Biology Final Exam Review
A chromosome can consist of one or two chromatids, connected by a ______________.
Centromere
Which of the following polysaccharides is used for structure in animals?
Chitin
What are the green structure seen in these cells?
Chloroplasts
Which of the following organelles is found only in plant cells?
Chloroplasts
What separates the daughter cells of animal mitosis during cytokinesis?
Cleavage Furrow
Cell Theory states that:
D,A, and C but not B
what is the name of the enzyme that elongates the DNA strand both during DNA replication and PCR?
DNA
which enzyme is responsible for elongation during DNA synthesis?
DNA Polymerase
Before any other biotechnology process can be started, what must first happen to DNA?
DNA extraction
Which of these types of alleles will always be expressed and may hide other alleles?
Dominant alleles
There is a wider variety of skin colors, eye colors, and heights in humans. Which of the following concepts explains this?
Epistasis
What is the product of fermentation in Fungi?
Ethanol
According to the equations for fermentation, no energy is produced by fermentation.
False
Genetics is the study of protein form and function
False
Molecules in the cell membrane do not move around but stay firmly in place.
False
Oils are hydrophilic, which means they hate water and will not dissolve in it.
False
Only animals cells undergo mitosis
False
Prokaryotic cells have membrane bound organelles that each perform different functions at the same time.
False
Proteins are responsible for storing the information in the cell.
False
Taxonomy is the study of living organisms.
False
The mRNA transcript can be modified by adding a poly-G tail that keeps it from degrading in the cytoplasm.
False
The primers laid down during DNA synthesis are made of Amino Acids instead of Nucleic Acids
False
In what phase of the cell cycle are cells who are not actively preparing to divide?
G0 phase
What biotechnology process would you use to visualize and measure the length of DNA?
Gel Electrophoresis
Before this scientist's work, traits were thought to be inherited as a blend of each parent.
Gregor Mendel
Which enzyme unzips the DNA molecule during replication?
Helicase
Which of the following is not one of the three possible genotypes of an organism?
Heterozygous recessive
In double structure nucleic acids, nucleotides are bound together. What type of bond holds them together?
Hydrogen Bonds
Which of the arrows below point toward the coarse adjustment knob?
I
In carnations, crossing a red flower with a white flower results in pink flowers. which of the following explains this?
Incomplete dominance
What can be done to increase the confidence level that the results of an experiment are due to the changes in the independent variable?
Increase the sample size
According to which of Mendel's laws does inheriting one allele from a parent not indicate if a second allele will also be inherited.
Independent Assortment
during the modification of the mRNA,______________are cut out, leaving________to be expressed.
Introns, Exons
In this image of the after picture of the diffusion experiment, what molecule has moved across the membrane?
Iodine
what chemical is used to isolate the concentrated DNA?
Isopropyl Alchol
Which of the arrows below point toward the stage?
J
What types of microscopes can be used to see living things moving in their environment?
Light and dissecting microscopes but not Electron microscopes
What is used to burst open the cells to retrieve the DNA?
Lysis Solution
Which of the terms below describes how much a specimen is enlarged by a microscope?
Magnificatoin
By increasing the temperature what happens during diffusion?
Molecules move faster
what happens to molecules naturally in a concentration gradient?
Molecules move from where there is more to where there is less
Would the balloon inflate if a bacteria that used lactic acid fermentation were added instead of yeast?
No, because no gas is released in lactic acid fermentation
which of the following types of molecules plays the most important role in inheritance of traits?
Nucleic acids
What are the building block of DNA that must be added to the PCR reaction for the DNA to be copied?
Nucleotides
What is the monomer of nucleic acids
Nucleotides
In the scientific method, which is the first step?
Observe or determine the problem
During Meiosis, the nucleus is divided twice. How many times is the DNA replicated?
Once
Which of these levels of the biological hierarchy are large than molecules, but smaller than a population?
Organisms and cells are correct, but not communities
Which of the arrows below point toward the Revolving Nosepiece?
P
What processes uses a thermacycler to amplify the amount of DNA in a sample?
PCR
What is the function of the Golgi Apparatus?
Package and distribute proteins
Which type of molecules provide sealed and flexible structure to the plasma membrane?
Phospholipids
In what phase of the cell cycle is the DNA replicated?
S
The replication of DNA occurs____________
Semiconservatively
Men are far more likely than women to have certain types of color blindness. Which concept below explains this?
Sex-linked inheritance
A student wishes to see if changing the color of the glass in a greenhouse will change the growth rate of the plants inside. The student predicts that the best with only green light. The student chooses three colors of glass to test, blue red, and green and lines the greenhouse with these colors. After of the plants are measured. What is the independent variable in the experiment?
The color of the glass of the greenhouse
What determines the primary shape of a protein?
The order of amino acids
After blowing into a solution of phenol red, what color does it turn? Why?
The solution turns yellow because of the acidic carbon dioxide released by cellular respiration
What piece of equipment changes the temperature over and over again for the PCR to work?
Thermacycler
Active transport requires energy and moves molecules from where there are less of them to where there are more of them.
True
Mendel's law of segregation does not apply to genes close together on the same chromosomes because of gene linkage.
True
Primers must be added to PCR because DNA Polymerase must bind to an existing peice of double stranded DNA.
True
The codon of a piece of mRNA is read by the ribosome to be AUG. What is the corresponding anticodon of tRNA that the ribosome needs to add?
UAC
A the template strand of DNA has the nucleotide sequence of ATCGAA. What is the sequence of its corresponding mRNA transcript?
UAGCUU
What is the first step of DNA replication?
Unwind the DNA helix
Which color of the solutions of phenol red shown above indicates the most acidic solution?
Yellow
Why would DNA be extracted from a human?
all of these are correct
Ribosomes can be found in which types of cells?
all types of cells
There are two types of metabolism that occurs in cells_____, which includes the reactions that are involved in building molecules and __________, which includes breaking down molecules.
anabolism catabolism
What is the function of the Pili pictured here?
assist in gene transfer
What kind of organisms perform photosynthesis?
autotrophs
Which type of molecules that make up the cell membrane allow different cells to identify one another?
carbohydrates
Which of these are not found in all types of cells?
cell wall
which piece of equipment is used to separate the debris from the DNA?
centrifuge
The A,B, o system of determining blood type in humans is an example of which of the following?
co-dominance
what is the final step in extracting DNA from a subject?
collect cells
which part of the microscope is found directly below the stage and gathers light and helps increase resolution?
condenser
Which of the answers below places the steps of the scientific method in the correct order?
determine the question. develop a hypothesis. design an experiment. collect data. draw a conclusion
DNA is most often found as a __________-stranded molecule, where RNA is often______________stranded.
double, single
A recessive allele is always expressed
false
During RNA modification, the exons of an mRNA gene transcript are always spliced together in the same order.
false
Lipids are made up of amino acids
false
Qualitative data includes qualities that can be measured objectively, like weight, volume, length or temperature.
false
The gel works like a ___________sort the DNA
filter
In gel electrophoresis, which way does DNA move?
from negative to positive
which type of variable is changed by the investigator to determine the impact on a different variable?
independent variable
What type of RNA carries the genetic code from the nucleus into to cytoplasm?
mRNA
What type of RNA is made during transcription?
mRNA
In what phase of mitosis do the chromosomes line up along the middle of the cell?
metaphase
What is the name of the structure seen here that is responsible for producing ATP?
mitochondria
what is the name of the structure in the top right of the cell that stores DNA?
nucleus
What are the tiny membrane bound structures that perform specific tasks in the cell called?
organelles
What does phenol red indicate?
pH
What biological molecule is shown here?
phospholipid
Which of the following types of cells are eukaryotic
plant and animal cells
What type of cell is shown here?
plant cell
A student wishes to see if changing the color of the glass in a greenhouse will change the growth rate of the plants inside. The student predicts that the best with only green light. The student chooses three colors of glass to test, blue red, and green and lines the greenhouse with these colors. After of the plants are measured. what plants grew the most?
plants grown under blue glass
Which of the following structures are found in every cell?
plasma membrane
what is added to the PCR solution that ensures only the exact regions of desired DNA are copied?
primers
What is the product of translation?
protein
What type of RNA reads the gene transcript and manufacture a protein from it?
rRNA
A student wishes to see if changing the color of the glass in a greenhouse will change the growth rate of the plants inside. The student predicts that the best with only green light. The student chooses three colors of glass to test, blue red, and green and lines the greenhouse with these colors. After of the plants are measured. was the students hypothesis supported or rejected?
rejected
If an organism is heterozygous, then its offspring has an equal chance of getting either allele. This is described by which if Mendel's Laws?
segregation
How does size impact diffusion?
smaller molecules move farther
What organic molecule is made during photosynthesis?
sugar
Which strands of DNA move the farthest through the gel?
the shortest strands
What is gel electrophoresis used for?
to both visualize and measure the length of DNA but not to weigh it.
DNA is the molecule responsible for storing genetic information
true
In gel electrophoresis, the DNA is usually stained to make it visible to the human eye.
true
Not all cells express all of its genes all the time. Turning on a gene to produce a protein is called gene expression
true
Oxygen is a waste product of photosynthesis.
true
The DNA Polymerase used for PCR is special because it does not denature at high temperature like the enzyme found in humans would.
true
Traits are not blended, but can be masked or hidden from generation to generation
true
What are the products of aerobic respiration?
water, carbon dioxide, and ATP
What is the product of mitosis in animals?
2 genetically identical diploid cells
What is the product of meiosis in animals?
4 genetically unique haploid gametes
A microscope has an ocular lens with a magnification of 10x. It has three objective lenses, 5x, 20x, and 50x. what is the total magnification of the microscope when the high power objective is in place?
500x
A microscope has an ocular lens with a magnification of 10x. It has three objective lenses. 5x, 20x, and 50x. What is the total magnification of the microscope when the scanning objective is in place?
50x
Which of the arrows below point toward the oculars?
A
Which pairs of nucleotides always bind together?
A binds to U. G binds to C.
what are the four nitrogenous bases found in DNA?
ATGC
What is the energy molecule that cells use to maintain homeostasis?
ATP`
For an organism to be considered alive, it must be able to_________________
All of these answers are correct
Which of the following is one of the three parts of a nucleic acid?
All of these are part of the nucleic acid
Why is PCR used to amplify DNA?
All these are correct
Different versions of genes are called
Alleles
What is the function of the protein channel seen below?
Allow molecules to cross the membrane
Which types of cells listed below contain a nucleus?
Animal and Plant cells, but not Bacterial cells
Which of the following parts of the cell contain a checkpoint, to stop cell division?
At the end of G1
what is the smallest unit in the biological hierarchy?
Atom
Which of the following types of cells are prokaryotic are prokaryotic?
Bacterial Cells
DNA replication occurs in_______________
Both direction at the same time
Sometimes the switches that control the cell cycle become locked in the "on" position. what could this lead to?
Cancerous tumors
This structure is outside of the cell wall or some bacteria and adds a slimy layer or protection
Capsule
Which of the four biological molecules are primarily used for water soluble energy storage?
Carbohydrates
In this image above, what is causing the balloon to inflate?
Carbon dioxide produced by fermentation
Why did the solution with the Elodea added turn from yellow to red?
Carbon dioxide was taken out of the water for photosynthesis making the water less acidic. Carbon dioxide was used by the plant for cellular respiration making the water more acidic.
Which of the following are the substrates of photosynthesis?
Carbon dioxide, water and energy
Which of the following describes an organism's phenotype?
Purple flowers
What is the product of transcription?
RNA
Which of the following is a true difference between DNA and RNA?
RNA has a ribose sugar instead of a deoxyribose sugar and uses (U) as a nitrogenous base instead of (T).
Which enzyme transcribes the DNA into RNA during transcription?
RNA polymerase
What is the name of the structure in a prokaryotic cell that allow bacteria share genes?
Pilius
What kind of cell can this organelle be found in?
Plant and animal cells, but not prokaryotic cells?
Which enzyme lays down a primer during DNA synthesis?
Primase
what is the name of the enzyme that acids the primer to DNA for replication?
Primase
What kind of cell is pictured here?
Prokaryotic cell
In what phase of mitosis does the chromatin condense into chromosomes and the nuclear membrane disappear?
Prophase
what is the function of the nucleus?
Store the genetic information of the cell.
When two homologous chromosomes line up during meiosis I, some of the information of each chromosome can be exchanged with the other.What is this process called?
Synapsis
Which of the following events only happens in meiosis?
Synapsos
Which of the following does not represent a nitrogenous base of RNA?
T
A good scientific hypothesis must be _____________
Testable
What is the basic unit of heredity?
The Gene