Biology Final Exam Review

A chromosome can consist of one or two chromatids, connected by a ______________.

Centromere

Which of the following polysaccharides is used for structure in animals?

Chitin

What are the green structure seen in these cells?

Chloroplasts

Which of the following organelles is found only in plant cells?

Chloroplasts

What separates the daughter cells of animal mitosis during cytokinesis?

Cleavage Furrow

Cell Theory states that:

D,A, and C but not B

what is the name of the enzyme that elongates the DNA strand both during DNA replication and PCR?

DNA

which enzyme is responsible for elongation during DNA synthesis?

DNA Polymerase

Before any other biotechnology process can be started, what must first happen to DNA?

DNA extraction

Which of these types of alleles will always be expressed and may hide other alleles?

Dominant alleles

There is a wider variety of skin colors, eye colors, and heights in humans. Which of the following concepts explains this?

Epistasis

What is the product of fermentation in Fungi?

Ethanol

According to the equations for fermentation, no energy is produced by fermentation.

False

Genetics is the study of protein form and function

False

Molecules in the cell membrane do not move around but stay firmly in place.

False

Oils are hydrophilic, which means they hate water and will not dissolve in it.

False

Only animals cells undergo mitosis

False

Prokaryotic cells have membrane bound organelles that each perform different functions at the same time.

False

Proteins are responsible for storing the information in the cell.

False

Taxonomy is the study of living organisms.

False

The mRNA transcript can be modified by adding a poly-G tail that keeps it from degrading in the cytoplasm.

False

The primers laid down during DNA synthesis are made of Amino Acids instead of Nucleic Acids

False

In what phase of the cell cycle are cells who are not actively preparing to divide?

G0 phase

What biotechnology process would you use to visualize and measure the length of DNA?

Gel Electrophoresis

Before this scientist's work, traits were thought to be inherited as a blend of each parent.

Gregor Mendel

Which enzyme unzips the DNA molecule during replication?

Helicase

Which of the following is not one of the three possible genotypes of an organism?

Heterozygous recessive

In double structure nucleic acids, nucleotides are bound together. What type of bond holds them together?

Hydrogen Bonds

Which of the arrows below point toward the coarse adjustment knob?

I

In carnations, crossing a red flower with a white flower results in pink flowers. which of the following explains this?

Incomplete dominance

What can be done to increase the confidence level that the results of an experiment are due to the changes in the independent variable?

Increase the sample size

According to which of Mendel's laws does inheriting one allele from a parent not indicate if a second allele will also be inherited.

Independent Assortment

during the modification of the mRNA,______________are cut out, leaving________to be expressed.

Introns, Exons

In this image of the after picture of the diffusion experiment, what molecule has moved across the membrane?

Iodine

what chemical is used to isolate the concentrated DNA?

Isopropyl Alchol

Which of the arrows below point toward the stage?

J

What types of microscopes can be used to see living things moving in their environment?

Light and dissecting microscopes but not Electron microscopes

What is used to burst open the cells to retrieve the DNA?

Lysis Solution

Which of the terms below describes how much a specimen is enlarged by a microscope?

Magnificatoin

By increasing the temperature what happens during diffusion?

Molecules move faster

what happens to molecules naturally in a concentration gradient?

Molecules move from where there is more to where there is less

Would the balloon inflate if a bacteria that used lactic acid fermentation were added instead of yeast?

No, because no gas is released in lactic acid fermentation

which of the following types of molecules plays the most important role in inheritance of traits?

Nucleic acids

What are the building block of DNA that must be added to the PCR reaction for the DNA to be copied?

Nucleotides

What is the monomer of nucleic acids

Nucleotides

In the scientific method, which is the first step?

Observe or determine the problem

During Meiosis, the nucleus is divided twice. How many times is the DNA replicated?

Once

Which of these levels of the biological hierarchy are large than molecules, but smaller than a population?

Organisms and cells are correct, but not communities

Which of the arrows below point toward the Revolving Nosepiece?

P

What processes uses a thermacycler to amplify the amount of DNA in a sample?

PCR

What is the function of the Golgi Apparatus?

Package and distribute proteins

Which type of molecules provide sealed and flexible structure to the plasma membrane?

Phospholipids

In what phase of the cell cycle is the DNA replicated?

S

The replication of DNA occurs____________

Semiconservatively

Men are far more likely than women to have certain types of color blindness. Which concept below explains this?

Sex-linked inheritance

A student wishes to see if changing the color of the glass in a greenhouse will change the growth rate of the plants inside. The student predicts that the best with only green light. The student chooses three colors of glass to test, blue red, and green and lines the greenhouse with these colors. After of the plants are measured. What is the independent variable in the experiment?

The color of the glass of the greenhouse

What determines the primary shape of a protein?

The order of amino acids

After blowing into a solution of phenol red, what color does it turn? Why?

The solution turns yellow because of the acidic carbon dioxide released by cellular respiration

What piece of equipment changes the temperature over and over again for the PCR to work?

Thermacycler

Active transport requires energy and moves molecules from where there are less of them to where there are more of them.

True

Mendel's law of segregation does not apply to genes close together on the same chromosomes because of gene linkage.

True

Primers must be added to PCR because DNA Polymerase must bind to an existing peice of double stranded DNA.

True

The codon of a piece of mRNA is read by the ribosome to be AUG. What is the corresponding anticodon of tRNA that the ribosome needs to add?

UAC

A the template strand of DNA has the nucleotide sequence of ATCGAA. What is the sequence of its corresponding mRNA transcript?

UAGCUU

What is the first step of DNA replication?

Unwind the DNA helix

Which color of the solutions of phenol red shown above indicates the most acidic solution?

Yellow

Why would DNA be extracted from a human?

all of these are correct

Ribosomes can be found in which types of cells?

all types of cells

There are two types of metabolism that occurs in cells_____, which includes the reactions that are involved in building molecules and __________, which includes breaking down molecules.

anabolism catabolism

What is the function of the Pili pictured here?

assist in gene transfer

What kind of organisms perform photosynthesis?

autotrophs

Which type of molecules that make up the cell membrane allow different cells to identify one another?

carbohydrates

Which of these are not found in all types of cells?

cell wall

which piece of equipment is used to separate the debris from the DNA?

centrifuge

The A,B, o system of determining blood type in humans is an example of which of the following?

co-dominance

what is the final step in extracting DNA from a subject?

collect cells

which part of the microscope is found directly below the stage and gathers light and helps increase resolution?

condenser

Which of the answers below places the steps of the scientific method in the correct order?

determine the question. develop a hypothesis. design an experiment. collect data. draw a conclusion

DNA is most often found as a __________-stranded molecule, where RNA is often______________stranded.

double, single

A recessive allele is always expressed

false

During RNA modification, the exons of an mRNA gene transcript are always spliced together in the same order.

false

Lipids are made up of amino acids

false

Qualitative data includes qualities that can be measured objectively, like weight, volume, length or temperature.

false

The gel works like a ___________sort the DNA

filter

In gel electrophoresis, which way does DNA move?

from negative to positive

which type of variable is changed by the investigator to determine the impact on a different variable?

independent variable

What type of RNA carries the genetic code from the nucleus into to cytoplasm?

mRNA

What type of RNA is made during transcription?

mRNA

In what phase of mitosis do the chromosomes line up along the middle of the cell?

metaphase

What is the name of the structure seen here that is responsible for producing ATP?

mitochondria

what is the name of the structure in the top right of the cell that stores DNA?

nucleus

What are the tiny membrane bound structures that perform specific tasks in the cell called?

organelles

What does phenol red indicate?

pH

What biological molecule is shown here?

phospholipid

Which of the following types of cells are eukaryotic

plant and animal cells

What type of cell is shown here?

plant cell

A student wishes to see if changing the color of the glass in a greenhouse will change the growth rate of the plants inside. The student predicts that the best with only green light. The student chooses three colors of glass to test, blue red, and green and lines the greenhouse with these colors. After of the plants are measured. what plants grew the most?

plants grown under blue glass

Which of the following structures are found in every cell?

plasma membrane

what is added to the PCR solution that ensures only the exact regions of desired DNA are copied?

primers

What is the product of translation?

protein

What type of RNA reads the gene transcript and manufacture a protein from it?

rRNA

A student wishes to see if changing the color of the glass in a greenhouse will change the growth rate of the plants inside. The student predicts that the best with only green light. The student chooses three colors of glass to test, blue red, and green and lines the greenhouse with these colors. After of the plants are measured. was the students hypothesis supported or rejected?

rejected

If an organism is heterozygous, then its offspring has an equal chance of getting either allele. This is described by which if Mendel's Laws?

segregation

How does size impact diffusion?

smaller molecules move farther

What organic molecule is made during photosynthesis?

sugar

Which strands of DNA move the farthest through the gel?

the shortest strands

What is gel electrophoresis used for?

to both visualize and measure the length of DNA but not to weigh it.

DNA is the molecule responsible for storing genetic information

true

In gel electrophoresis, the DNA is usually stained to make it visible to the human eye.

true

Not all cells express all of its genes all the time. Turning on a gene to produce a protein is called gene expression

true

Oxygen is a waste product of photosynthesis.

true

The DNA Polymerase used for PCR is special because it does not denature at high temperature like the enzyme found in humans would.

true

Traits are not blended, but can be masked or hidden from generation to generation

true

What are the products of aerobic respiration?

water, carbon dioxide, and ATP

What is the product of mitosis in animals?

2 genetically identical diploid cells

What is the product of meiosis in animals?

4 genetically unique haploid gametes

A microscope has an ocular lens with a magnification of 10x. It has three objective lenses, 5x, 20x, and 50x. what is the total magnification of the microscope when the high power objective is in place?

500x

A microscope has an ocular lens with a magnification of 10x. It has three objective lenses. 5x, 20x, and 50x. What is the total magnification of the microscope when the scanning objective is in place?

50x

Which of the arrows below point toward the oculars?

A

Which pairs of nucleotides always bind together?

A binds to U. G binds to C.

what are the four nitrogenous bases found in DNA?

ATGC

What is the energy molecule that cells use to maintain homeostasis?

ATP`

For an organism to be considered alive, it must be able to_________________

All of these answers are correct

Which of the following is one of the three parts of a nucleic acid?

All of these are part of the nucleic acid

Why is PCR used to amplify DNA?

All these are correct

Different versions of genes are called

Alleles

What is the function of the protein channel seen below?

Allow molecules to cross the membrane

Which types of cells listed below contain a nucleus?

Animal and Plant cells, but not Bacterial cells

Which of the following parts of the cell contain a checkpoint, to stop cell division?

At the end of G1

what is the smallest unit in the biological hierarchy?

Atom

Which of the following types of cells are prokaryotic are prokaryotic?

Bacterial Cells

DNA replication occurs in_______________

Both direction at the same time

Sometimes the switches that control the cell cycle become locked in the "on" position. what could this lead to?

Cancerous tumors

This structure is outside of the cell wall or some bacteria and adds a slimy layer or protection

Capsule

Which of the four biological molecules are primarily used for water soluble energy storage?

Carbohydrates

In this image above, what is causing the balloon to inflate?

Carbon dioxide produced by fermentation

Why did the solution with the Elodea added turn from yellow to red?

Carbon dioxide was taken out of the water for photosynthesis making the water less acidic. Carbon dioxide was used by the plant for cellular respiration making the water more acidic.

Which of the following are the substrates of photosynthesis?

Carbon dioxide, water and energy

Which of the following describes an organism's phenotype?

Purple flowers

What is the product of transcription?

RNA

Which of the following is a true difference between DNA and RNA?

RNA has a ribose sugar instead of a deoxyribose sugar and uses (U) as a nitrogenous base instead of (T).

Which enzyme transcribes the DNA into RNA during transcription?

RNA polymerase

What is the name of the structure in a prokaryotic cell that allow bacteria share genes?

Pilius

What kind of cell can this organelle be found in?

Plant and animal cells, but not prokaryotic cells?

Which enzyme lays down a primer during DNA synthesis?

Primase

what is the name of the enzyme that acids the primer to DNA for replication?

Primase

What kind of cell is pictured here?

Prokaryotic cell

In what phase of mitosis does the chromatin condense into chromosomes and the nuclear membrane disappear?

Prophase

what is the function of the nucleus?

Store the genetic information of the cell.

When two homologous chromosomes line up during meiosis I, some of the information of each chromosome can be exchanged with the other.What is this process called?

Synapsis

Which of the following events only happens in meiosis?

Synapsos

Which of the following does not represent a nitrogenous base of RNA?

T

A good scientific hypothesis must be _____________

Testable

What is the basic unit of heredity?

The Gene