A, B, AB only
A pheasant breeder starts with two birds in the P generation, one of which is AA and the other is aa. If he takes two of the birds from the F1 generation and breeds them together, what can he expect in his F2 offspring? ( ) AA and Aa ( ) Aa and aa ( ) AA, Aa, and aa ( ) AA only ( ) Aa only
AA, Aa, and aa
Which of the following is an example of an acquired immunodeficiency?
AIDS
Tumor suppressor genes are
ANTI-oncogenes that code for proteins that INHIBIT cell division.
According to the proposed three domain system,
ARCHAEA AND EUKARYA are more closely related than either is to the bacteria.
Why is ATP used as the energy molecule of the cell?
ATP contains just about the amount of energy required for most cellular reactions.
Which statement about the chordates is NOT correct? ( ) Chordates have segmentation. ( ) Chordates have bilateral symmetry. ( ) Invertebrate chordates are marine and filter feeding. ( ) Adult lancelets have all the characteristics that distinguish chordates from members of other phyla. ( ) Adult tunicates lack all the characteristics that distinguish chordates from members of other phyla.
Adult tunicates lack all the characteristics that distinguish chordates from members of other phyla.
If an individual with a dominant phenotype is crossed with an individual with a recessive phenotype, 4 of their 9 offspring show the recessive phenotype. What is the genotype of the dominant parent? ( ) AA ( ) Aa ( ) aa ( ) either AA or Aa ( ) either Aa or aa
Aa
Some plants fail to produce chlorophyll, and this trait appears to be recessive. Many plants also self-pollinate. If we locate a pea plant that is heterozygous for this trait, self-pollinate it and harvest seeds, what are the likely phenotypes of these seeds when they germinate?
About 1/4 will be white and three-fourths green since it is similar to a monohybrid cross.
Which statement about the chordates is NOT correct?
Adult tunicates lack all the characteristics that distinguish chordates from members of other phyla.
Albumin is the large protein molecule found in egg white and blood plasma. Table salt dissociates into sodium and chloride ions. Urea is assembled in the liver. In a healthy person, what is the fate of the majority of these molecules as they pass through a nephron?
Albumin remains in the blood, salt ions pass across but are reabsorbed, and the urea is passed across and excreted.
Which of these is NOT a true statement? ( ) All chordates are vertebrates. ( ) All vertebrates are chordates. ( ) Tunicates and lancelets are invertebrate chordates. ( ) Echinoderms and chordates are deuterostomes. ( ) Sea squirts are invertebrate chordates.
All chordates are vertebrates.
According to the evolutionary theory, which statement is NOT true? ( ) Evolution explains the unity of life. ( ) Evolution explains the diversity of life. ( ) All living things are NOT descended from a common ancestor. ( ) Diversity occurs because various living things are adapted to different ways of life. ( ) All living things share the same fundamental characteristics.
All living things are NOT descended from a common ancestor.
A pea is actually a seed. True or False?
True
Which of the following statements about sponges is NOT correct?
Amoeboid cells capture food particles from the water.
Pathogenic bacteria are becoming increasingly deadly as
Antibiotic resistance builds when more and more humans take unnecessary antibiotics.
What is the evolutionary relationship among Archaea, Bacteria, and Eukarya?
Archaea and Eukarya share nucleic acid similarities so Eukarya split off from Archaea. (shared between the three)
How are the archaea different from bacteria?
Archaea have a monolayer of lipids with branched side chains.
Which fossil evidence is considered an intermediate between reptiles and birds? ( ) Archaeopteryx ( ) Eusthenopteron ( ) Seymouria ( ) synapsids ( ) therapods
Archaeopteryx
Which species is believed to be the first creature to walk erect and possibly be the first hominin?
Ardipithecus kadabba
Before major surgery, a patient is often asked if they have been taking large amounts of aspirin, and if so, they may have to postpone surgery and go without aspirin for some days. What is the reason for this?
Aspirin reduces the stickiness of platelets and reduces the ability to clot.
Which statement is NOT true of the B cells?
B cells require presentation of antigens by macrophages before they are able to recognize the antigen.
Among the disorders caused by changes in chromosome structure are all but one of those listed below; that one is A) Fragile X syndrome B) Klinefelter syndrome C) Williams syndrome D) Cri du chat syndrome E) All of these are caused by a change in chromosome structure
B) Klinefelter syndrome
Which is NOT true according to Mendel's law of segregation? A) Each individual contains two factors for each trait. B) One factor must be dominant and one factor recessive in each individual. C) Factors separate from each other during gamete formation. D) Each gamete contains one copy of each factor. E) Fertilization restores the presence of two factors.
B) One factor must be dominant and one factor recessive in each individual.
Which of the following statements about DNA replication is NOT correct? A) Unwinding of the DNA molecule occurs as hydrogen bonds break. B) Replication occurs as each base is paired with another exactly like it. C) The process is known as semi-conservative replication because one old strand is conserved in the new molecule. D) The enzyme that catalyzes DNA replication is DNA polymerase. E) Complementary base pairs are held together with hydrogen bonds.
B) Replication occurs as each base is paired with another exactly like it.
Which of the following statements is NOT true? A) The end product of glycolysis is pyruvate. B) The citric acid cycle begins and ends with pyruvate. C) NADH2 will eventually produce three ATP molecules. D) Aerobic respiration of glucose has four phases. E) Aerobic respiration uses oxygen and releases carbon dioxide.
B) The citric acid cycle begins and ends with pyruvate.
In 1940, two researchers named Weiner and Landsteiner discovered that about 85 percent of the human population sampled possessed a blood cell protein called the Rh factor. The presence of Rh factor was labeled Rh positive (Rh+) and was found to be dominant over the absence of the blood factor (Rh-). Under normal Mendelian inheritance, which of the following statements is FALSE? A) Two Rh+ parents could have an Rh- child. B) Two Rh- parents could have an Rh+ child. C) An Rh- child would require that both parents be carriers of at least one Rh- allele. D) It is possible with just one pair of parents to have children where some siblings are Rh- and some are Rh+. E) Two Rh+ parents can have Rh- or Rh + children.
B) Two Rh- parents could have an Rh+ child.
Which of the following is an example of chemical work within a cell? A) catabolism B) anabolism C) moving glucose across the cell membrane D) the beating of cilia E) the contraction of muscle fibers
B) anabolism
Which of the following is a CAM plant? A) rice B) cactus C) corn D) wheat E) sugarcane
B) cactus
In which kind of cross would you expect to find a ratio of 9:3:3:1 among the F2 offspring? A) monohybrid cross B) dihybrid cross C) test cross D) homozygous recessive x homozygous dominant E) homozygous dominant x heterozygous
B) dihybrid cross
Chemical reactions that require the input of energy are A) exergonic reactions B) endergonic reactions C) coupled reactions D) kinetic reactions E) catabolic reactions
B) endergonic reactions
Which of the following plant hormones could be used by industry to increase the size of sugarcane production? A) indoleacetic acid B) gibberellins C) zeatin D) abscisic acid E) ethylene
B) gibberellins
Which components of a cell membrane are used for cell-to-cell recognition? A) phospholipids B) proteins C) glycolipids D) cholesterol molecules
B) proteins
Which of these is paired INCORRECTLY? A) protoderm-epidermis B) protoderm-primary xylem C) ground meristem-pith D) ground meristem-cortex E) procambium-vascular cambium
B) protoderm-primary xylem
Which function does the lipid bilayer component of the plasma membrane NOT provide for the cell? A) defines a permeable boundary between the organized interior and the chaotic external environment B) provides an impermeable, self-sealing membrane that keeps all internal living processes sealed inside C) controls the exchange of molecules between one cell and adjacent cells or the environment D) provides a fluid and flexible boundary that insulates the interior from the variations in humidity, food, and other external conditions E) provides a matrix for proteins that regulate the exchange of molecules between the inside and outside of the cell
B) provides an impermeable, self-sealing membrane that keeps all internal living processes sealed inside
Which part of an operon is INCORRECTLY matched with its function? A) promoter—where RNA polymerase first binds to DNA B) regulator—binds to the repressor protein C) structural—makes mRNA by transcription D) operator—if unbound, allows RNA polymerase to bind to DNA E) all are incorrectly matched with its function
B) regulator—binds to the repressor protein
Which of the following are genetically identical? A) both members of a pair of chromosomes B) sister chromatids C) the mother's and the father's chromosomes D) the mother's and her child's chromosomes E) the father's and his child's chromosomes
B) sister chromatids
If a cell lacks ATP, which of the following processes would cease to operate immediately? A) diffusion B) sodium/potassium pump C) facilitated diffusion D) osmosis E) tonicity
B) sodium/potassium pump
The addition of a poly-A tail to mRNA occurs after which of the following? A) replication B) transcription C) translation D) translocation E) termination
B) transcription
All living organisms share characteristics such as: DNA, the molecule that passes information between generations, metabolic processes like glycolysis and the ability to utilize specific energy sources. This is thought to be due to
Biological evolution
Which of these is a proper contrast between birds and mammals?
Birds have air sacs in addition to lungs; mammals have no air sacs.
Which is NOT a true statement about the blood component?
Blood contains a matrix of collagen fibers made by cells.
Both charophytes and land plants share which of these characteristics? ( ) Both have true roots, and leaves. ( ) Both have chlorophyll a and store carbohydrates as starch. ( ) Both have vascular tissue and protect the zygote. ( ) Both protect the embryo and have cell walls with cellulose. ( ) Both cell walls that contain cellulose and produce seeds.
Both have chlorophyll a and store carbohydrates as starch.
Certain people have an inability to speak due to brain damage. The most likely area of the brain that has been damaged is
Broca's area.
Consider skin color to be regulated by three genes A, B and C. All recessive alleles would be 0 or white on the color scale. All dominant alleles would be 6 or black on the color scale. What color is a person with AAbbCc genotype? A) 6 or black B) 5 or dark C) 3 or medium brown D) 2 or light E) 0 or white
C) 3 or medium brown
Which of the following reactions is NOT part of the cellular respiration pathway? A) glycolysis B) citric acid cycle C) Calvin cycle D) electron transport chain E) preparatory reaction (prep)
C) Calvin cycle
Which of the following statements is NOT true about oogenesis in humans? A) It occurs in the ovary. B) The egg will contain 23 chromosomes. C) Four equal size daughter cells will form. D) Three nonfunctional polar bodies will form. E) Once started, it will not necessarily go to completion.
C) Four equal size daughter cells will form
Which of the following best describes the role of histones? A) Histones play a role in coding for hereditary features. B) Histones make RNA synthesis possible. C) Histones determine the structure of the chromosome. D) Histones are not thought to play any role in the cell. E) Histones determine the diploid number of chromosomes.
C) Histones determine the structure of the chromosome.
Which of the following statements is NOT true about flowering plants? A) Sporophyte generation produces spores. B) Gametophyte generation produces gametes. C) Ovules contain the microspore mother cell. D) Microspores undergo mitosis to produce pollen grains. E) Megaspores undergo mitosis to produce an embryo sac.
C) Ovules contain the microspore mother cell.
A cell of the pancreas would specialize in producing insulin, among other functions, while a muscle cell would specialize in the production of the protein myosin, this means that A) Pancreas and muscle cells have the genes for both insulin and myosin active. B) The active gene in pancreas cells is the one for insulin while the muscle cells have genes for insulin and myosin. C) Pancreas cells have a gene that would produce insulin while muscle cells have a gene that would produce myosin. D) Neither pancreas cells nor muscle cells are specialized. E) Only muscle cells can produce proteins.
C) Pancreas cells have a gene that would produce insulin while muscle cells have a gene that would produce myosin.
Which statement about producers and/or consumers is true? A) Consumers not only feed themselves but also feed producers. B) All animals must be either producers or consumers. C) Producers produce more food than they use. D) Consumers are not dependent upon other organisms for food. E) Only one species of producer and consumer can exist in any single community.
C) Producers produce more food than they use.
Which structure of the eudicot embryo within a seed is NOT correctly identified? A) The radicle is the embryonic root. B) A cotyledon is a seed leaf. C) The endosperm is the nutrient source for the embryo. D) The epicotyl is the shoot above the attachment of the cotyledons. E) The hypocotyl is the embryo plant below the attachment of the cotyledons.
C) The endosperm is the nutrient source for the embryo.
A mother is a carrier for blue eyes (autosomal recessive) and for hemophilia (X-linked recessive). Which of these is a correct statement? A) All sons will have blue eyes and be hemophiliacs. B) It depends on the father's genotype whether the sons will have blue eyes and/or be hemophiliacs. C) The father's genotype can determine whether a son will have blue eyes but cannot determine whether a son will be a hemophiliac. D) Regardless of the father, no sons will have blue eyes or be hemophiliacs. E) There is a linkage between eye color and hemophilia.
C) The father's genotype can determine whether a son will have blue eyes but cannot determine whether a son will be a hemophiliac.
Which statement is NOT true about the life cycle of flowering plants? A) The sporophyte is diploid. B) The sporophyte produces two different types of spores. C) The female gametophyte is the seed. D) The male gametophyte is the pollen grain. E) The female gametophyte is retained within the body of the sporophyte parent generation.
C) The female gametophyte is the seed.
Two strains of E. coli—one of which can turn on its lactase production and one that cannot—are grown together with lactose in the medium. If all other conditions are equal, what will occur? A) Both strains will continue to be present in equal amounts. B) The two strains will kill each other off. C) The strain that can turn on lactase production will overgrow the culture and be the only one left. D) The strain that cannot turn on lactase production will overgrow the culture and be the only one left. E) The strain that can turn on lactase production will make its own lactose once the lactose present in the medium is completely used.
C) The strain that CAN turn on lactase production will overgrow the culture and be the only one left.
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of a somatic embryo? A) These are asexually produced. B) These are produced in large tanks called bioreactors. C) These are genetically quite diverse. D) These are encapsulated in a protective gel for shipping. E) These will generate an entire mature plant.
C) These are genetically quite diverse.
Which of the following statements is true about enzymes? A) Their 3D shape can vary and still be active. B) Boiling temperatures do not affect their activity. C) They catalyze only one specific type of reaction. D) They can associate with a wide variety of substrates. E) They are unaffected by changes in pH.
C) They catalyze only one specific type of reaction.
Which of the following is NOT true about oncogenes? A) They are normal genes that have undergone a mutation. B) They cause growth factors or growth factor receptors on a cell to malfunction. C) When mutated oncogenes turn into proto-oncogenes. D) They cause a cell to divide repeatedly. E) They are not alien to the cell.
C) When mutated oncogenes turn into proto-oncogenes.
Which of the following have nitrogenous bases correctly paired in DNA? A) adenine—guanine; thymine—cytosine B) adenine—uracil; guanine—cytosine C) adenine—thymine; guanine—cytosine D) adenine—adenine; guanine—guanine E) adenine—cytosine; guanine—thymine
C) adenine—thymine; guanine—cytosine
Which of the following structures are NOT found in the cytoplasm? A) mitochondria B) chloroplast C) chromosomes D) nucleus E) lysosome
C) chromosomes
Which refers to the loss of a portion of a chromosome? A) inversion B) translocation C) deletion D) duplication E) monosomy
C) deletion
Which is NOT a correct association of cell organelles and structure? A) cell wall-cellulose fibers and lignin B) centriole-microtubules C) endoplasmic reticulum-concentrated chromatin, RNA, and nucleoli D) plasma membrane-two layers of phospholipids with embedded proteins E) ribosome-RNA and protein in two subunits
C) endoplasmic reticulum-concentrated chromatin, RNA, and nucleoli
Which of the following is a substrate of cellular respiration? A) carbon dioxide B) water C) glucose D) ATP E) energy
C) glucose
Which of these associations is incorrect? A) epidermal tissue-epidermal cell B) ground tissue-parenchymal cell C) ground tissue-tracheid D) vascular tissue-sieve-tube member E) vascular tissue-vessel element
C) ground tissue-tracheid
When the sheep Dolly was successfully cloned, it was produced by growing an in vitro fertilized egg where the normal egg nucleus had been removed and replaced by a nucleus from an adult. Since this nucleus is from an old mature animal, we would expect it to ______. Interestingly, tests show that this did not happen, a fact that currently puzzles researchers. A) have additional Barr bodies B) be mutated C) have shorter telomeres D) have longer telomeres E) express transcription and translation more rapidly
C) have shorter telomeres
In a testcross, an organism with a dominant phenotype, but unknown genotype is crossed with which of the following to establish its genotype? A) homozygous dominant B) heterozygous C) homozygous recessive D) heterozygous dominant E) monohybrid dominant
C) homozygous recessive
Of the following types of RNA, which is one of the determining factors in cell differentiation? A) tRNA B) rRNA C) mRNA D) No type of RNA is a determing factor in cell differentiation. E) cRNA
C) mRNA
Which of these is mismatched? A) cilia-microtubules B) centrioles-spindle C) mitochondria-stroma D) lysosomes-hydrolytic enzymes E) ribosomes-RNA
C) mitochondria-stroma
Which cells are relatively unspecialized and correspond to a generalized plant cell? A) epidermal B) tracheid C) parenchyma D) sclerenchyma E) meristem
C) parenchyma
Which of the following IS arranged in proper order? A) fertilization → pollination → seed formation → germination B) seed formation → fertilization → germination → pollination C) pollination → fertilization → seed formation → germination D) germination → seed formation → fertilization → pollination E) pollination → fertilization → germination → seed formation
C) pollination → fertilization → seed formation → germination
Antibiotics should be selectively toxic, that is, they should attack the infecting bacteria without harming you. Which of the following would be a good target for an antibiotic so it doesn't attack your cells? A) plasma membrane B) DNA C) ribosomes D) cytoplasm E) endoplasmic reticulum
C) ribosomes
If you wanted to grow a new plant in the laboratory with the appropriate technology, which tissue type would you NOT start with? A) companion cells B) parenchyma cells C) sieve-tube members D) epidermis E) meristem
C) sieve-tube members
Which of the following would not be the same in a male and female? A) the total number of autosomes B) the loci for the majority of their genes C) the types of sex chromosomes D) the inheritance of one X chromosome from their mother E) the need for 2 sex chromosomes
C) the types of sex chromosomes
Which is the process that synthesizes mRNA? A) translation B) transcription C) transposition D) transformation E) translocation
C) transposition
Which of the following is the correct order, from simple to complex, showing the origin of life?
C, H, O, N → CH4 and NH3 → amino acid → proteins
If you live on a river delta or coastline, you may not be able to eat the local shellfish because of high levels of toxins, even though you may be able to drink the water taken from the same source. Why?
Clams filter-feed and concentrate the dilute pollutants from the water, thus acting as early warning indicators of severe pollution.
Which of these statements is NOT true about complement?
Complement is required for the formation of antigen-antibody complexes.
Which of these is a correct description of a form of genetic recombination in bacteria?
Conjugation occurs when a cell passes DNA to another cell by means of a sex pilus.
Which of these made advanced tools and produced artwork?
Cro-Magnon man
Which of these made advanced tools and produced artwork? ( ) Homo erectus ( ) Homo habilis ( ) Cro-Magnon man ( ) Neandertal man ( ) Homo ergaster
Cro-Magnon man
What will the genotypic ratio be of a monohybrid cross of two individuals who are heterozygous for a trait? A) 100% homozygous dominant B) 100% homozygous recessive C) 50% homozygous dominant, 50% homozygous recessive D) 25% homozygous dominant, 50% heterozygous, 25% homozygous recessive E) 50% homozygous dominant, 50% heterozygous
D) 25% homozygous dominant, 50% heterozygous, 25% homozygous recessive
Computer simulations are sometimes used to demonstrate the outcome of monohybrid fruit fly crosses, where a student can run generation after generation of fruit flies with 100 offspring produced each generation, half male and half female, and a 3-to-1 phenotype ratio (or 75 to 25) in the F1 generation. Compared to real genetics results, which of the following is NOT true? A) Rarely would exactly 100 fly offspring be produced or survive. B) An exact balance between males and females would be rare. C) A precise 3-to-1 ratio would be uncommon. D) It is usually possible to have exactly 100 offspring, half male and half female, and a 3-to-1 phenotypic outcome in real life. E) Ratios and outcomes will not be exact but will be very close to the expected numbers.
D) It is usually possible to have exactly 100 offspring, half male and half female, and a 3-to-1 phenotypic outcome in real life.
A person can fulfill all of their protein requirements without consuming any animal products.
True
An early experiment by Van Helmont (1600s) describes how he grew a tree in a large pot and found that after five years, the amount of soil in the pot had not changed. He concluded that the increase in weight was due to the addition of water. At that time, the compounds of the air had not yet been identified. Today, it is known that he only discovered half the story. Which of these experiments would NOT provide evidence that materials from a source other than water were involved in photosynthesis? A) Carbon is discovered as a major element in trees and is lacking in water molecules. B) Radioactive carbon in carbon dioxide in the air is identified as part of tree structures. C) A very careful analysis of the water taken in and lost by the tree would have revealed only part of the added weight gained by the tree. D) After adding radioactive water with labeled oxygen to a plant, radioactive oxygen is given off. E) Radioactive carbon is found in stored glucose molecules after supplying a plant with radioactive carbon dioxide.
D) After adding radioactive water with labeled oxygen to a plant, radioactive oxygen is given off.
Which of the following events would increase the cell's ability to exchange materials across the membrane? A) Multiple cellular divisions that restore the amount of surface area. B) The growth of microvilli on the cell membrane. C) Specialization in absorption. D) All of these events would increase the cell's ability to exchange materials across the membrane. E) None of these events would increase the cell's ability to exchange materials across the membrane
D) All of these events would increase the cell's ability to exchange materials across the membrane.
There are two sets of caspases operating during apoptosis. Which statement does NOT correctly characterize the role of these caspases? A) One set of caspases are called initators because they receive a signal to activate the second set. B) One set of capsases are called executioners because they dismantle the cell. C) Caspases can be unleashed by either internal or external signals. D) Caspases are normally active during the entire cell cycle. E) Caspases are responsible for the typical stages a cell goes through during apoptosis.
D) Caspases are normally active during the entire cell cycle.
During the process of transcription, the information in A) a protein is converted into RNA information. B) RNA is converted into protein information. C) RNA is converted into DNA information. D) DNA is converted into RNA information. E) DNA is converted into protein information.
D) DNA is converted into RNA information.
Which of the following descriptions does NOT occur during apoptosis? A) cell rounds up B) cells lose contact with neighbors C) nucleus fragments D) DNA is duplicated E) plasma membrane develops blisters
D) DNA is duplicated
Fermentation is wasteful of the energy in food molecules and poses the threat of killing the fermenting organism in higher levels of toxic alcohol. Which of the following is not a reason why an organism would utilize fermentation? A) If glucose levels are not high, there may be time to disperse the toxic alcohol waste B) The organism can survive short spells of anaerobic conditions and maintain growth and reproduction C) Fermentation can provide a rapid burst of ATP since it does not have to go through the full breakdown cycle D) Fermentation is the preferred process, even when oxygen is available E) For very small organisms fermentation can be a simple process and is less complicated than cellular respiration
D) Fermentation is the preferred process, even when oxygen is available
One of the products of the Calvin cycle is A) PS I. B) RuBP carboxylase. C) 3PG. D) G3P. E) RuBP.
D) G3P.
Huntington disease is an autosomal dominant disorder that leads to progressive degeneration of brain cells. There is no effective treatment for the disorder and individuals usually die 10 to 15 years after the onset of symptoms. Which of these statements about Huntington disease is TRUE? A) As an autosomal dominant disease, Huntington disease is expressed only if both parents carry the trait. B) Huntington disease usually skips a generation. C) Huntington disease can only be inherited when a parent is showing the trait. D) Huntington disease usually appears during middle age. E) Huntington disease is caused by a defect in the elastic connective tissue protein.
D) Huntington disease usually appears during middle age.
Considering that leaf stomata have the conflicting functions of allowing gaseous carbon dioxide into the leaf, yet preserving the plant's supply of water, which of the following is NOT reasonable? A) Tree leaves that orient flat and present the top side to the sun would have most of their stomata on the bottom of the leaf B) A submerged-water plant would have no stomata C) Corn, oats, rice, and wheat (all monocots) have relatively upright blades with sunlight hitting both sides and would have stomata distributed fairly evenly on both sides D) Leaves of plants in dry areas will have more stomata than leaves of plants in humid areas E) Plants in arid environments open their stomata at night when temperatures are cooler and evaporation occurs less
D) Leaves of plants in dry areas will have more stomata than leaves of plants in humid areas
Which of the following statements is true concerning sunlight radiation used for photosynthesis? A) All of the sunlight that hits the atmosphere is used for photosynthesis. B) Only the highest energy wavelengths are used for photosynthesis. C) All of the visible light is used for photosynthesis. D) Only the red, blue, and violet wavelengths of visible light are used for photosynthesis. E) Only the green visible light is used for photosynthesis.
D) Only the red, blue, and violet wavelengths of visible light are used for photosynthesis.
Which statement is NOT true regarding phloem transport during the summer in plants? A) The leaves must make sugar. B) A higher pressure exists in the leaves than in the roots. C) Water follows sugar into sieve-tube members in the leaves. D) Sugar is transported by passive diffusion into sieve-tube members. E) There is a fluid flow from the leaves to the roots.
D) Sugar is transported by passive diffusion into sieve-tube members.
A forest contains vegetation that is in constant battle with the many insect caterpillars that eat the vegetation. Which of the following strategies would not be a driving force in this evolutionary battle? A) Plants are selected that evolve strong chemicals (plant alkaloids) that are toxic to the caterpillar and for which the caterpillars lack digestive enzymes. B) Caterpillars are selected that evolve new enzymes to digest or detoxify the plant alkaloids. C) Plants are selected that evolve chemicals that slow down or inhibit the digestive enzymes in the caterpillars so that ingested leaf material passes through before much nutrition can be gained. D) The caterpillars are selected that eat the least leaf material. E) Caterpillars are selected that evolve enzymes to breakdown the chemicals that interrupt their digestive enzymes.
D) The caterpillars are selected that eat the least leaf material.
Which of the following is NOT true concerning the checkpoints in the cell cycle? A) Mitosis stops if chromosomes are not properly aligned. B) Mitosis will not occur if DNA is damaged or not replicated. C) If DNA is damaged, apoptosis may occur. D) The first checkpoint is located in the S phase of interphase. E) Cyclins must be present at certain stages to advance to the next stage.
D) The first checkpoint is located in the S phase of interphase.
Which of the following is NOT true of ribosomes? A) They are produced in the nucleus of a eukaryotic cell. B) They are made of RNA and proteins. C) They are composed of two subunits that only come together when protein synthesis is about to occur. D) They bind only one type of amino acid. E) DNA serves as a template for rRNA.
D) They bind only one type of amino acid.
Which of the following is NOT true about cancer cells? A) They exhibit uncontrolled growth. B) They can form benign or malignant tumors. C) They exhibit disorganized growth. D) They exhibit contact inhibition. E) They may undergo metastasis.
D) They exhibit contact inhibition.
Which of the following is NOT true about the cohesion-tension model of water transport? A) Water must completely fill the pipeline B) Water molecules attract one another C) Transpiration exerts a tension at the leaves D) Water is transported in the phloem E) Water must be attracted to the sides of the xylem
D) Water is transported in the phloem
We presume that meiosis evolved later than mitosis. What process would not have to evolve in cells undergoing meiosis in order to make this transition? A) homologous chromosomes would have to pair up B) an additional division would have to occur but without a second DNA replication C) sister chromosomes do not separate at first anaphase; centromeres hold until second division D) a method of lining up single chromosomes along the metaphase plate E) fertilization processes to restore the diploid number in an organism
D) a method of lining up single chromosomes along the metaphase plate
Which of the following behaviors will NOT help prevent cancer? A) avoid carcinogenic chemicals B) avoid excessive sunlight C) lower total fat intake D) decrease intake of high-fiber foods E) increase consumption of broccoli
D) decrease intake of high-fiber foods
Which refers to the addition of a repeat segment of a chromosome? A) inversion B) translocation C) deletion D) duplication E) monosomy
D) duplication
Which of the following statements most accurately describes the first law of thermodynamics A) one usable form of energy cannot be completely converted into another usable form. B) one usable form of energy can be completely converted into another usable form. C) energy cannot be created or destroyed. D) energy can be neither created nor destroyed but it can be changed from one form to another. E) energy cannot be transformed.
D) energy can be neither created nor destroyed but it can be changed from one form to another.
Which of these is NOT a form of a point mutation? A) nonsense mutation B) missense mutation C) silent mutation D) frameshift mutation E) UAC becomes UAU
D) frameshift mutation
Which is NOT a correct association? A) strawberry-stolon B) onion-bulb C) iris-rhizome D) gladiolus-bulb E) potato-tuber
D) gladiolus-bulb
We set up an experiment where the same species of plant is grown in boxes covered with plastic that only allows a single color of light. In which box would we expect the least plant growth and even perhaps the death of the plant to occur? A) white B) blue C) red D) green E) indigo
D) green
Which of the following molecules is NOT an enzyme? A) lipase B) maltase C) urease D) lactose E) ribonuclease
D) lactose
Which does NOT describe a function of the DNA polymerase molecule? A) recognize the free nucleotide that pairs with the base on the old strand of DNA B) read the strand of old DNA and recognize the base there C) proofread to ensure that the proper base has been incorporated D) make the proper nucleotide to match with the base read on the old strand E) nucleotides are joined by hydrogen bonds
D) make the proper nucleotide to match with the base read on the old strand
Which of the following is NOT true of primary and secondary growth? A) occur in woody stems B) increase both the length and girth of plants, respectively C) involve two types of meristem tissues D) occur in both woody and herbaceous stems E) occur in trees and shrubs
D) occur in both woody and herbaceous stems
When an ice cap moves south or arid conditions push across a continent, a plant species can "migrate" although not as fast as individual animals usually travel. Which of the following generally allows a plant population to migrate the fastest? A) pollination B) fertilization C) germination D) seed dispersal E) asexual or vegetative propagation
D) seed dispersal
Which association is INCORRECT? A) vessel element--xylem B) guard cells--epidermis C) parenchyma--ground tissue D) sieve-tube member--bark E) cuticle--epidermis
D) sieve-tube member--bark
Which of the following nucleotide bases is found only in RNA, not in DNA? A) guanine B) adenine C) thymine D) uracil E) cytosine
D) uracil
The enzyme that is used to join complementary DNA nucleotides together is
DNA polymerase.
Through molecular interaction of the macromolecules in the primitive ocean, the self-replicating system of ____ evolved.
DNA → RNA → protein
An antihistamine counters the effects of a histamine. Which of the following is NOT an effect of a histamine?
Decreased blood flow inhibits a pathogen from spreading throughout the body.
Which function is NOT correctly matched to its type of tissue?
Dense connective tissue is muscle that contracts.
In the fetal heart, the lungs are deflated and the fetus receives oxygen from its mother across the placenta through the umbilical cord. There is an opening in the wall between the left and right side of the fetal heart. This should normally grow closed before birth. What symptoms would be expected if this heart wall opening remained open?
Deoxygenated blood would mix with oxygenated blood and systemic circulation would have too little oxygen to sustain healthy growth.
"Artificial kidneys" do not function in all respects like a natural kidney. What is one inherent problem and what is its practical solution?
Dialysis uses passive diffusion and some kidney functions require selective active transport; restrict diet to limit the variety of waste molecules.
Why do physicians prescribe diuretic drugs to patients with high blood pressure?
Diuretic drugs increase urine flow and decrease the blood volume that must be pumped.
The life cycle of animals
Does not demonstrate alternation of generation; gametes are haploid and the organism is diploid.
If a person has short stature, oriental-like fold of eyelids, fissured tongue and mental retardation, they have
Down syndrome.
Which is NOT a correct attribute of a metabolic pathway? A) Reactants are the input molecules. B) Reactants act as substrates for specific enzymes. C) The product of one reaction can become the reactant for the next. D) If several metabolic pathways have a molecule in common, one pathway can lead to several others. E) A constant supply of new enzymes must be produced to keep the metabolic pathway active.
E) A constant supply of new enzymes must be produced to keep the metabolic pathway active.
Which is NOT associated with cancer? A) It can establish new tumors distant from the site of the primary tumor. B) It forms new blood vessels and brings nutrients and oxygen to the tumor. C) Cancer cells can undergo cell division repeatedly and indefinitely. D) Tumors invade surrounding tissues and are filtered by lymph nodes. E) A malignant mass of cells is encapsulated and does not invade adjacent tissue.
E) A malignant mass of cells is encapsulated and does not invade adjacent tissue.
The ability to roll the edges of the tongue upward in a U-shape has been considered to be an inherited ability. The standard assumption is that tongue-rolling is a dominant allele at a single gene locus. Which of the following would CAST DOUBT on this assumption? A) Behaviors are not inherited, only structures are inherited. B) A student who cannot roll his tongue has a mother and father, both of whom can. C) A student who can roll his tongue has a mother and father, both of whom cannot. D) With very little effort the non-tongue-rollers can learn to also roll their tongues. E) A student who can roll his tongue has a mother and father, both of whom cannot roll their tongues AND with very little effort the non-tongue-rollers can learn to roll their tongues.
E) A student who can roll his tongue has a mother and father, both of whom cannot roll their tongues AND with very little effort the non-tongue-rollers can learn to roll their tongues.
Which cell found in phloem tissue has a nucleus? A) vessel element B) tracheids C) sieve-tube member D) guard cell E) companion cell
E) companion cell
Which of the following is NOT true about DNA? A) has a double helix B) bases held together by hydrogen bonds C) bases are complementary to each other D) has a deoxyribose sugar E) contains adenine, guanine, cytosine, and uracil
E) contains adenine, guanine, cytosine, and uracil
What is the most likely reason that cellular respiration would shift from an aerobic state into an anaerobic state? A) The individual was exercising at a level beyond their capability and entered into oxygen debt. B) A smoker has developed emphysema and has decreased lung capacity. C) The individual has had a stroke in the left hemisphere of their brain. D) None of these E) All of the choices are reasons that an individual could shift into an anaerobic state
E) All of the choices are reasons that an individual could shift into an anaerobic state
Which of the following organisms will NOT have a dependency on photosynthesis for their energy? A) white tailed deer B) wolves C) squirrels D) raccoons E) All of these will have a dependency on photosynthesis.
E) All of these will have a dependency on photosynthesis.
Which statement is not true about C3 and C4 plants? A) C4 plants are more successful in hot climates than C3 plants. B) C3 plants fix carbon dioxide in the mesophyll cells. C) In C3 plants, O2 competes with CO2 for the active site of RuBP carboxylase. D) C4 plants deliver CO2 to the Calvin cycle using bundle sheath cells sheltered from leaf air spaces. E) CO2 is fixed at night to decrease water loss.
E) CO2 is fixed at night to decrease water loss.
Which of the following is NOT a correct statement about the second law of thermodynamics and entropy? A) The amount of disorder in the universe is always increasing. B) To maintain organization of a cell, a continual input of energy is required. C) Living cells without energy would become less organized. D) While the total amount of energy in a system is unchanged, energy lost as heat is no longer useful to the cell in doing work. E) Carbon dioxide and water tend to form glucose.
E) Carbon dioxide and water tend to form glucose.
When blood supplies oxygen and food to a cell surface and these molecules diffuse across, we might expect some "resting time." However, if we inspected most cell membranes in a living human body, we would find a nearly continuous flow of substances back-and-forth across the plasma membrane. Which of the following is NOT a reason why? A) Cell metabolism is constantly using up oxygen and raw materials; this lowers their concentration so more will diffuse into the cell. B) Cell metabolism is constantly producing waste molecules; this increases their concentration so more will diffuse out of the cell. C) Cells produce useful secretions; this increases their concentration and more will diffuse out of the cell. D) Cell metabolism constantly produces carbon dioxide in respiration; this increases its concentration so more will diffuse out of the cell. E) Cells are living entities and in order to live can never "rest".
E) Cells are living entities and in order to live can never "rest".
Hershey and Chase experimented with radioactively labeled phosphorus and sulfur to determine that DNA and not protein is the genetic material. Which of the following would NOT be an essential part of this experiment? A) Sulfur is present in amino acids in the protein coat of bacteria. B) Phosphorus is present in high amounts in DNA. C) Sulfur is not present in DNA. D) Phosphorus is not present in amino acids in the protein coat of bacteria. E) DNA contains nitrogen.
E) DNA contains nitrogen.
Which of the following statements is false? A) During cellular respiration, carbohydrate energy is converted into ATP. B) During cellular respiration, mitochondria release carbon dioxide. C) During photosynthesis, energy from the sun is used to form carbohydrates. D) During photosynthesis, carbon dioxide is used. E) During photosynthesis, oxygen is used.
E) During photosynthesis, oxygen is used.
Which of the following statements about glycolysis is TRUE? A) Glycolysis results in the release of carbon dioxide. B) Glycolysis is a cyclical reaction. C) Glycolysis is a reduction reaction where only glucose is reduced. D) Glycolysis occurs twice per glucose molecule. E) Glycolysis breaks glucose down to 2 pyruvate molecules.
E) Glycolysis breaks glucose down to 2 pyruvate molecules.
Which of the following statements is NOT true about wood? A) In the temperate regions, wood forms annual rings B) The vessels will be larger in size in the spring due to more moisture C) The wood produced in the summer will have a lower proportion of vessels than wood produced in the spring D) In large trees, the most recently formed layer of cells transports water E) Heartwood transports water to the leaves throughout the life of the tree
E) Heartwood transports water to the leaves throughout the life of the tree
Which of the following is NOT correct concerning the law of independent assortment? A) It is based upon the process of meiosis. B) Each pair of factors separates independently. C) All possible combinations of factors can occur in the gametes. D) It was the second law of heredity established by Mendel. E) It follows the observation that all maternal chromosomes end up in the egg.
E) It follows the observation that all maternal chromosomes end up in the egg.
In pea plants, the gene for round seed (R) is dominant, and wrinkled seeds (r) are recessive. The endosperm of the pea is also either starchy, a dominant gene (S), or waxy (s). What CANNOT be said of a cross between two parents that are heterozygous for both traits? A) It is possible to secure offspring that are homozygous for both dominant genes. B) It is possible to secure offspring that are homozygous for both recessive genes. C) It is possible to secure offspring that are homozygous for one dominant gene such as round seed and homozygous recessive for the other recessive waxy gene. D) It is possible to secure offspring that are heterozygous for both genes. E) It is impossible to secure offspring that are homozygous for both dominant genes.
E) It is IMPOSSIBLE to secure offspring that are homozygous for both dominant genes.
Which of the following is NOT a consequence of the lactate that results from fermentation in the muscles? A) It triggers ongoing heavier breathing to provide further oxygen for the muscles B) Much of the lactate is transported to the liver where it is converted to pyruvate C) Some lactate converted to pyruvate is converted back to glucose D) Some lactate converted to pyruvate is then completely broken down E) It is stored in muscle cells for later ATP production
E) It is stored in muscle cells for later ATP production
Which of the following is not true concerning the cell theory? A) Virchow asserted that all cells come from preexisting cells. B) Schleiden determined that all plants are made of cells. C) Schwann researched animal tissues and discovered that they were all made of cells. D) Hooke observed the cells of cork. E) Leeuwenhoek first used the term "cells".
E) Leeuwenhoek first used the term "cells".
Your task in laboratory is to find cells that have projections to increase surface area for absorption of water and minerals. Which of the following slides would you use to find these cells? A) Eudicot woody stem slide B) Leaf slide of moncot or eudicot C) Monocot stem slide D) Root slide showing root cap E) Root slide showing zone of maturation
E) Root slide showing zone of maturation
Which of the following is not a function of the cell membrane? A) It provides mechanical strength to the cell. B) It gives shape to the cell. C) It regulates passage of molecules into and out of the cell. D) It is largely responsible for cellular homeostasis. E) Serves as a site for protein synthesis.
E) Serves as a site for protein synthesis.
Which is NOT correct about the preparatory reaction? A) It connects glycolysis to the citric acid cycle. B) CO2 is given off. C) Pyruvate is converted to a 2-carbon acetyl group. D) NAD+ goes to NADH + H+ as acetyl-CoA forms. E) The reaction occurs once per glucose molecule.
E) The reaction occurs once per glucose molecule.
In the Malpighian tubules of an insect (blind, threadlike excretory tubule attached to the gut of an insect), salt molecules are actively transferred from body fluids to the inside of the tubule. Which of the following is NOT true? A) Water is also "pulled" by osmosis into the Malpighian tubule. B) The concentration of salt is normally higher in the body fluids than it is inside the tubule. C) The process decreases the salt concentration of the body fluids. D) Insects must excrete excess salt through the Malpighian tubules. E) The tubules have the same tonicity as the body fluids.
E) The tubules have the same tonicity as the body fluids.
Which factor is likely to lead to a change in the genetic control of the individual and possibly cancer? A) X-rays B) ultraviolet radiation C) cigarette smoke D) pesticides E) all of these can lead to cancer
E) all of these can lead to cancer
A tight junction forms an impermeable barrier between two cells.
True
If you wished to increase enzyme activity, you would do all of the following except A) increase the temperature moderately. B) increase the concentration of the enzyme. C) increase the amount of substrate. D) change to optimum pH for the reaction. E) decrease the temperature.
E) decrease the temperature.
All of the following are possible origins of cell organelles in eukaryotes EXCEPT A) invagination of the plasma membrane to form endoplasmic reticulum. B) incorporation of engulfed heterotrophic bacteria to form mitochondria. C) incorporation of engulfed autotrophic cyanobacteria to form chloroplasts. D) a symbiotic relationship between a host cell and a porkaryote that was taken up but not destroyed. E) groups of prokaryotic cells begin to live in a small group sharing products of metabolism.
E) groups of prokaryotic cells begin to live in a small group sharing products of metabolism.
A karyotype will NOT reveal which of the following genetic diseases? A) Turner syndrome B) Klinefelter syndrome C) Down syndrome D) cri du chat syndrome E) hemophilia
E) hemophilia
Which of the following is an example of the blending of phenotypes? A) codominance B) sex-linked inheritance C) polygenic inheritance D) simple Mendelian inheritance E) incomplete dominance
E) incomplete dominance
The correct sequence of events in the production of a polypeptide is A) initiation → termination → elongation. B) elongation → termination → initiation. C) termination → elongation → initiation. D) elongation → initiation → termination. E) initiation → elongation → termination.
E) initiation → elongation → termination.
Which is NOT a correct association? A) cytokinesis-division of the cytoplasm B) centromere-point where sister chromatids remain attached C) haploid-one of each chromosome D) sister chromatids-two identical chromosome strands still attached at the centromere E) mitosis-when a cell duplicates and then divides twice to reduce chromosome number by half
E) mitosis - when a cell duplicates and then divides twice to reduce chromosome number by half
Which of the following processes does NOT take place during translation? A) attachment of a ribosome to mRNA B) growth of a polypeptide chain C) binding of two tRNA molecules/ribosome D) liberation of polypeptide from ribosome E) production of mRNA
E) production of mRNA
Receptor-mediated endocytosis involves all of the following EXCEPT: A) receptor proteins to bind to specific molecules B) a coated pit due to a layer of fibrous protein on the cytoplasmic side of the membrane C) various outcomes from destruction of the vesicle to restoration of the surface configuration D) the mechanism for regulating exchange between a mother and fetus E) secretion of materials from a cell
E) secretion of materials from a cell
Which is most directly responsible for the sequence of amino acids in a protein? A) the sequence of the anticodons B) the number of codons in mRNA C) the enzyme that attaches the amino acid to tRNA D) the proteins associated with rRNA E) the sequence of codons in mRNA
E) the sequence of codons in mRNA
In eukaryotes, control of gene expression is NOT by A) translational control in cytoplasm after mRNA leaves the nucleus and before protein is produced. B) transcriptional control in the nucleus based on which genes are transcribed and how fast they are transcribed. C) posttranscriptional control in the nucleus after DNA is transcribed, including the speed with which mRNA leaves the nucleus. D) posttranslational control in the cytoplasm that occurs after protein synthesis. E) the use of repressor proteins and operators.
E) the use of repressor proteins and operators.
Which of the following is not a major function of roots? A) absorb water B) absorb minerals C) produce hormones D) anchor and support the plant E) transport of materials throughout the plant
E) transport of materials throughout the plant
Whether or not an enzyme is active and present within a cell depends on all of the following except A) if the gene for the enzyme has been turned on and the enzyme made. B) if the enzyme has been activated or inactivated by the addition of a phosphate group. C) whether an inhibitor is bound to the enzyme. D) whether the necessary cofactor is present. E) whether the enzyme catalyzes an endergonic or exergonic reaction.
E) whether the enzyme catalyzes an endergonic or exergonic reaction.
Which eating disorder is most commonly diagnosed among people who seek treatment?
EDNOS (eating disorders not otherwise specified)
In a Mendelian monohybrid cross involving two homozygous genotypes, the ____ generation is always completely heterozygous.
F1
A stem is identified by being aboveground and green. True or False?
False
According to the endosymbiotic theory, eukaryotes became the mitochondria and chloroplasts found in prokaryotic cells. True/False?
False
All of the ATP molecules formed by the complete oxidation of glucose result from the electron transfer chain. True or False?
False
All of the energy that a plant stores in the bonds of glucose are available to an animal to power its muscles. True or False?
False
Urine and feces are both considered excretions or wastes. How do they biologically compare?
Feces is undigested food plus bacteria that was never inside the tissue; urine carries metabolic wastes from cell metabolism but should be bacteria-free.
Which of the following is NOT true of ferns? ( ) Ferns are seedless vascular plants. ( ) Ferns can grow in dry, cold conditions. ( ) The gametophyte of ferns is nonvascular. ( ) Ferns can reproduce asexually through the growth of rhizomes in the soil. ( ) The gametophyte is dependent on the sporophyte for nourishment.
Ferns are seedless vascular plants.
What flower mechanism would NOT help prevent pollination by a foreign plant species?
Flowers of different plant species bloom at the same time with flowers of similar shape, size, and color.
What flower mechanism(s) would NOT help prevent pollination by a foreign species? ( ) A pollen tube only grows in the style of its own species. ( ) The stigma is sticky mainly to its own species of pollen. ( ) The timing of flowering varies by species and keeps pollinators moving among a limited number of species. ( ) Flowers attract a small number of specialized pollinators, and therefore pollen is not spread equally to all available species of flowers. ( ) Flowers of different species are the same color and attract similar pollinators.
Flowers of different species are the same color and attract similar pollinators.
Which of the following is characteristic of flukes?
Flukes have a well-developed alimentary canal.
At one time, biologists thought that fungi were merely forms of plants that had lost their chlorophyll and had returned to saprotrophy to gain food. Why is this no longer considered a solid theory?
Fungal cell walls contain chitin rather than cellulose.
Plants need other molecules besides glucose. Where do these molecules such as cellulose and fructose come from?
G3P is directly converted to many other organic molecules besides glucose.
The hydrocarbon skeleton used to form fatty acids, glycerol, and amino acids (when N is added) are derived from
G3P.
In a hypothetical experiment, the blood flow between two dogs is joined and one dog is stressed so that its heart rate goes up rapidly. What will happen to the heart rate of the second dog?
Heart rate will go up due to an increase in epinephrine and norepinephrine in the blood.
In the later 1800s, the brilliant French chemist Louis Pasteur worked with chicken cholera, passing the disease agent from sick to healthy chickens. He suspended his research and went on vacation for several weeks. When he returned, the old cholera culture he gave to healthy chickens failed to kill them. He assumed his culture was bad and injected these same chickens with a fresh culture of chicken cholera. These chickens remained healthy while new chickens injected with the fresh culture of chicken cholera rapidly became sick and died. From our current knowledge of immunity, how would these observations be explained?
His first disease culture had weakened over time and stimulated the development of active immunity.
Which of the following statements is FALSE about homeostasis?
Homeostasis is primarily controlled by the circulatory system
Which hominid is considered to be the handyman by being the first to use tools? ( ) Gorilla ( ) Lucy ( ) Homo habilis ( ) Homo erectus ( ) Chimpanzee
Homo habilis
Of the following fossils, which is arranged in the correct order from oldest to the most recent?
Homo habilis, Homo erectus, Homo sapiens
During surgery for breast cancer, surgeons will often remove lymph nodes in the armpit. What is the most likely reason for this?
If any cancer cells have entered the lymph, they will travel to the closest lymph node which are in the armpit.
Louis Pasteur conducted an experiment to answer the question of whether or not living things can arise spontaneously from nonliving materials. In this experiment he used two flasks of sterile broth. How could this demonstrate the invalidity of spontaneous generation?
In the flask in which no outside materials could enter, no growth occurred while growth did occur in the flask that allowed outside air to enter demonstrating that the living things came from outside the sterile broth.
Which statement is NOT true about nonrandom mating? ( ) Inbreeding is mating between relatives more often than by chance. ( ) Inbreeding is a change in allele frequencies that increases the proportion of heterozygotes in the population. ( ) An example is when a tall man marries a tall woman. ( ) Nonrandom mating tends to cause subdivision into two phenotypic classes with reduced gene flow between them. ( ) An example is when the strongest male wins the opportunity to mate with his choice of females.
Inbreeding is a change in allele frequencies that increases the proportion of heterozygotes in the population.
A person enters a heat chamber carrying a raw egg on a plate. As the temperature is gradually increased, the exposed egg is cooked while the subject continues to have a normal internal temperature by mouth thermometer. What mechanism is lacking in the egg but is present in the human subject that maintains homeostasis?
Increased sweating causes evaporation that carries away heat.
Which statement is NOT true about invertebrate animals?
Invertebrates lack a nervous system.
Which statement is NOT true about a retrovirus?
It contains a DNA genome.
Which of the following is NOT true about the myelin sheath?
It decreases the speed of nerve impulse conduction.
Which of the following is NOT true about the autonomic nervous system?
It functions voluntarily and consciously.
Which of these is NOT true of the autonomic nervous system?
It is composed only of fibers that have an inhibitory function on various organs of the body.
Which of the following is true about genetic drift? ( ) It is more likely to occur in a large population than in a small population. ( ) It may lead to an allele becoming fixed in a population when its alternative allele is lost from the population. ( ) It increases the number of heterozygotes in a population. ( ) It increases the level of rare alleles in a population. ( ) It reduced the chances of mutation in a population.
It may lead to an allele becoming fixed in a population when its alternative allele is lost from the population.
Why is it advantageous to have blood move slowly in the capillaries?
It provides time for substances to be exchanged between blood and tissue fluids.
Which statement is NOT true about the RNA-first hypothesis?
It says that first RNA, then DNA, then proteins would have been necessary to interact in the chemical evolution that would have led to the development of the first cells.
What will happen to the water level in Figure 4.1? {image of U shaped tube with 20% protein & 80% water on side A & 100% water on side B with a differentially permeable membrane between the sides}
It will rise in side A.
The individual(s) credited with the discovery of the structure of DNA is (are)
James Watson and Francis Crick.
An individual who has an XXY combination of sex chromosomes is said to have _____ syndrome.
Klinefelter
If you had a black male guinea pig and a brown female guinea pig, but you didn't know which was the dominant characteristic, how would you find out the dominant color?
Mate them and see what color the offspring are —THAT will be the dominant color.
Which of the following statements is NOT true about the flatworms?
Liver flukes and blood flukes are parasites in humans only.
Once a true cell was formed biological evolution began. Biological evolution is all the changes that have occurred in living things since the beginning of life due to differential reproductive success. This means that
Living things have all evolved from a common ancestor.
Which statement is NOT true about the lymphatic system?
Lymph contains the same proteins as found in the blood.
The three domain system is primarily based on ( ) molecular data showing eukaryotes are much more closely related than previously thought. ( ) structural data showing prokaryotes are far more diverse than previously thought. ( ) molecular data showing prokaryotes are far more diverse than previously thought. ( ) new biogeographical data showing prokaryotes are far more diverse than previously thought. ( ) new classification concepts that have shown everything except molecular data to be irrelevant.
MOLECULAR DATA showing PROkaryotes are FAR MORE DIVERSE than previously thought.
Which genetic disorder is associated with a defect in the elastic connective tissue protein called fibrillin?
Marfan Syndrome
There are two species of larkspur that have two different size flowers; Delphinium decorum has large fully opened flowers and Delphinium nudicaule which has small bud like flowers. These two species are both fertilized by insects but they cannot be fertilized by the same type of insect because the smaller flower of D. nudicaule will not permit larger insects to reach the nectar of the flower and the larger flower of the D. decorum is typically fed on by larger insects. Which type of isolating mechanism would this be? ( ) Postzygotic Isolation ( ) Temporal Isolation ( ) Behavioral Isolation ( ) Habitat Isolation ( ) Mechanical Isolation
Mechanical Isolation
Following a cut or scrape, which process repairs your skin?
Mitosis
Clams, snails, sea slugs, and octopuses belong to the phylum
Mollusca.
To try and discover if the environment has an effect on a particular characteristic scientists often examine
Monozygotic human twins that were separated at birth.
What is the association of Helicobacter pylori in the digestive system?
Most ulcers are due to stomach infection with this bacteria.
Which cofactor is involved in the Calvin cycle reactions?
NADP+
If the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium is met, what is the net effect? ( ) evolution leading to a population better adapted to an unchanging environment ( ) evolution leading to a population better adapted to a changing environment ( ) very slow and continuous evolution with no increased adaptation ( ) no evolution because the alleles in the population remain the same ( ) no evolution because the alleles in the population will change
NO EVOLUTION because the alleles in the population REMAIN THE SAME
Which description bets fits the Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)?
Nerves that carry sensory messages to the CNS and motor commands to the muscles and glands.
Until recently, we only described neurons as cellular units of the nervous system. Which is a probable reason science overlooked the importance of neuroglial cells?
Neuroglial cells were thought to merely support neurons and their complex chemical role was not yet detected.
Would it be possible to observe crossing-over between sister chromatids? Why or why not?
No. Since they are genetically identical you could not tell the difference without labeling the chromatids.
Which of the following does NOT reflect the likely presence of a gene mutation? ( ) Fruit flies subjected to intense radiation breed a wider array of variable offspring. ( ) A chemical leaking from the surface of an old abandoned coal mine alters a regulatory gene so that a cricket nymph develops an extra set of eyes. ( ) The bacteria that cause gonorrhea, a common sexually transmitted disease, have previously been killed by penicillin; however after continuous usage of the antibiotic, penicillin-resistant strains are now becoming prevalent. ( ) Radiation causes an alteration of a DNA nucleotide sequence which is discovered when mapped, but which appears to be neither increasing nor decreasing in successive generations. ( ) Offspring always have the same coloration as the parents.
Offspring always have the same coloration as the parents.
Which of the following is true about natural selection? ( ) It acts on genotypes rather than phenotypes. ( ) It assures the survival of each fit individual. ( ) On average, it favors the survival of young with adaptive characteristics. ( ) It always selects for more complex forms. ( ) It always selects for forms that are a mutated variation.
On average, it favors the survival of young with adaptive characteristics.
Which of the following statements is NOT correct about the flatworms?
Parasitic flatworms have a well-developed head with eyespots and nerves concentrated into a brain.
Which of these statements is NOT correct about the flatworms?
Planaria ingest food through a mouth located in the head region.
Why are green algae placed in the Protista while plants are given their own kingdom?
Plants enclose and protect the embryo within the female plant while green algae do not.
Which statement is NOT true about prion diseases?
Prions lack a nucleus but must form DNA/RNA at some time in order to replicate.
The difference between phyletic gradualism and punctuated equilibrium is that ( ) Phyletic gradualism can only happen with eukaryotes and punctuated equilibrium happens with prokaryotes. ( ) Punctuated equilibrium shows speciation in a relatively short time while phyletic gradualism shows speciation as changes accumulate over vast periods of time. ( ) Phyletic gradualism shows speciation in a relatively short time while punctuated equilibrium shows speciation as changes accumulate over vast periods of time. ( ) Phyletic gradualism shows in the fossil record and punctuated equilibrium does not. ( ) There is no difference between Punctuated equilibrium and Phyletic gradualism.
Punctuated equilibrium shows speciation in a relatively short time while phyletic gradualism shows speciation as changes accumulate over vast periods of time.
How can urine contain a higher concentration of wastes (be hypertonic) than the blood?
Reabsorption of water in the loop of the nephron and collecting ducts leaves behind a more concentrated urine.
The leaves of a maple tree vary in size depending on the location of the leaves on the tree. Those growing at the outer region of the tree tend to be smaller than those growing closer to the trunk of the tree. This allows leaves that are growing in the shade to have a larger surface area. This show that genes have the ability to
Respond to environmental factors
The ray-finned fishes are believed to have evolved into the amphibians.
false
Which of the following crosses will yield four phenotypes in a ratio of 9:3:3:1? ( ) RRYY x RRYY ( ) RRYY x rryy ( ) RrYy x RrYy ( ) RrYy x rryy ( ) rryy x rryy
RrYy x RrYy
____ are organisms that break down dead organic matter in order to absorb the nutrient molecules.
Saprotrophs
Which statement is NOT true about the maintenance of variation in a population? ( ) Selection for adaptation to a particular environment ensures that the population will become stronger and more viable under any conditions. ( ) Only phenotypes are acted on by selection, so heterozygotes serve as a reservoir of recessive alleles that may be adaptive in a different environment. ( ) Heterozygote superiority may lead to selection for the heterozygote above either homozygote. ( ) Variation is maintained through mutation, recombination, gene flow, and changed conditions. ( ) Variations allow for the presence of conditions such as sickle cell anemia.
Selection for adaptation to a particular environment ensures that the population will become stronger and more viable under any conditions.
Without considering the variation provided by crossing-over, how much will two siblings from one set of parents vary from each other?
Siblings inherit essentially 50% of their genes from each parent, but two sibling offspring may share with each other from zero to 23 chromosomes in common from each parent and therefore vary widely from each other.
What is the major drawback to cytokine therapies?
Side effects can be life-threatening.
__________ showed that amino acids can polymerize abiotically when exposed to dry heat.
Sidney Fox
ATP synthase is an enzyme complex located in the thylakoid membranes. True or False?
True
What general feature is necessary to consider an organism a microbe?
Small enough that a microscope is required to see them.
Which of the following statements about the glomerulus is INCORRECT?
Small molecules move from the glomerular (Bowman's) capsule into the glomerulus.
Which of the following would NOT result in reproductive isolation? ( ) Snakes found in one state are genetically identical to snakes found in a neighboring state. ( ) Fruit flies on one Hawaiian island live for hundreds of generations and do not come in contact with fruit flies on another island except when blown there by rare tropical storms. ( ) One brood of the seventeen-year cicada emerged in 1987 (and will do so every 17 years) and lives a few months as adults; another brood emerged in 1992 (and will do so every 17 years); the larvae of both feed side-by-side on tree roots. ( ) A lion and a tiger mate in the artificial confines of a zoo but the offspring is infertile. ( ) Two populations of crickets are indistinguishable in physical features but the females in each group only come to the different songs of their males.
Snakes found in one state are genetically identical to snakes found in a neighboring state.
Which of the following observation did Charles Darwin make during his 5 year voyage aboard the HMS Beagle? ( ) Species exhibit great variation within a single population. ( ) Species do not change over time. ( ) The environment can bring about inherited change in an individual. ( ) All species share the same basic genetic and molecular makeup. ( ) The Earth was dated to be approximately 4.6 billion years old.
Species exhibit great variation within a single population.
If one strand of DNA has the base sequence AAGCAA, the complementary strand has which of the following sequences? ( ) UUCGUU ( ) TTCGTT ( ) AAGCAA ( ) UTCGTU ( ) TTCGTG
TTCGTT
An antibiotic such as penicillin that is taken orally is soon excreted in the urine. Since infections last for a short period of time, what is the best strategy for overcoming this continual loss?
Take continual doses of penicillin sufficient to maintain it in the bloodstream.
Plants could readily develop seasonal responses based on temperature changes but have evolved their rhythms based on a comparison of daylight and darkness. Why has the day-night ratio system been selected?
Temperatures fluctuate widely across seasons and from year to year, but photoperiod comparisons are a more reliable indicator of season.
Why does the chloroplast utilize a cyclic electron pathway as well as the noncyclic electron pathway?
The Calvin cycle utilizes more ATP than NADPH and the cyclic electron pathway produces ATP.
What is the definition of learning?
The ability to retain and utilize past memories.
Lamarck's ideas on evolution were adopted by some Russian scientists, including Michurin and Lysenko in Stalinist Russia. Their textbooks printed Lysenko's assertions that a wheat plant could be made cold-hardy by conditioning in cold storage, or that workmen who develop strong muscles due to working in the mines would produce children who would be born stronger. Which of the major premises of evolution by natural selection was violated? ( ) The organisms vary in traits. ( ) The acquired characteristics are inherited. ( ) More young are born than can survive. ( ) Some individuals are better adapted to the environment. ( ) The environment selects for phenotype.
The acquired characteristics are inherited.
Which statement is NOT true about the development of an action potential?
The action potential ends when the polarity across the membrane reaches +40 mV.
Which of the following statements is NOT correct about cnidaria?
The adult body is bilaterally symmetrical.
Larval tunicates differ from adults in all but one of the following ways. Which of the following is NOT true? ( ) The adults are sessile and the larvae are free swimming. ( ) The adults do not have a notochord while the larvae do. ( ) The adults do not have pharynx and gill slits while the larvae do. ( ) The adults do not have a dorsal, hollow nerve chord while the larvae do. ( ) The adults do not have a post-anal tail while the larvae do.
The adults do not have pharynx and gill slits while the larvae do.
Larval tunicates differ from adults in all but one of the following ways. Which of the following is not true?
The adults do not have pharynx and gill slits while the larvae do.
Some anesthetics are also very effective in stopping the food from moving through the intestine. Therefore, after an operation, the surgeon will not permit a patient to eat until the digestive system is moving food again, and a patient has to suck on ice until there is some evidence the digestive tract is functioning. Without knowing more about the anesthetics, what is the likely mode of action of the anesthetic?
The anesthetic probably affects nerves that slow all smooth muscle actions.
In time, bread becomes stale and grows mold on the exposed surfaces. Why does mold not begin growing inside the bread loaf?
The bread was sterilized when it was baked and thereafter mold spores settle only on the outside of the cooled bread.
You are traveling across the Pacific Ocean when you come across a small island, island #1. There is lush vegetation and several species of beetles that vary in the color of their carapace. The colors you find are green, blue, purple, and black. A second island 200 miles closer to the mainland (island #2) is mostly sand with some palm trees and has a single species of beetle that has a brown carapace. You examine the colored beetles and discover that they are all related and that they are related to the brown species on the second island. Which of the following is the most likely scenario? ( ) The brown beetle migrated to island #1 and gave rise to the colored species on island #2 through adaptive radiation. ( ) The colored species of beetle on island #1 migrated to island #2 and gave rise to the brown beetle through extinction. ( ) The brown beetle evolved from the colored beetles on island #1 and then migrated to island #2. ( ) The brown beetle gave rise to all of the colored beetles on island #2 which then migrated to island #1. ( ) A beetle of some undetermined color gave rise to all of the colors of beetle brown, green, purple, and black and they then migrated to different islands.
The brown beetle migrated to island #1 and gave rise to the colored species on island #2 through adaptive radiation.
How does cell division differ between animal and plant cells?
The cell plate is the final partitioning of plant cells.
A cell is placed in a solution of large nutrient molecules tagged with a red dye. Soon the cell is dark red, showing a concentration of the nutrient much higher than the external solution. We add a reagent that blocks the use of ATP. What result would you expect from this experiment?
The color will remain the same since all future transfer will stop.
In cellular respiration, what is the relationship between the energy content of the reactants (glucose and O2) and products (CO2 and H2O)?
The energy content of the reactants (glucose and O2) must be greater than the energy content of the products (CO2 and H2O).
Which of the following statements is NOT true about angiosperms? ( ) The reproductive structures are located in flowers. ( ) The flower protects the developing male gametophyte. ( ) They are divided into monocots and eudicots. ( ) The seeds are enclosed by fruit. ( ) They exhibit double fertilization.
The flower protects the developing male gametophyte.
Which statement is NOT true about the founder effect? ( ) It is a form of genetic drift. ( ) It produces a high frequency of some rare alleles in a small isolated population. ( ) Founding members contain a tiny fraction of the alleles found in the original population. ( ) The founder effect occurs when a population is subjected to near extinction and then recovers, so that only a few alleles are left in survivors. ( ) Chance determines which alleles are carried by the original founders.
The founder effect occurs when a population is subjected to near extinction and then recovers, so that only a few alleles are left in survivors.
Which piece of evidence did Darwin observe during his 5 year journey aboard the HMS Beagle? ( ) The geological formations of the Earth indicate it is much older than the 5000 year old view. ( ) Species do not change over time. ( ) The environment can bring about inherited change in an individual. ( ) All species share the same basic genetic and molecular makeup. ( ) The Earth is approximately 4.6 billion years old.
The geological formations of the Earth indicate it is much older than the 5000 year old view.
Why are real bath sponges so soft?
The harder silica or calcium spicules are absent and the softer spongin remains.
Which of the following statements is NOT true regarding the normal mechanism of ventilation?
The intrapleural pressure must be greater than the atmospheric pressure.
A pressurized airplane cabin and an oxygen tent over a patient in a hospital both address the need of a person for oxygen. How do these compare?
The oxygen tent increases concentration of O2 while the airplane maintains total air pressure without changing concentrations.
Which of the following health problems are likely to occur if a person is unable to form the IgE antibodies?
The person would have problems defending themselves against parasitic worm infections as well as lacking an immediate allergic response.
You find a plant that appears to contain stamens and carpels but no petals or sepals. What could you conclude about this "flower"?
The plant is pollinated by the wind.
In which direction does a nerve impulse usually move?
dendrite → cell body → axon
Kidney dialysis relies on diffusion of various dissolved waste molecules (solutes) across a non-living semipermeable membrane. If the concentration of solutes in the blood increases over time before dialysis is administered, what will happen to the rate of dialysis when it occurs?
The rate will speed up since the concentration gradient is higher.
While eating a container of yogurt, you have to leave, so you store the yogurt in the refrigerator. A day later you return and find the surface of the yogurt is no longer smooth but has broken into several liquefied products. You correctly guess that enzymes from your saliva, via the spoon, have continued digesting the yogurt in your absence. What will happen over time?
The reaction will continue until all of the substrate is used and the enzyme will still remain.
Which of these statements is NOT true about fertilization in a fern plant? ( ) An egg is produced in an archegonium. ( ) A sperm is produced in an antheridium. ( ) The sperm is carried by the wind to the egg. ( ) The eggs and sperm are produced on the same plant. ( ) Eggs and sperm are produced by the gametophyte generation.
The sperm is carried by the wind to the egg.
Both corals and calcareous sponges have calcium carbonate structures. What is the relationship between these two groups?
The sponges use calcium carbonate to form sharp spicules while the corals independently use the same material to form a skeleton.
Which of the following statements is NOT true about alternation of generations life cycle? ( ) Meiosis produces spores that are haploid. ( ) Spores develop into the gametophyte generation. ( ) The gametophyte produces eggs and sperm. ( ) When the sperm fertilizes the egg, a zygote results that develops into the sporophyte. ( ) The sporophyte generation produces spores by mitosis in structures called sporangia.
The sporophyte generation produces spores by mitosis in structures called sporangia.
Which statement is NOT true about ferns? ( ) The sporophyte stage lacks vascular tissue. ( ) Antheridia and archegonia develop on the prothallus of the gametophyte stage. ( ) Fertilization requires moisture for the sperm to swim to the egg within the archegonia. ( ) The sporophyte stage is the dominant generation. ( ) The gametophyte stage lacks vascular tissue.
The sporophyte stage lacks vascular tissue.
Which of the following is not true of the tongue?
The tongue secretes salivary amylase.
Which of the following is the main difference between the urinary system of males and females?
The urethra is shorter in females.
What is the numerical relationship of neuroglial cells compared to neurons?
There are about 9 neuroglial cells for every neuron.
Which statement is NOT true about fiddleheads? ( ) They are young fronds curled up. ( ) They are found in ferns. ( ) They are part of the sporophyte generation. ( ) They are haploid. ( ) They are part of a vascular plant.
They are haploid.
Both echinoderms and chordates are deuterostomes, this means that
They have a similar development in their embryonic stages.
Which of the following characteristics is NOT true about deuterostomes?
They include the simplest of invertebrates.
Which statement is NOT correct about the sporophyte generation in gymnosperms? ( ) It is the diploid generation. ( ) It contains vascular tissue. ( ) It is the dominant generation. ( ) They produce winged naked seeds. ( ) They produce homospores.
They produce homospores.
Which description best fits a chemoautotroph bacteria?
They reduce carbon dioxide to an organic compound by using energetic electrons derived from chemicals. (ORGANICchemicals --chemoautotroph)
What will happen to dye crystals if placed in the bottom of a beaker of water over a long period of time?
They will diffuse equally throughout the beaker.
When he arrived at the Galapagos Islands, Darwin did not observe the amazing tool-using "woodpecker finch" that can modify twigs to pry out grubs. Because there are no true woodpeckers on the Galapagos Islands, this behavior allows this finch to exploit an untapped food source. However, not all members of this species exhibit this behavior, which is probably learned from watching other finches. Therefore which of the following is NOT true? ( ) Young isolated at hatching will not know how to do this. ( ) It is probably not "hardwired" in the brain as a behavior passed on genetically. ( ) There must be a great advantage to reaching this food source for this learned behavior to be repeated by most descendants each generation. ( ) As an acquired characteristic, in a strict sense this is not part of the adaptive radiation of finches on the Galapagos. ( ) This "learned" behavior will not lead to evolutionary change in the woodpecker population.
This "learned" behavior will not lead to evolutionary change in the woodpecker population.
Earthworms possess both male and female organs on separate segments; thus mating consists of "parallel parking" in opposite directions and cross-fertilizing. Given this, which of the following is/are true?
This is an advantage since they can mate with any other earthworm of the same species that they encounter.
The textbook describes the problem with Rh factor hemolytic disease of the newborn in the case where the mother is Rh- and the father is Rh+. Which of the following statements is true?
This is only a problem in the given case because the Rh- mother lacks the Rh+ protein and only a Rh+ father could produce an Rh+ child.
Which of the following is a true statement about tissue fluid?
Tissue fluid is collected by the lymphatic capillaries
Which association is NOT correct?
Tooth decay or dental caries is a natural erosion of teeth from wear-and-tear.
____________ bind to enhancers in eukaryotic cells to increase the rate of transcription.
Transcription activators
Transcription of part of a DNA molecule with a nucleotide sequence of AAACAACTT results in a mRNA molecule with the complementary sequence of ( ) GGGAGAACC. ( ) UUUGUUGAA. ( ) TTTGAAGCC. ( ) CCCACCTCC. ( ) AAACAACTT.
UUUGUUGAA.
In the late 1800s, a Frenchman observed that individuals who recovered from a disease were not susceptible to that same disease again. Therefore, he proposed that the agent that caused syphilis should be given to all young healthy people as a vaccine to prevent them from getting a serious case of the disease. Although the mode of action of vaccines was not yet known, Pasteur argued vehemently against this proposal. And today, we do not follow this procedure for syphilis. Why?
Vaccines are made from weakened disease agents and using the syphilis organisms would spread a full-blown serious disease agent.
Which feature possessed by most land plants is missing in mosses, which grow low to the ground in damp, shaded areas?
Vascular tissue, so they must grow along the ground in damp areas to supply water to the cells.
Although microbes are often equated with pathogens not all are pathogenic and some help humans maintain their health. Which of the following are produced by bacteria that live in the human intestine?
Vitamins K and B12
A membrane sac filled with large molecules of potassium is suspended in a beaker of water. What will happen?
Water will enter the sac and it will swell.
If a lung is punctured in a car accident, that lobe fails to inflate even though there is no obstruction of the air passageway to that lobe. Why?
When the chest volume expands, air can now rush in through the puncture without filling the alveoli.
Imagine you are trying to fit down an isle at the local store that is filled with boxes. In order to squeeze between two stacks of boxes you need to "suck it in". Which of the following descriptions best explains why "sucking it in" isn't the best way to fit through a tight space?
While sucking it in, your diaphragm contracts and moves down causing the lung volume to increase. This causes the rib cage to move up and out, making your chest larger.
Which genetic disorder is the result of a deletion of a section of an individuals chromosome?
Williams syndrome
Which of the following would be considered a heterozygous dihybrid genotype? ( ) Ww ( ) sS ( ) WWSs ( ) WWss ( ) WwSs
WwSs
A man with widow's peak (dominant) who can curl his tongue (dominant) has a child who has a continuous hairline and cannot curl the tongue. What is the genotype of the father? ( ) WWTT ( ) wwtt ( ) WwTt ( ) Wwtt ( ) WT
WwTt
Genes on the ___ chromosome determine if the sex of a child will be male or female.
Y
We often say that we need food for energy. In a biological sense, is this correct?
Yes, because the food we eat has potential energy in its structure and this chemical energy can be converted into mechanical energy.
It is possible to take the mature frond of many ferns and rub the brown growths on the lower surface over a wet plug of peat moss. Soon small heart-shaped green structures grow on the nutritious peat moss plugs. What has happened?
You have broken the sori on the bottom of the fern frond and spores fell on the plug to germinate and form the gametophyte called a prothallus.
What is a potential outcome if one of your fathers gametes did not go through meiosis correctly and one of the chromosomes did not separate correctly?
You inherited a normal amount of genetic material from your mother but inherited an extra chromosome from your father. One of your pairs of chromosomes will not be homologous.
A woman is not getting enough calcium in her diet. One of the first symptoms she may experience would be
a broken bone.
For water transport to occur there must be
a continuous column of water in xylem and transpiration of water at the leaves.
What is a metabolic reaction called that involves one reaction releasing energy to provide energy for a second reaction that requires energy?
a coupled reaction.
If a burn victim loses most of his skin, what symptom would NOT be present?
a decrease in thirst and water intake due to dry surface tissues
Double fertilization in an angiosperm produces
a diploid zygote and a triploid endosperm.
If the genotype of an organism is YySsTt, then yST would represent
a gamete of the parent.
To what does the term grana refer?
a stack of thylakoid membrane structures
Which of these is NOT a characteristic of a shark?
a sucker used to attach to prey
Which of these is NOT a characteristic of a shark? ( ) ability to sense electric currents in the water ( ) skeleton of cartilage ( ) a sucker used to attach to prey ( ) ability to sense pressure of other swimming objects ( ) ability to detect blood in minute amounts
a sucker used to attach to prey
A nucleotide contains
a sugar, a phosphate, and a nitrogen base.
Which allele combination represents a recessive monohybrid trait? ( ) aa ( ) Aa ( ) AA ( ) ab ( ) Ab
aa
If we developed a molecule that blocked the ATP channel protein, what would be the first immediate effect?
accumulation of ATP in the mitochondrial matrix
The enzyme that breaks down acetylcholine within the synaptic cleft is
acetylcholinesterase
The release of secretin is stimulated by the action of
acid on the wall of the duodenum.
What forms the contractile ring in animal cells?
actin filaments
The place where the substrate fits onto the enzyme is called the
active site.
The number of mitochondria in a cell would be a general indicator of the extent of
active transport.
In comparing the number of differences in amino acids for cytochrome c: between a moth and a rattlesnake there are 31 different amino acids in the sequence, between a moth and a dog there are only 25, and there are 6 differences between a dog and a horse. Therefore, ( ) this is sufficient evidence to prove the moth is closer related to the dog than to the horse. ( ) dogs had to evolve earlier than horses, since moths are more primitive. ( ) evolution used to be considered a unifying theory until biochemical data showed only differences. ( ) added to anatomical similarities and fossil records, this provides additional evidence for constructing a phylogeny or family tree. ( ) biochemical information is not relevant to the evolution of organisms.
added to anatomical similarities and fossil records, this provides additional evidence for constructing a phylogeny or family tree.
Where would the blood be most viscous (least fluid) as it passes through the kidney?
after passing through the glomerulus but before reaching the loop of nephron
Which of the following is a non-filterable component of the blood?
albumin
Which association is NOT correct?
albumin—fights infection
The cell theory states:
all cells come only from other cells.
A colorblind (recessive trait) woman will pass the allele to
all her children.
Secretin, gastrin, and CCK in humans are
all hormones that control digestive secretions.
In contrast to the out-of-Africa hypothesis, the multi-regional continuity hypothesis contends that Homo ergaster migrated to many continents as much as one million years ago, and all populations evolved into modern humans because
all lineages changed but in response to the same evolutionary pressures so they changed in the same way.
A plant with small leaves and sunken stomata is most likely to be found in a
desert.
In contrast to the out-of-Africa hypothesis, the multi-regional continuity hypothesis contends that Homo ergaster migrated to many continents as much as one million years ago, and all populations evolved into modern humans because ( ) no further evolutionary changes occurred. ( ) there was sufficient gene flow between populations to maintain one species. ( ) constant warfare allowed one or another lineage to dominate. ( ) hybrids between different lineages were superior and replaced their ancestors. ( ) all lineages changed but in response to the same evolutionary pressures so they changed in the same way.
all lineages changed but in response to the same evolutionary pressures so they changed in the same way.
Humans can have any of several eye colors, this is because we possess a variety of
alleles.
A variety of genotypes and phenotypes in a population is useful because it ( ) makes life more interesting. ( ) allows the species to survive if the environment changes. ( ) means that the gene pool is constant and unchanging. ( ) makes genetic drift an unlikely occurrence. ( ) will lead to non-random mating.
allows the species to survive if the environment changes.
You are looking at a structure in the respiratory tract that is filled with small sacs or air pockets. What structure are you looking at?
alveoli
The organic soup in which the first cell is believed to have arisen probably contained
amino and organic acids.
Deamination of amino acids will result initially in the formation of
ammonia.
Growth factors that are transported through the blood play what role in the cell cycle?
an external signal to tell the cell whether or not to divide
You are looking at a cell under the microscope, and see what appears to be several "X" structures being pulled to each side of the cell. What stage of meiosis are you looking at?
anaphase I
During what stage of meiosis do sister chromatids separate from each other?
anaphase II
A person with normal blood volume and white cell count but low red cell count or low hemoglobin content may be suffering from
anemia
Which eating disorder is characterized by an irrational fear of getting fat, often associated with a perceived body defect?
anorexia nervosa
In order to decrease the effects of inflammation, you would take what type of medication?
antihistamine
Epidermal tissue, ground tissue, and vascular tissue systems are derived from
apical meristem.
An arachnid differs from a crustacean because
arachnids have four pairs of walking legs.
Which type of prokaryotes are able to live in the most extreme environments?
archaea
The concentration of protein in the blood is higher in postglomerular blood as compared with that in arterial blood because
as water passes into the capsule, the concentration of protein in the blood will increase.
The life cycle stage of an animal virus during which a capsid forms around copies of the viral RNA genome is
assembly.
Accumulation of cholesterol beneath the inner linings of arteries is called
atherosclerosis.
In the life cycle of a fern, the zygote ( ) becomes the sporophyte generation. ( ) becomes the gametophyte generation. ( ) does not occur. ( ) undergoes meiosis. ( ) is haploid.
becomes the sporophyte generation.
Which of the following features was NOT necessary for adaptation by reptiles to life on land?
being cold-blooded
Which feature is used to distinguish modern humans? ( ) bipedalism ( ) notochord ( ) use of tools ( ) omnivore diet ( ) forward facing eyes
bipedalism
Endothermic animals with four-chambered hearts include the
birds.
Trees are often identified by their leaves. What information about the leaves would you need to observe in order to identify the tree?
blades, pattern of venation, and arrangement on stem
A man with blood type AB could NOT be the father of a child with
blood type O.
The main features that place Homo habilis in the genus Homo rather than Australopithecus are
brain size, posture, and dentition.
The main features that place Homo habilis in the genus Homo rather than Australopithecus are ( ) human facial appearance and lack of hair. ( ) advanced use of language and total carnivorous diet. ( ) brain size, posture, and dentition. ( ) care of young and altruistic behavior. ( ) hand grip, extensive use of tools, and house-building.
brain size, posture, and dentition.
Cellular respiration involves ALL of the following EXCEPT
breathing in and out.
After the trachea, what is the next structure the air passes through?
bronchi
Which part of the respiratory system will have the least amount of cartilage and the thinnest walls?
bronchioles
Which of the following is not a way that a drug affects the brain?
builds up along the outside of the brain because it cannot pass the blood-brain barrier
Which eating disorder is associated with a binge of high calorie foods a feeling of guilt followed by a purge cycle.
bulimia nervosa
Most cells use a tremendous amount of ATP,
but the amount of stored ATP is not great because our body constantly generates ATP from ADP + P.
Which of the following organisms exhibit complete metamorphosis?
butterfly
How are potato plants propagated?
by "eyes" (a bud)
You are examining a seed with tiny white plumes attached to it. How is this type of seed most likely dispersed?
by the wind
Apoptosis refers to cell death and
can be programmed and is essential to normal development.
Stem cells
can differentiate into many cell types, including neurons.
Which blood vessels will have walls only one cell thick?
capillaries
Which statement is NOT a correct association?
capillaries—contain most of overall blood volume
During fermentation, _________ is produced by yeast cells causing the dough to rise.
carbon dioxide
If the carbons from glucose were radioactively labeled, what molecule(s) would end up with the label?
carbon dioxide and citrate
What are the stages of the Calvin cycle?
carbon dioxide fixation, carbon dioxide reduction, and regeneration of RuBP
The reproductive parts of an angiosperm are the
carpel and stamen.
The first cell is believed to have carried on anaerobic respiration. This means that it would have
carried on fermentation.
In humans, the superior vena cava
carries blood to the right atrium.
The function of transfer RNA is to
carry amino acids to ribosomes.
Which type of cells will have modifications that increase the surface-area-to-volume ratio?
cells that specialize in absorption
After a seed has been produced, it often has a time during which no growth occurs called
dormancy.
The equation: C6H12O6 + 6O2 → 38 ATP + 6CO2 + 6H2O represents which cellular process?
cellular respiration
Which organelle has a 9 + 0 pattern of microtubules?
centriole
A voice changes from high to low pitch in speaking by
changing the tension on the vocal cords.
When you have waxed your car, rainfall makes very large droplets that roll around on the hood. This property where the water molecules stick together is known as
cohesion.
The protective sheath that first surrounds the shoot is called the
coleoptile.
Molecules such as glucose and amino acids are NOT lipid soluble and therefore they
combine with carrier proteins and pass across by facilitated transport.
Oxygen is transported in blood most efficiently by
combining with hemoglobin.
Rhizopus stolonifer (black bread mold) is more likely to appear on home-baked bread than commercially-distributed bread. A possible explanation is
commercially-distributed bread is more likely to contain chemical preservatives than home-baked bread.
The lancelets are found
commonly in the sandy bottoms of shallow coastal waters around the world.
A line of evidence NOT considered by Darwin in his development of the theory of natural selection is ( ) comparative anatomy. ( ) biogeography. ( ) the fossil record. ( ) geography. ( ) comparative biochemistry.
comparative biochemistry.
Almost all living organisms use DNA, ATP, and the same DNA triplet code. This is an example of evolution based on
comparative biochemistry.
Which protein forms pores in bacterial cell membranes?
complement
A nerve is
composed of the long fibers of long axons.
When two mating strains of hyphae merge, the fungal cells
contain two haploid nuclei.
A simplified list of characteristics of "algae" includes the following Green Algae- mostly freshwater, cell wall, chlorophylls a and b Euglenoids- mostly freshwater, no cell wall, chlorophylls a and b Brown Algae- mostly marine, cell wall, chlorophylls a and c Diatoms- marine and freshwater, cell wall, chlorophylls a and c Dinoflagellates- mostly marine, cell wall, chlorophylls a and c Red Algae- mostly marine, chlorophylls a and phycobilin From examination of this restricted set of data, and referring back to discussions of systematics and taxonomy, it is most likely that the most primitive algae
contained chlorophyll a.
Once a solute and a solvent are evenly distributed in a solution, they will
continue to move about but with no net movement to higher concentration.
In which kind of cross would you expect to have your actual results match the predicted results 100% of the time the cross is made?
crosses of differing genotypes result in differing answers—no cross will produce expected ratios every time
Which type of tissue has cube-shaped cells and lines kidney tubules
cuboidal epithelium
Where does glycolysis take place within the cell?
cytoplasm
If cells were moved to a low-gravity environment, such as in space exploration, a change would most likely be expected in the
cytoskeleton
If the large intestine becomes irritated and peristalsis increases, what disease may result?
diarrhea
A student sitting on the back row opened a bottle of foul-smelling perfume and dabbed it on her wrists. One-by-one (beginning from the back of the room) the students began to cough due to the foul smell. This phenomena was due to
diffusion.
The exchange of gases between the lungs and the blood occurs by the process of
diffusion.
A cross that involves two traits is called a ______ cross.
dihybrid
Administration of norepinephrine would
dilate the bronchi and increase oxygen for blood.
In the fern life cycle, the ______ generation is dominant.
diploid sporophyte
The fiddlehead is a _______ that unfolds into a ______.
diploid sporophyte; fern frond
There is a condition where a baby is born with an opening [foramen ovale] in the septum or wall between the atria. What are reasonable consequences?
disability when deoxygenated blood is mixed and sent to the body and partly oxygenated blood is sent to the lungs
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of a virus?
diseases caused by viruses can be treated with antibiotics
The duckbill platypus is an exception to many mammals because it
doesn't give birth but lays eggs.
Elephantiasis is a tropical disease where small nematode larvae block the lymphatic ducts. As a result, the legs become large like those of an elephant and the scrotum and arms may also swell. This problem would be a severe form of
edema.
Mr. X has been accused by Miss Z of fathering her child. The child's blood type is AB and Miss Z's blood type is A. Mr. X could NOT be the father if his blood type is ( ) only A. ( ) only B. ( ) AB. ( ) only O. ( ) either A or O.
either A or O.
You are looking at chromosome 1 in a human being. Assuming there is no crossing over, what is the source of all the genes on this chromosome?
either the mother or father
The inner layer of the glomerular capsule is composed of renocytes that have long cytoplasmic extensions.
false
Mitochondria are bounded by a double membrane. The inner filled space is called the matrix which contains ______________ that break down carbohydrate products, releasing _______________ to be used for ATP production.
enzymes/energy
Which layer of the skin protects the body from bacterial infection and water loss?
epidermis
Which two types of tissue come together to make "basement membrane"?
epithelial and connective
type of tissue contains cells close together and connected to a basement membrane?
epithelial tissue
Which of these organs has contact with food for the least amount of time and does not participate in digestion?
esophagus
Which plant hormone is used by industry to cause fruits to drop from a tree?
ethylene
The limbic system is a separate part of the brain located behind the cerebellum on top of the brain stem.
false
Which of the following is NOT a significant event in the evolution of plants? ( ) protection of the embryo ( ) evolution of vascular tissue ( ) evolution of the seed ( ) evolution of the flower ( ) evolution of the rhizoid
evolution of the rhizoid
Phylogeny refers to the
evolutionary history of a species.
Which of the following characteristics is NOT a distinguishing feature of all primates?
expanded hindbrain
Which of the following characteristics is NOT a distinguishing feature of all primates? ( ) opposable thumb ( ) fingernails ( ) usually single birth ( ) extended period of parental care ( ) expanded hindbrain
expanded hindbrain
In the past, ulcers were treated by a bland diet and drugs to reduce the acidity of the stomach. Today, ulcers are often treated with antibiotics. What evidence caused the change in treatment?
experiments that showed that Helicobacter pylori infection was the cause of many ulcers
Primates are associated with all of the following EXCEPT ( ) nails rather than claws. ( ) a larger brain (cerebral) volume. ( ) opposable thumb and sometimes large toe. ( ) eyes on the sides of the head. ( ) good hand-eye coordination.
eyes on the sides of the head.
Most illicit drugs affect the action of the brain by interfering with the Na+-K+ pump and nerve impulses.
false
Nicotine is not considered a drug because it does not affect the body physically.
false
On average, a healthy adult human produces 10-20 liters of urine per day.
false
People who are obese lack self control and should just not eat as much.
false
The bladder is expandable because it contains layers of elastic fibers embedded in thick layers of connective tissue.
false
The brains of Alzheimer disease patients show no abnormalities post-mortem.
false
The plasma membrane of Archaea is composed of a phospholipid bilayer.
false
Which of these characteristics is NOT associated with flight requirements in birds?
feet with claws
Which of these characteristics is NOT associated with flight requirements in birds? ( ) feet with claws ( ) light hollow bones ( ) a light horny beak with no teeth ( ) respiratory air sacs and lungs with one way air flow ( ) an enlarged breastbone with strong muscles attached
feet with claws
The small heart-shaped gametophyte called a prothallus is part of the life cycle of the
ferns
The glomerular (Bowman's) capsule
filters material from the blood.
Jaws are believed to have evolved from the
first pair of gill arches.
A lily (a monocot) would have ( ) rhizoids rather than true roots. ( ) flower parts in threes. ( ) seeds in a cone. ( ) netted leaf veins. ( ) two cotyledons.
flower parts in threes.
Which of the following is NOT a mineral required by the body?
folic acid
Which sequence is correct in the life cycle of alternation of generations? ( ) gametophyte → spores → sporophyte ( ) gametophyte → gametes → spores → sporophyte ( ) gametophyte → gametes → zygote → spores → sporophyte ( ) gametophyte → spores → gametes → zygote → sporophyte ( ) gametophyte → gametes → zygote → sporophyte → spores
gametophyte → gametes → zygote → sporophyte → spores {Gy-G-Z-Sy-S}
The function of the spongy layer of a leaf is primarily
gas exchange.
Which of the following variables does not increase an individual's likelihood of developing a cardiovascular disease?
gender
Movement of alleles between populations such as by the migration of breeding individuals is called
gene flow.
A random alteration in the sequence of DNA nucleotides that provides a new variant allele is
gene mutation.
The ____ is the total number of alleles of all the gene loci in all the members of a population.
gene pool
If there is a change in the allele frequency of a gene pool due to chance, primarily in a small population, it is termed ( ) mutations. ( ) genetic drift. ( ) gene flow. ( ) nonrandom mating. ( ) natural selection.
genetic drift.
Which body part is associated with only the primary somatosensory area?
genitals
Which of the following is NOT a unique characteristic of chordates at some time in their life history? ( ) a notochord ( ) a dorsal hollow nerve cord ( ) pharyngeal pouches ( ) gill clefts ( ) a post-anal tail
gill clefts
Glucose is found in glomerular filtrate but NOT in the urine because
glucose is reabsorbed back into the bloodstream.
Which structure releases aldosterone?
glucose is reabsorbed back into the bloodstream.
Which amino acid, in mice, was discovered to play a role in memory?
glutamate
Some desert organisms can live out their life without ever drinking liquid water. What phase(s) of cellular respiration could provide the organism with water?
glycolysis and electron transport chain
What phase(s) of cellular respiration produce(s) NADH + H+?
glycolysis, prep reaction, and citric acid cycle
What is the correct order of phases in cellular respiration?
glycolysis, prep reaction, citric acid cycle, electron transport chain
The ____ algae are thought to be closely related to the first plants because they share most of the characteristics of plants.
green
The living coelacanths discovered off the coast of Africa in the Indian Ocean in 1938, and near Indonesia in 1998, proved that it
had changed very little and had not gone extinct.
When researchers videotaped the body of a dead whale on the bottom of the ocean, it was rippling with the activity of many scavengers inside the carcass. These scavengers would have been
hagfish
The second meiotic division is essentially a mitotic division except for the fact that the cells produced are
haploid
In the moss life cycle, the ______ generation is dominant.
haploid gametophyte
When discussing homeostasis in body temperature, it is NOT true to state that the body responds to
heat by constricting the blood vessels in the skin.
The _____ enzyme is responsible for unwinding the double-helix structure of DNA during replication.
helicase
Which type of T cell improves the immune response?
helper T cell
Which type of T cell has a TCR that can recognize an antigen fragment presented by antigen-presenting cells with MHC class II proteins?
helper T cells
The AIDS virus attacks
helper T cells.
Which of the following proteins is found in abundance within red blood cells?
hemoglobin
Usually there is only one capillary bed between an artery and vein; an exception to this is the
hepatic portal system which runs from the capillary bed in the intestine to the capillary bed in the liver via a hepatic portal vein.
Which of the following disease is not caused by deficient/excess nutrients in the diet?
hepatitis
Which of the following is an infectious cause of jaundice?
hepatitis B
Which type of nutrition is believed to have come first?
heterotrophic
Metabolically, the archaea are
heterotrophic and some are autotrophic as well.
If an albino (recessive) woman is married to a man with normal coloring and they have an albino child, what was the genotype of the man?
heterozygous
In cattle, consider that the lack of horns is dominant to the presence of horns. A bull without horns is crossed with a horned cow. Of four offspring, one is horned and the other three lack horns. The bull is
heterozygous.
Phillip is breathing at approximately 40 ventilations per minute. What is the respiratory center indicating?
high carbon dioxide concentration in the blood
Normally, concentrations of metabolically important substances, such as glucose, are
high in glomerular filtrate but only a trace in urine.
Normally, concentrations of wastes, such as urea, are
high in urine in comparison to plasma.
Which brain structure serves as a bridge between the sensory association areas and the prefrontal area?
hippocampus
Which part of the brain is a seahorse-shaped structure deep in the temporal lobe?
hippocampus
Which structure communicates with the prefrontal area of the brain and is involved in learning and memory?
hippocampus
Sometimes biologists are alleged to have said that "man comes from monkeys." The correct way for a modern biologist to explain the apparent sequence of human evolution is
humans and monkeys share a common ancestor.
Sometimes biologists are alleged to have said that "man comes from monkeys." The correct way for a modern biologist to explain the apparent sequence of human evolution is ( ) monkeys have evolved less than humans. ( ) humans and monkeys share a common ancestor. ( ) humans and monkeys are biologically identical. ( ) evolution leads toward more perfect forms and humans therefore came after modern monkeys. ( ) humans continue to evolve while monkeys do not.
humans and monkeys share a common ancestor.
If you have a 10% sugar solution and a 35% sugar solution how does the 10% solution compare to the 35% solution?
hypotonic
The complex eye that can distinguish shapes is found
in molluscs but the eye structure evolved differently.
Why do organisms without oxygen need to convert pyruvate to lactate?
in order to regenerate NAD+
The function of an enzyme is to
increase the rate of a metabolic reaction.
Patients with diabetes mellitus have frequent urination and increased thirst because
increased glucose in the urine increases its osmolarity and less water is reabsorbed by blood.
Which is a combination of physiological and psychological dependence?
increasing a drug to get the same effect and preoccupation with trying to get more drugs
Social research indicates that a person is most likely to marry someone from the same village or city, or a high school or college classmate. Therefore, the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium does NOT apply well to human populations because
individuals are not pairing up by chance across the whole population, and genetic drift is more likely to change gene frequencies.
Influenza strains that sweep around the world often carry names such as Shanghai H1N1 or Mexico City H2N2. The viruses vary in H and N surface spikes because
infected people develop immunity to the present strain, and strains that mutate sufficiently to be outside the range of immunity are soon spread in highly populated areas.
Girdling a tree involves cutting a deep groove all the way around a tree trunk; it would have the effect of
interrupting the passage of phloem sap and killing the tree
Which of these organs are found in the coelom?
intestines, heart, lungs, liver
An intervening sequence of DNA that is not expressed is called a(n)
intron.
If a chromosomal segment is turned around 180°, the chromosomal mutation is termed a(n)
inversion.
An isotonic solution means that the solute concentration outside the cell
is the same as inside the cell.
Glycolysis is likely to have evolved before the citric acid cycle and electron transport chain because
it is found in all living organisms.
Which of the following sequences correctly represents vertebrate evolution? ( ) jawless fish → lobe-finned fish → amphibians → reptiles → mammals ( ) jawless fish → amphibians → reptiles → lobe-finned fish → mammals ( ) mammals → lobe-finned fish → reptiles → jawless fish → amphibians ( ) lobe-finned fish → mammals → reptiles → jawless fish → amphibians ( ) lobe-finned fish → reptiles → mammals → jawless fish → amphibians
jawless fish → lobe-finned fish → amphibians → reptiles → mammals {Jaw-Lobe-Amp-Rep-Mam}
Which molecule is responsible for the waterproofing of the skin?
keratin
Which of the following are NOT considered lymphoid organs?
kidneys
Which organ is not part of the digestive system?
kidneys
The reason red blood cells only live about 120 days is because red blood cells
lack a nucleus and therefore cannot repair and rebuild cell structures.
What is the name of the cavity that contains the bone cells themselves?
lacunae
The jawless fish that is parasitic, attaching itself to and sucking fluids from the tissues of a living fish, is the
lamprey
The cartilaginous fishes include all EXCEPT ( ) lampreys. ( ) dogfish shark. ( ) skates. ( ) rays. ( ) whale shark.
lampreys
Which of the following would be an indication of kidney failure?
large amount of protein in the urine
Water is absorbed primarily by the
large intestine.
Which of the following associations is NOT correct?
large matrix—epithelial tissue
If pairs of factors separate independently of other pairs of factors, you are dealing with the
law of independent assortment.
Monocots differ from eudicots in that monocots have
leaf veins that are parallel.
Cabbage, spinach, and lettuce all come from the which part of the plant?
leaves
Oxygenated blood enters the heart at the
left atrium.
Which of the following correctly traces the path of blood from the heart to the kidneys and back to the heart again?
left ventricle → aorta → renal artery → kidney → renal vein → vena cava → right atrium
The breathing rate is controlled by chemoreceptors that detect
levels of carbon dioxide in the blood.
In humans, what is the sequence of fat digestion from the lumen of the small intestine to the bloodstream?
lipids → fatty acid and glycerol (converted in epithelial cell) → lacteal → bloodstream
Each time water in a cell freezes slowly, long sharp crystals spear through the membrane structures of the cell. The most reasonable explanation for the bad taste of meat that has "freezer burn" from repeated freezing is the destruction of
lysosomes, and the resultant self-digestion.
Mammals are different from birds in all these characteristics EXCEPT ( ) having hair. ( ) having mammary glands. ( ) maintaining a constant body temperature. ( ) having young born alive. ( ) having a bladder.
maintaining a constant body temperature.
Transitional forms are seen in the fossil record that link all of these groups EXCEPT ( ) birds and reptiles. ( ) reptiles and amphibians. ( ) fish and amphibians. ( ) mammals and birds. ( ) mammals and reptiles.
mammals and birds.
Kinesin and dynein are associated with
microtubules.
Since the proximal convoluted tubule reabsorbs molecules by diffusion, what structure would you expect to find at the microscopic level?
microvilli to increase surface area
Where within the cell is ATP built up?
mitochondria
When viewed through a microscope, one characteristic of living cells is that their internal structures move. What organelles are most directly responsible for this motion we see?
mitochondria and cytoskeleton
Where does the preparatory reaction take place within the cell?
mitochondrial matrix
Which part of a simple reflex takes the message away from the CNS?
motor neuron
The H+ (protons) accumulate in the thylakoid space during electron transport between photosystems I and II. The excess of protons in the thylakoid space
moves from the thylakoid space to the stroma through the ATP synthase complex.
Which layer of the intestinal wall will first absorb nutrients from the lumen?
mucosa
Starting from the inside of the esophagus and going to the outside, the layers of the digestive tract in sequence are
mucosa → submucosa → smooth muscle → serosa.
The inheritance of blood types in humans can be explained by
multiple alleles.
Which of the following types of skeletal material is NOT found in at least some sponges?
muscle
Which disorder is characterized by a lack of the protein dystrophin?
muscular dystrophy
What is the correct evolutionary pathway for the key features of chordates?
notochord - vertebrae - jaws - bony skeleton - lungs - 4 limbs - amniotic egg - mammary glands
What is the correct evolutionary pathway for the key features of chordates? ( ) notochord - vertebrae - jaws - bony skeleton - lungs - 4 limbs - amniotic egg - mammary glands ( ) vertebrae - notochord- jaws - bony skeleton - lungs - 4 limbs - amniotic egg - mammary glands ( ) notochord - vertebrae - jaws - bony skeleton - lungs - amniotic egg - 4 limbs- mammary glands ( ) notochord - vertebrae - jaws - bony skeleton - mammary glands - lungs - 4 limbs - amniotic egg ( ) mammary glands - notochord - vertebrae - jaws - lungs - 4 limbs - amniotic egg - bony skeleton
notochord - vertebrae - jaws - bony skeleton - lungs - 4 limbs - amniotic egg - mammary glands {Noto Vert -> Mam}
For Mendel's law of segregation to occur, the alleles must be
on a homologous pair of chromosomes.
In fruit flies, bar eye is inherited by an X-linked allele (B for bar). If a heterozygous bar-eyed female is mated to a nonbar-eyed male, what will be the expected ratio of phenotype given four offspring?
one bar-eyed and one nonbar-eyed female, one bar-eyed and one nonbar-eyed male
The out-of-Africa hypothesis of human evolution proposes that Homo sapiens evolved from
one population of Homo ergaster and the other populations were supplanted by H. sapiens
What is the correct order of the steps regarding speciation? ( ) geographic isolation → one species → reproductive isolation → two species ( ) two species → geographic isolation → one species → reproductive isolation ( ) one species → geographic isolation → reproductive isolation → two species ( ) reproductive isolation → one species → reproductive isolation → two species ( ) reproductive isolation → two species → reproductive isolation → one species
one species → geographic isolation → reproductive isolation → two species {1->2}
If the protein coat of a virus that infects a bacterium is labeled with radioactive sulfur and the DNA of the virus is labeled with radioactive phosphorus, over time
only the phosphorus will be found inside the bacterium.
If an organism shows a recessive phenotype, such as short pea plants, its genotype can be ( ) either TT or Tt. ( ) either Tt or tt. ( ) only TT. ( ) only tt. ( ) TT, Tt, or tt.
only tt.
One difference between spermatogenesis and oogenesis is
oogenesis stops at the second meiotic division and awaits fertilization by a sperm before finishing meiosis.
A cluster of prokaryotic genes under the control of one regulatory sequence is called a(n)
operon.
Which pairing of occurrence and date is NOT correct? ( ) origin of invertebrates-630 million years ago ( ) origin of life-4.6 billion years ago ( ) origin of eukaryotic cells-2.1 billion years ago ( ) origin of prokaryotic cells-3.5 billion years ago ( ) chordate evolution-545 million years ago
origin of life-4.6 billion years ago
A megasporocyte would be found in the
ovary
The structure that forms most of the flesh of an apple is the
ovary
Botanically, a seed is a structure developed from a(n)
ovule
Some very important persons such as Japanese Emperor Hirohito and China's Premier Zhou Enlai were kept alive during their last days by many transfusions of blood. Without knowing further details of their ailments, which of the following functions most likely provided the most significant contribution to keeping them alive?
oxygen and carbon dioxide carrying capacity
Which of the following is considered an accessory gland in the digestive system?
pancreas
In order for fats to be digested into fatty acids and glycerol efficiently
pancreatic juice must be secreted and bile must be present.
Babies generally appear to be immune to diseases for approximately the first six months of life. After this, they develop more diseases. What could be responsible for this immunity?
passive immunity from the mother
When you have been bitten by a highly venomous snake and received a dose of venom sufficient to kill several people, you do not have the time to build up your own immunity over the next week. However, hospitals carry "antivenom" made from injecting horses with small-to-larger dosages of snake venom, and then harvesting the antibodies from the horse plasma. This is a case of
passive immunity.
Usually it is not possible to penetrate inside a body cavity without cutting through protective tissues. However, sperm reach the egg via the vagina, uterus, and fallopian tubes (oviducts). Without crossing any epidermal barrier, the sperm can find itself inside which body cavity?
pelvic
Which feature is lacking in the cell wall of Archaea that will distinguish them from the bacteria?
peptidoglycan
An aphid is an insect that has mouthparts to sip plant sap. When placed on a herbaceous stem, it soon has its mouthparts embedded and is withdrawing plant sap. Sometimes so much plant sap is taken that it cannot use all of it and the aphid secretes droplets of the sugar to attract ants that in turn protect and care for the aphids. What layer of cells has the aphid's mouthparts tapped?
phloem
Sugars are conducted through plant tissues by the
phloem.
In a liquid environment, ____ molecules will automatically form droplets called liposomes.
phospholipid (lip--LIPosomes --phosphoLIPid)
Which is NOT a function of the urinary system?
production of water from oxygen and bicarbonate ions (HCO3)
By what route does CO2 leave the body?
pulmonary artery → alveolus → bronchiole → bronchus → trachea → larynx → pharynx
The alternating expansion and recoil of an arterial wall is termed a(n)
pulse.
The new model of evolution that proposes that organisms spend most of their time in fairly unchanging form and undergo occasional bursts of speciation is called ( ) genetic drift. ( ) phyletic gradualism. ( ) sympatric speciation. ( ) punctuated equilibrium. ( ) the biological species concept.
punctuated equilibrium.
All of the following are characteristics of primates EXCEPT the ( ) nails on hands and feet. ( ) stereoscopic vision. ( ) well-developed brain. ( ) opposable thumb. ( ) rapid postnatal maturation.
rapid postnatal maturation.
Which of the following mechanisms does NOT result in variation in the gene frequencies from the ancestral population? ( ) founder effect ( ) differential reproduction ( ) recombination of alleles ( ) genetic drift ( ) natural selection
recombination of alleles
Which of the following is not normally found in the glomerular filtrate?
red blood cells
The primary functions of the spinal cord involve
reflex actions and communication between the brain and peripheral nerves.
Secretin functions to stimulate the
release of bile from the gallbladder and the release of pancreatic juices.
The urethra serves what other body system in males?
reproductive
During sympatric speciation ( ) evolution ceases for a time. ( ) wide phenotype differences disappear between subpopulations. ( ) reproductive isolation between certain subpopulations occurs. ( ) a geographic separation occurs between certain subpopulations. ( ) mutations begin to appear making the subpopulations distinctly different.
reproductive isolation between certain subpopulations occurs.
Cellular respiration is an aerobic process. This means that it
requires oxygen.
The sodium/potassium pump is primarily responsible for the
resting potential.
The structure found in non-vascular plants that anchor them to the soil and may serve in asexual reproduction is called the
rhizoids
In humans, the lungs are caused to inflate when the
rib muscles and diaphragm contract.
Which of the classes of RNA molecules is linked with proteins in forming the large and small subunits of a cytoplasmic structure?
ribosomal RNA
Blood flow in the capillaries is
slower because there are more capillaries and they represent more flow volume.
What evidence suggests that proteins are synthesized and modified in the rough ER as opposed to the smooth ER?
ribosomes are associated with the surface of the rough ER.
If an active cell produces an important protein for secretion, what sequence of organelles might we examine for the origin of that secretion?
ribosomes-to-endoplasmic reticulum-to-Golgi apparatus
A hormone called cytokinin was discovered in coconut milk and found to stimulate cell division. With this function, where else in a plant would you expect to find cytokinin?
root tips
Proteins are processed and modified in the interior of the
rough endoplasmic reticulum.
Ascaris is considered to be a(n)
roundworm
Which of the following crosses will yield only homozygous recessive offspring? ( ) RRYY x RRYY ( ) RRYY x rryy ( ) RrYy x rryy ( ) rryy x rryy ( ) RrYy x RrYy
rryy x rryy
Organisms that feed on dead organic matter are called
saprotrophs
If you wash your skin and hair many times a day, you will soon have dry skin that cracks and bleeds because you have removed the _____ secreted by ______ that is necessary to keep the skin supple.
sebum; oil glands
Which is NOT a correct association of structure and function?
sensory neuron—controls sensory organs such as eyes
The respiratory advantage provided by a four-chambered heart over a three-chambered heart in vertebrates is
separation of oxygen-rich blood and oxygen-poor blood.
Which organ in the human produces maltase and peptidases?
small intestine
Filter feeders are usually
sessile or relatively inactive
The cell wall of diatoms is embedded with
silica
From the inside of the lungs, what is the first cell type the air must pass through to reach the blood?
simple squamous epithelium
The muscle group in your upper arm is composed of what type of muscle tissue?
skeletal muscle
During a football game an offensive lineman is hit in the legs from the side. Upon examination by the physical trainer it was determined that the player has a dislocated knee. There was a significant amount of damage to the entire knee joint. What are the main tissues and membranes that would have been damaged
skeletal muscle, connective tissues, and the synovial membrane
Which of the following is NOT a feature of punctuated equilibrium? ( ) slow and steady change within a lineage before and after a divergence ( ) long periods of stasis ( ) no visible change in a species ( ) rapid periods of speciation ( ) relatively few transitional species
slow and steady change within a lineage before and after a divergence
Which of these conditions is NOT among the requirements of the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium? ( ) no net mutations ( ) no net migration of alleles into or out of the population ( ) small population with genetic drift ( ) no selection of one genotype over another ( ) sexually reproducing and random mating population
small population with genetic drift
If you vomit and stomach contents move out through the nose, there has been a failure of the
soft palate to move back to close off the nasopharynx.
During photosynthesis, solar energy is converted to chemical energy by the chloroplasts. The process is represented by:
solar energy + carbon dioxide + water → carbohydrate + oxygen
When you add sugar to your coffee or tea, the sugar is the
solute
Heartburn occurs when
some of the stomach contents escape back into the lower esophagus.
Which of the following forms of energy is NOT one of those thought to have been involved in the production of large organic molecules in the primitive reducing atmosphere?
sound (no sound in space atmosphere)
Which pair exhibits the closest relationship?
spider - tick
Which type of natural selection occurs when an intermediate phenotype is favored? ( ) disruptive selection ( ) directional selection ( ) stabilizing selection ( ) genetic drift selection ( ) adaptive radiation
stabilizing selection
The site of formation of pollen grains is in the
stamen
Many lung ailments are "not curable but treatable." Which is more curable?
standard tuberculosis
During pollination in angiosperms, pollen grains will stick to the enlarged knob in the center of the flower called the
stigma
A fifteen-foot tree growing in a fence row is used as a fence post to which barbed wire is stapled at a height of five feet. Years later, the tree is thirty feet high. The barbed wire of the fence is embedded in the tree bark at
still five feet high since the lengthening of the trunk occurs at the apical meristem.
It is advantageous to have a bladder because it
stores urine to prevent constant urination.
What type of epithelium contains thin, flat cells stacked upon each other?
stratified squamous
The layer that makes the Casparian strip waterproof is made of
suberin and lignin.
Free energy is calculated by
subtracting the free energy content of the reactants from that of the products.
In the Watson-Crick model of DNA, the "sides" of the ladder are composed of
sugar-phosphate molecules.
What keeps the alveoli open so that gas exchange can take place?
surfactant
One group of neurotransmitters retards heart rate, promotes digestion, contracts the eye pupil, etc. The other group has the opposite effect. These drugs are affecting the
sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems.
The summing up of excitatory and inhibitory signals in a neuron is called
synaptic integration.
The nuclear membrane reappears in mitosis during
telophase.
What is the difference between the chromosomes in a secondary spermatocyte and those in a spermatid?
the chromosomes in secondary spermatocytes consist of two chromatids, the ones in the spermatid consist of only one chromatid
The body of a slime mold that flows over a rotten log appears to lack any partitioning into distinct cells; however it does become cellular when it changes form and produces spores. The surfaces of parasitic flatworms and some insect tissues are "syncytial" layers of living material that have many nuclei but lack partitioning by cell membranes. These tissues actively consume food and produce wastes. Considering that the cell theory states that "all living things are composed of cells," then
the general concept of life-is-cellular still holds since sometime in their life these organisms still utilize cells, but this shows cell membranes can be abandoned.
What evidence would NOT be studied by a biogeographer? ( ) continental drift or the movement of tectonic plates over time ( ) amount of genetic similarity among current populations ( ) ocean currents and wind patterns ( ) ranges of animals and ability to migrate ( ) the genetic makeup of different but related organisms
the genetic makeup of different but related organisms
Systole occurs when
the heart tissue is contracting.
What are the two parts of the diencephalon?
the hypothalamus and the thalamus
The specificity of an enzyme to a substrate is currently best explained by
the induced-fit model.
Insulin formed by the Golgi apparatus in insulin-producing cells leaves those cells by
the insulin-filled vesicles fusing with the cell membrane and spilling their contents externally.
The equation, p2 + 2 pq + q2 = 1.0, describes ( ) the process of evolution. ( ) the size of a population. ( ) the rate of speciation of species p and q. ( ) the makeup of a gene pool. ( ) evolution of a population.
the makeup of a gene pool.
Which of the following is not part of the brain?
the meninges
Carpal tunnel syndrome results in damage to the median nerve, resulting in lack of control to the wrist and also numbness. This indicates that
the nerve contained both sensory and motor neurons.
Water is split and oxygen is released in
the noncyclic electron pathway.
If the mitochondrion is the result of endosymbiosis, what membrane of the mitochondrion represents the engulfing vesicle?
the outer mitochondrial membrane
What happens to the pH of the bloodstream if a person hypoventilates?
the pH of the blood will decrease
What happens to the blood pH if a person hyperventilates?
the pH will increase
The high energy bond in ATP is found in or between
the phosphate groups.
If the hypothesis that protocells were based on an "RNA world" is correct, which would NOT be necessary to shift to a "DNA world"?
the presence of oxygen
Which of the following is not a function of the liver?
the production of digestive enzymes
Asexual reproduction in plants does NOT involve
the production of gametes.
When an enveloped animal virus enters a cell, then
the protein capsid is removed through uncoating to expose the viral genome.
"Artery" and "vein" are defined by whether they leave or enter the heart. If they were defined by whether they carried oxygenated or deoxygenated blood, we would have to change the name(s) of
the pulmonary artery and vein (they would have to be switched).
Certain individuals with a Y chromosome develop into females because testosterone is not able to induce the formation of male sexual characteristics. This is most likely due to a defect in
the receptor
Occasionally someone claims to have built a machine that can run forever, producing as much energy as it consumes. This has always been disproved because it violates
the second law of thermodynamics (which states that energy cannot be changed from one form to another without a loss of usable energy).
The hepatic portal vein is located between
the small intestine and the liver.
The Golgi apparatus directs its protein products to the correct location in the cell based on
the specific molecule that is added and the molecule determines the destination in or out of the cell.
How fast a person can type or play the piano is ultimately limited by the number of impulses a person can send to their finger muscles per second. This in turn is limited by
the speed with which sodium ion can be pumped back outside the neuron membrane.
Which of these parasitic worms is NOT a nematode?
the worm that causes schistosomiasis
In dissection, most nerve fibers appear gray to white because
they are mostly myelin sheath made of lipid or fat molecules.
Proteins do NOT pass through cell membranes because
they are very large molecules.
The position of mammals in evolution is best described as
they arose from mammal-like reptiles in the Triassic but remained small and insignificant while dinosaurs dominated the land.
What property of phospholipids make them suitable for the formation of the double layer found in membranes?
they have both a hydrophobic and a hydrophilic end
The kidney was one of the first organs to be successfully transplanted because it is so encapsulated and has limited vessels feeding into or out of it. How many major vessels must be cut in transplant surgery for one kidney?
three: the renal artery and vein and one ureter
Monocots have their floral parts in ______, while eudicots have their parts in _______, or multiples of those numbers.
threes; fours or fives
What is a clot called that remains at its origin? What is a clot called that breaks away and becomes lodged in the lungs?
thrombus; pulmonary embolism
The reservoir for hydrogen ions for chemiosmotic ATP synthesis during photosynthesis is the
thylakoid space.
The flattened sacs within the stroma of a chloroplast, which are connected to form a single inner compartment, are called
thylakoids.
The amount of adenine is always equal to the amount of ____ in DNA.
thymine
Which of the following lymphoid organs is largest during a person's childhood but shrinks in adulthood?
thymus
The energy difference between the reactant glucose and oxygen molecules and the product water and carbon dioxide is 686 kilocalories, yet the 36 ATP molecules produced are only storing 263 kilocalories in their outermost phosphate bond. The rest of the energy went
to provide heat that is soon lost from the organism.
The insect organ most equivalent to the human lung in function is the
tracheae
Myelinated axons that run together in bundles in the CNS are
tracts
Bacterial cells pick up free pieces of DNA from the medium-pieces that were released from dead bacteria-in a process called
transformation
Initiation, elongation, and termination are three stages in
translation.
Both meningitis and kuru involve infectious agents.
true
Myasthenia gravis can be treated with immunosuppressive drugs although there is no cure.
true
The ability to throw spears and kill animals from a distance gave Cro-Magnon an advantage in their environment.
true
The australopithecines evolved and diversified in Africa from 4 MYA until 1.5 MYA and are the possible direct hominin ancestors for humans.
true
The cells of the distal convoluted tubules have numerous mitochondria to support active transport.
true
The cerebrum is the largest portion of the brain in humans.
true
Biological evolution (the evolution of living cells) differs from chemical evolution (the evolution of the molecules that make living cells) in that biological evolution would have been possible only after the development of
true cells
Which of the following human digestive enzymes is incorrectly matched to its substrate?
trypsin-nucleic acid
A lung disease caused by bacteria which become encapsulated is called
tuberculosis.
Although adult tunicates are stuck to the ocean bottom, they are considered early relatives of vertebrates because
tunicate larvae have a notochord.
An acetyl group contains how many carbons?
two
Unattached earlobes (EE or Ee) are dominant over attached earlobes (ee). A couple both have unattached earlobes. Both notice that one of their parents on both sides have attached earlobes (ee). Therefore, they correctly assume that they are carriers for attached earlobes (Ee). If the couple proceeds to have four children, then
two heterozygous, one homozygous dominant, and one homozygous recessive is a likely outcome, but all heterozygous, or two, three or all four homozygous is also possible.
The amphibian heart has
two separate atria and one shared ventricle that allow oxygen-rich and oxygen-poor blood to mix.
The amphibian heart has ( ) two separate atria and two separate ventricles that partition oxygen-rich and oxygen-poor blood. ( ) two separate atria and one shared ventricle that allow oxygen-rich and oxygen-poor blood to mix. ( ) two separate ventricles and one shared atrium that allow oxygen-rich and oxygen-poor blood to mix. ( ) one atrium and one ventricle similar to the fish. ( ) one atrium and one ventricle but reroutes the blood through the heart after passing through the gills.
two separate atria and one shared ventricle that allow oxygen-rich and oxygen-poor blood to mix.
For the complete respiration of one molecule of glucose, the citric acid cycle must turn a total of
two times.
Which of the following conditions does NOT contribute to evolution? ( ) mutations ( ) gene flow ( ) genetic drift ( ) natural selection ( ) unchanging environmental conditions
unchanging environmental conditions
Which features set members of protist apart from the rest of the kingdoms?
unicellular and microscopic
To which system do the kidneys and bladder belong?
urinary
Which of the following features is NOT a characteristic used to distinguish birds?
variable body temperature
The meristematic tissue used for secondary growth that is found between the xylem and phloem of each vascular bundle in eudicot stems is termed the
vascular cambium.
What are the interconnecting spaces that produce and serve as a reservoir for cerebrospinal fluid in the brain called?
ventricles
Which represents the correct order of evolution of chordate features? ( ) amnion → limbs → lungs → jaws → vertebrae ( ) limbs → lungs → jaws → vertebrae → amnion ( ) lungs → jaws → vertebrae → amnion → limbs ( ) vertebrae → jaws → lungs → limbs → amnion ( ) vertebrae → amnion → limbs → lungs → jaws
vertebrae → jaws → lungs → limbs → amnion {Vert -> Am}
Anatomical features that are fully developed and functional in one group of organisms but reduced and functionless in a similar group are termed
vestigial.
Name the structure and organ of the digestive tract that contain microvilli and maltase, and absorb nutrients.
villus, small intestine
You can eliminate all fat from your diet without suffering any harmful effects.
villus, small intestine
Which of the following is considered to be noncellular?
viruses
The maximum volume of air that can be moved in plus the maximum volume of air that can be moved out during a single breath is the
vital capacity.
An example of a colonial green alga is
volvox
Vertebrates possessing a four-chambered heart are
warm-blooded (maintains a constant body temperature).
Which skin disorder is the result of a proliferation caused by the human papillomavirus?
warts
