Biology for non science majors
A substance is moved from an area where its concentration is low to an area where its concentration is high with the expenditure of energy in
active transport.
ATP stands for ______ triphosphate, which is a molecule that powers many cellular reactions.
adenosine
C6H12O6 + 6O2 → 6CO2 + 6H2O + 36ATP is the overall equation for what process?
aerobic respiration
What cellular process uses glucose and oxygen to produce ATP?
aerobic respiration
What step of aerobic respiration generates the most ATP?
Electron transport chain
The carbon reactions of photosynthesis occur in the ______, which is the fluid interior of chloroplasts.
stroma
What part of the chloroplast is labeled 'A' in the picture?
stroma
Within the chloroplast, the gelatinous fluid containing DNA, ribosomes, and enzymes is called the
stroma.
Energy is defined as
the ability to do work
What pathway of aerobic respiration is shown in the image?
the electron transport chain
The active site is the place on an enzyme where
the substrates bind
The NET result of glycolysis of one glucose molecule is the formation of
2 NADH and 2 ATP.
During one cycle, the sodium-potassium pump transports
3 Na+ and 2 K+.
The actual yield of ATP per 1 molecule of glucose that completes aerobic respiration is about ______ ATP.
30
What is the theoretical yield of ATP from the cellular respiration of one glucose molecule?
36
Before the NADH and FADH2 produced during glycolysis and the Krebs cycle are "cashed in" during the electron transport chain, the net number of ATP molecules produced per glucose molecule is ______ molecules.
4
During fermentation, ______ reduces pyruvate and is oxidized to NAD+, which can then be used in glycolysis.
NADH
The electron transport chain harnesses the potential energy of the molecules ______, which donate electrons to proteins in the electron transport chain.
NADH and FADH2
The rearrangement and oxidation of intermediates in the Krebs cycle transfer electrons to what molecules?
NADH and FADH2
During cellular respiration, electrons are transferred to the electron carrier molecules
NADH and FADH2.
The electron transport chain accepts energy-rich electrons from ______ and ______ produced in the previous reactions of aerobic respiration.
NADH; FADH2
What molecule is produced during the light reactions and acts as an electron carrier?
NADPH
Select all of the following that can be a final electron acceptor in anaerobic respiration.
NO3- SO42-
During the light reactions, chemical reactions are occurring simultaneously at photosystem I and photosystem II. On the left, put the reactions starting at photosystem II in order from first to last. Then, on the right, put the reactions starting at photosystem I in order from first to last.
PHOTOSYSTEM II 1. light energy excites and ejects electrons from photosystem II 2. Hydrogen ions move into the thylakoid space 3. Hydrogen ions move back to the stroma, producing ATP PHOTOSYSTEM I 1. light energy excites and ejects electrons from photosystem I 2. electrons reduce NADP+ to NADPH
During what process does a cell engulf small amounts of fluids or dissolved substances using vesicles and bring the substances into the cell?
Pinocytosis
When carbon dioxide enters the Calvin cycle, it combines with ______, which is a 5-carbon sugar with two phosphate groups.
RUBP
What cellular process generates ATP and uses an inorganic molecule other than oxygen as the final electron acceptor of an electron transport chain?
anaerobic respiration
Select all of the following that are typically or always heterotrophs.
animals fungi
The ______ pigments of photosystems pass the captured photon energy to the reaction center.
antenna
Within a photosystem, what pigments capture photon energy and funnel the energy to the reaction center chlorophyll?
antenna pigments
Many toxins are known to kill organisms by interfering with cellular respiration. Which poison blocks the Krebs cycle by inhibiting the formation of acetyl-coA?
arsenic
Organisms called ____ are able to use inorganic molecules to make organic compounds.
autotrophs
The green, photosynthetic pigment found in plants, algae, and cyanobacteria is called
chlorophyll a.
In plants and algae, photosynthesis takes place in organelles called ____ , which contain thylakoid membranes embedded with the pigment chlorophyll.
chloroplasts
An enzyme can only be used once.
false
Two pathways that cells use to make ATP from glucose without oxygen are anaerobic respiration and ______.
fermentation
Select the two pathways that generate ATP from glucose without requiring oxygen.
fermentation (with glycolysis) anaerobic respiration
At the beginning of the Krebs cycle, acetyl CoA loses its coenzyme, and the two-carbon acetyl group combines with a four-carbon molecule, producing a six-carbon molecule called____
citrate.
Cellular respiration
converts the energy in food to an energy-carrying molecule
In ATP hydrolysis, the ______ between the phosphate groups in ATP are broken, and energy is released.
covalent bonds
Where is the most energy stored in an ATP molecule?
covalent bonds between phosphate groups
The folds of the inner mitochondrial membrane are called ______, and they greatly increase the surface area of the inner membrane.
cristae
What are the mitochondrial folds the arrows point to in the picture?
cristae
Glycolysis occurs in the ______ of all living cells.
cytosol
If asked to point on a diagram of a cell to the place where glycolysis occurs, you would point to the
cytosol
Krebs cycle in PROkaryotes
cytosol
In an example of ______, hydrogen ions move from high concentration to low concentration through a membrane protein, releasing energy in the process.
facilitated diffusion
Membrane proteins called aquaporins allow ______ of water across membranes, as the movement of water solely by osmosis can be slow.
facilitated diffusion
Membrane proteins assist ions and polar molecules across membranes down their concentration gradient in
facilitated diffusion.
Facilitated diffusion requires energy expenditure by the cell.
false
True or false: Glucose is the only food molecule that can enter the pathways of aerobic respiration and lead to the production of ATP.
false
Krebs cycle in EUkaryotes
mitochondrial matrix
Select all types of molecules that cells use for long-term energy storage.
fats starch glycogen
As a reaction's products accumulate, the reaction rate slows or stops due to negative ____
feedback
In what pathway is ATP produced in glycolysis but the NADH product of glycolysis does not enter an electron transport chain?
fermentation
Cellular respiration harvests the potential energy stored in ______ and uses the energy to make ATP.
food molecules
Glycolysis generates ______ ATP molecule(s), but requires an input of ______ ATP molecule(s), producing a net of 2 ATP molecules per glucose.
four; two
Select all the molecules that have stored potential energy and that can be used in aerobic respiration to generate ATP.
proteins carbohydrates lipids
In plants, stomata in the epidermis of leaves and stems allow for
gas exchange with the atmosphere.
In glycolysis, a glucose molecule is split into two molecules of ______, and energy is harvested as ATP and NADH.
pyruvate
In the overall reaction of photosynthesis, carbon dioxide and water molecules are converted into oxygen gas and ______, which the plant uses for food.
glucose
The electrons that are transferred through the electron transport system in cellular respiration initially belonged to
glucose
The polysaccharides starch and glycogen can be broken down into what monomer that enters the cellular respiration pathway?
glucose
Wood is made mostly of cellulose, which is synthesized from the ______ product of the carbon reactions.
glucose
Select all of the following that are required for glycolysis to occur. oxygen FAD glucose ATP
glucose ATP
Select all of the molecules that are reactants of glycolysis. -NADH -glucose -NAD+ -pyruvate
glucose NAD+
In the Calvin cycle, ATP and NADPH are used to convert carbon dioxide into
glucose and other sugars.
Select all of the following that are biochemical pathways of aerobic cellular respiration. -light reactions -Calvin cycle -glycolysis -Krebs cycle -electron transport chain
glycolysis Krebs cycle electron transport chain
Arrange the stages of cellular respiration in the order that they would occur from first to last if a molecule of glucose underwent cellular respiration. Some labels will not be used.
glycolysis production of acetyl CoA krebs cycle electron transport chain
Match each compound with the step of cellular respiration that produces it. Some answers may be used more than once. Some may not be used at all.
glycolysis: NADH, ATP, pyruvate krebs cycle: CO2, NADH, FADH2, ATP electron transport chain: ATP, H2O
A concentration ______ occurs when there are unequal amounts of a solute in neighboring regions.
gradient
In each chloroplast, there are between 10 and 100 ______, which are stacks of thylakoids.
grana
What structure is circled in the chloroplast in the picture?
granum
All energy eventually becomes ______, which is disordered energy that results from the random movements of molecules.
heat
According to the laws of thermodynamics, all energy transformations are inefficient because every reaction loses some energy to the surroundings as
heat.
Hydrogen ions moving through a membrane protein release energy that is used to synthesize ATP. In this example of the potential energy in a concentration gradient, hydrogen ions are moving from a ____ concentration to a ____ concentration via facilitated diffusion.
high;low
Select all of the molecules that amino acids can be converted to when entering the energy pathways of cellular respiration.
pyruvate an intermediate in the Krebs cycle acetyl CoA
In a photosystem, antenna pigments capture photon energy and funnel it to the ____ center, which consists of a special pair of chlorophyll a molecules.
reaction
Select all of the following essential cellular activities that are conducted by enzymes.
recycling of cell parts protein production breakdown of food DNA replication
During glycolysis and the Krebs cycle, NAD+ picks up two electrons and a proton to form NADH. The NADH molecule is the ________ form of NAD+.
reduced
In the electron transport chain, electrons are shuttled through a series of membrane proteins, which creates a gradient of ___
hydrogen ions.
If a solution has a higher solute concentration than a cell, then the solution is ______ compared to the cell.
hypertonic
If more water is exiting a human red blood cell than entering it, then the cell is in a(n) ______ solution.
hypertonic
If a solution has a lower solute concentration than the interior of a cell, then the solution is ______ compared to the cell interior.
hypotonic
If more water is entering a human red blood cell than exiting it, then the cell is surrounded by a(n) ______ solution.
hypotonic
Facilitated diffusion occurs
in either direction depending on the concentration gradient of the molecule
Membranes of organelles and cells only allow specific ions, atoms, and molecules to pass because membranes are
selectively permeable.
A red blood cell placed in a hypertonic solution will
shrink
The movement of substances down their concentration gradient without the use of transport proteins is called ______.
simple diffusion
Substances such as lipids and small nonpolar molecules move freely through the cell membrane without the need for transport proteins in a process called
simple diffusion.
If there is a surplus of glucose from photosynthesis, plants store the excess as ______, a complex carbohydrate.
starch
Select all the food molecules that can be broken down into glucose monomers, which enter aerobic respiration at the beginning of ------ -glycolysis. -starch -glycogen -fats -proteins
starch glycogen
The openings in the epidermis of a leaf or stem for gas exchange are called ______.
stomata
The ______ binds to the ______ site on an enzyme.
substrate; active
Facilitated diffusion is used to transport
sugars and amino acids
ATP
supplies power to almost all cellular activities
Match each component of aerobic respiration with the correct number of ATP generated during the passage of one molecule of glucose.
theoretical total -36 ATP glycolysis -produces 4 ATP but requires 2 ATP; so net 2 ATP are produced Krebs cycle -2 ATP electron transport -34 ATP
Select all of the components of an ATP molecule.
three phosphate groups adenine ribose
What part of the chloroplast is the red arrow pointing to in the picture?
thylakoid
The light reactions occur in the
thylakoid membrane
Inside a chloroplast, the ______ are pancake-shaped membranes studded with photosynthetic pigments.
thylakoids
A 5% urea solution is hypotonic to a 10% urea solution.
true
A biochemical pathway consists of a specific sequence of enzyme-catalyzed reactions.
true
Aerobic respiration includes glycolysis, the Krebs cycle, and electron transport chain.
true
During glycolysis, a 6-carbon sugar diphosphate molecule is split into two 3-carbon sugar phosphate molecules.
true
True or false: The potential energy stored in glucose cannot be removed all at once or it will cause destruction of the cell.
true
When oxygen accepts electrons, water is produced as a by-product.
true
Complete the following statements regarding the role oxygen plays in cellular respiration. The electron transport chain is a series of electron carriers located in the ____________ of mitochondria. Each carrier is alternately ____________ and oxidized, passing electrons down the chain. High-energy electrons ____________ the chain, while low-energy electrons ____________ the chain. As oxidation-reduction occurs, ____________ is released that is used to make ATP. The final electron acceptor in the chain, and thus a very important player, is ____________ .
inner membrane reduced Enter; leave Energy Oxygen
electron transport in eukaryotes
inner mitochondrial membrane
The area between the outer and inner membranes of a mitochondrion is called the ______ compartment.
intermembrane
What space of the mitochondrion is the arrow pointing to in the picture?
intermembrane compartment
In an isotonic solution, the solute concentration
is equal between two neighboring areas
If an equal amount of water enters and exits a human red blood cell, then the cell's interior is ______ to the cell's exterior.
isotonic
The energy being used to do work is called ____ energy and is the energy of motion.
kinetic
Photosynthesis converts the ______ energy in sunlight into the ______ energy in sugars.
kinetic; potential
In aerobic respiration, what process produces CO2, ATP, and electron carrier molecules?
krebs cycle
When oxygen is absent, the end-product of glycolysis is converted to
lactic acid
Plant cells are hypertonic compared to the surrounding soil. This helps to promote water movement into the cell, which generates
turgor pressure.
Photosynthesis
uses light energy to produce food in the form of glucose
The portion of the electromagnetic spectrum that plants use for photosynthesis is
visible light.
Select all of the molecules that are reactants of photosynthesis.
water (H2O) carbon dioxide (CO2)
Stomata are tiny openings in plant ______ that allow for gas exchange.
leaves
Select all of the following that are examples of kinetic energy.
light a rolling cart the movement of molecules
In plants, molecules called pigments are able to capture ______ for photosynthesis.
light energy
How do enzymes speed up biochemical reactions?
lower activation energy
What organisms conduct photosynthesis? Select all that apply.
many types of bacteria algae fungi terrestrial animals plant
The fluid enclosed by the inner membrane of a mitochondrion is called the____
matrix
The concentrations of solutes between the interior and the exterior of a cell or organelle may be chemically different because the ______ is selectively permeable.
membrane
Within a plant leaf, most photosynthesis occurs in cells called ______ cells, which are often interspersed with air spaces to maximize gas exchange.
mesophyll
Osmosis is best defined as the movement of
water molecules across a membrane from an area of high water concentration to an area of lower concentration.
The image shows the cells in a cross-section of a leaf. What type of photosynthetic cells fill most of the interior of a leaf and are indicated by the letter 'A' in the picture?
mesophyll cells
Within the electromagnetic spectrum, visible light provides the energy for photosynthesis and has a
middle-range wavelength and medium amount of energy.
In eukaryotes, the oxygen-requiring reactions of aerobic cellular respiration occur in cellular organelles called
mitochondria
What component of the mitochondrion is the arrow pointing to in the picture?
mitochondrial matrix
Pyruvate is the product of glycolysis, and after it moves into the ______, it is oxidized to form ______, which enters the Krebs cycle.
mitochondrial matrix; acetyl CoA
chlorophyll a
most abundant pigment in plants; reflects green wavelengths of light
When carbohydrate supplies are depleted in cells, amino acids from proteins can enter aerobic respiration after ______ is removed from the amino acids and excreted.
nitrogen
The diffusion of water across a membrane down its own concentration gradient and toward the region with a higher solute concentration is called
osmosis.
The reactions of the Krebs cycle ______ citrate as they produce ______
oxidize; CO2, NADH, and FADH2
In aerobic respiration, the final electron acceptor, ______, combines with hydrogen ions to form water.
oxygen
What is the final electron acceptor of aerobic respiration?
oxygen
Consider the illustration below. What variable might be on the horizontal axis? (Click on all that apply
pH salt concentration temperature
An ATP molecule is unstable and primed to release energy because its ______ groups are negatively charged and repel each other.
phosphate
Electromagnetic radiation consists of discrete packets of kinetic energy called ______, which are characterized by a certain wavelength and energy level.
photons
Light consists of ____, which are discrete packets of kinetic energy.
photons
Select the two main groups of chemical reactions in photosynthesis.
photorespiration Krebs cycle glycolysis fermentation light reactions carbon reactions
In a metabolic process called ____ , plants, algae, and some types of bacteria convert solar energy into chemical energy, such as glucose.
photosynthesis
Plants, algae, and some microorganisms use energy from the sun to make glucose and other carbohydrate molecules in a process called
photosynthesis
A grouping of photosynthetic pigments and associated proteins is called a ______, which is embedded in the thylakoid membrane of chloroplasts.
photosystem
What part of a plant cell captures light energy?
pigment molecules
Light energy that is captured in photosynthesis is converted to ______ energy stored in the chemical bonds of molecules.
potential
The stored energy available to do work is called ______ energy.
potential
Complete the sentences below with the most appropriate word(s) that relate to extracting energy from sources other than carbohydrates. In addition to carbohydrates, your body can extract energy from two other major macromolecules: ____________ and fats. A ____________ molecule, which contains more calories than other foods, is broken down into ____________ and fatty ____________ . The components of fats can enter the energy-extracting pathways after ____________ and immediately before ____________ .
proteins fat; glycerol; acids Glycolysis; the krebs cycle
The electron transport chain produces a(n) ________ gradient that provides energy for the ATP synthase.
proton
The ______ established by the electron transport chain powers the production of ATP using the enzyme ATP synthase.
proton gradient
Enzymes separate the glycerol and fatty acids of fats in food molecules; then the glycerol is converted to ______, which is able to enter aerobic respiration
pyruvate
In glycolysis, glucose is converted to
pyruvate
Which of the following is not a product of the Krebs cycle?
pyruvate
Glycolysis can occur___
in both aerobic and anaerobic conditions.
Select all of the following that cause the difference between the theoretical and actual yields of ATP in aerobic respiration.
-ATP is spent transporting ADP and pyruvate into the mitchondrial matrix. -Protons leak across the inner mitochondrial membrane without using ATP synthase.
What happens to the glucose produced in photosynthesis?
-combined with other molecules to form larger compounds -used as energy for cellular respiration -used to build cellulose of cell walls
A single "turn" of the Krebs cycle will yield
1 ATP, 3 NADH, 1 FADH2
What percentage of the sunlight reaching Earth is captured in photosynthesis?
1%
Organisms transform energy from one form to another. Put the following forms of energy in the order that they are harvested and converted, starting at the top with a form of energy that is not in an organism
1. Sunlight is captured .2. Sugars are synthesized in plants and some microbes. 3. Sugars are broken down to liberate energy that powers life.
Organisms transform energy from one form to another. Put the following forms of energy in the order that they are harvested and converted, starting at the top with a form of energy that is not in an organism.
1. Sunlight is captured. 2. Sugars are synthesized in plants and some microbes. 3. Sugars are broken down to liberate energy that powers life.
Place the following events in the correct order in which they occur in the Calvin cycle, beginning at the top with the carbon fixation step.
1. The enzyme rubisco combines carbon dioxide with RuBP to form a 6-carbon unstable molecule. 2. The 6-carbon molecule splits to form PGA .3. PGA is converted into PGAL. 4. Some PGAL is converted into glucose and other sugars, and some PGAL is converted back to RuBP.
Rank the 3 groups of reactions of aerobic respiration in the order they occur, beginning with the first stage of cellular respiration at the top. Choice 1 Krebs cycle Choice 2 electron transport chain Choice 3 glycolysis
1. glycolysis 2.Kreb cycle 3.electron transport chain
Drag the missing components of the general equation of plant photosynthesis to their correct locations.
6CO₂ + 6H₂O -------→ C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂
When the endmost phosphate group is removed from ATP, what molecule is produced?
ADP
Adenosine DIphosphate is also known as
ADP.
ATP synthase is an enzyme that forms a channel for hydrogen ions to diffuse across a membrane and power the formation of
ATP
The energy molecule ____ is not stored in large quantities in cells because its high-energy phosphate bonds are too unstable
ATP
The potential energy stored in food (such as glucose) is used by all organisms to make the energy-carrying molecule called _____ , which powers cellular activity.
ATP
Using an input of energy from food molecules, the reactions of cellular respiration produce ______.
ATP
What molecule temporarily stores energy in cells?
ATP
Complete the sentences related to glycolysis by dragging the correct words into the blanks. Not all words will be used. Energy is used as the cell converts ____________ to ADP at the beginning of glycolysis. Electron carriers called ____________ are produced, which donate electrons to the electron transport chain. A net energy yield of ____________ ATP molecules per glucose are produced during glycolysis. Two ____________ molecules are produced, which move into mitochondria (in ____________ cells) to be oxidized.
ATP NADH 2 pryuvate, eukaryotic
What is produced in the light reactions and provides energy and reducing power for the carbon reactions?
ATP NADPH
Select all of the following that are products in the overall equation for aerobic respiration. -ATP (adenosine triphosphate) -C6H12O6 (glucose) -DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) -CO2 (carbon dioxide) -O2 (oxygen)
ATP (adenosine triphosphate) CO2 (carbon dioxide)
In the light reactions, pigment molecules in photosystems capture photons of light, and energy from light becomes stored as potential energy in ______.
ATP and NADPH
Enzymes and ATP are key terms in this chapter's Survey the Landscape figure. Imagine other ways to connect these terms to the other existing terms in the concept map. In the sentences below, italicized terms are concepts in the concept map, and the intervening words represent connecting phrases. Which of these sentences is a true statement? (Select all that apply.)
ATP provides the energy required to move some molecules across the membranes of cells Enzymes are required to sustain life Enzymes reduce the energy requirements of a cell
In the last stage of cellular respiration, protons moving down their concentration gradient back into the mitochondrial matrix through ______ drive the production of ATP.
ATP synthase
What enzyme uses the energy of a proton gradient to add a phosphate to ADP?
ATP synthase
Anaerobic respiration and fermentation are two pathways that generate ______ in the absence of ______
ATP; oxygen
The Calvin cycle cannot proceed without the molecules ____and , ____which are produced by the light reactions of photosynthesis.
ATP;NADPH
Categorize the processes or substances listed on the left as applying to alcoholic fermentation or lactic acid fermentation. Some labels will apply to both.
Alcoholic fermentation: Pyruvate converted to ethanol, carbon dioxide is produced, regenerates NAD+, NADH does not enter electron transport chain, glycolysis can continue to produce ATP, anaerobic pathway Lactid acid fermentation: Regenerates NAD+, NADH does not enter electron support chain, lactate is produced, glycolysis can continue to produce AT, can occur in mammalian muscle cells, anaerobic pathway
What type of organism has the ability to produce organic compounds from inorganic substances?
Autotroph
What is the source of energy used to power the sodium-potassium pump?
Breakdown of ATP
The chemical formula for glucose is
C6H12O6
Fill in the table with the appropriate labels. Labels may be used more than once
CELLULAR RESPIRATION -Description: This Process uses the potential energy in organic compounds to produce ATP -Organisms that carry out these processes: Aerobic bacteria, autotrophic bacteria, plants, animals PHOTOSYNTHESIS -Description: This process uses light energy to produce organic compounds -Organisms that carry out these processes: Plants, autotrophic bacteria
Aerobic cellular respiration requires that ______ diffuses out of cells and ______ diffuses into cells.
CO2; O2
What is the most abundant photosynthetic pigment in plant cells?
Chlorophyll a
In what organelles does photosynthesis take place in a eukaryotic cell?
Chloroplasts
Drag the missing components of the general equation of aerobic respiration to their correct locations, then fill in the missing numbers to balance the equation. Answer choices may be used more than once or not at all. C₆H₁₂O₆ + ____________ ____________ → ____________ CO₂ + ____________ ____________ + ____________ ATP
C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6 O₂ → 6 CO₂ + 6 H₂O + 36 ATP
What process is occurring in the picture, reading from panel 1 at the top to panel 3 at the bottom?
Exocytosis
Select all of the following that have been produced from the original glucose molecule after glycolysis, oxidation of pyruvate, and the Krebs cycle occur, but before molecules enter the electron transport chain. FADH2 O2 NADPH ATP NADH CO2
FADH2 ATP NADH CO2
True or false: About 90% of the solar energy that reaches Earth is used for photosynthesis.
FALSE
What type of membrane transport is shown in the picture and requires a carrier molecule, but not ATP?
Facilitated diffusion
Aerobic respiration captures energy from the oxidation of ______ and reduction of ______ and stores the captured energy in the bonds of ATP.
Glucose; oxygen
During which step of aerobic respiration is glucose split into two 3-carbon molecules?
Glycolysis
Use the terms on the left to complete the sentences on the right.
In general, the light reactions convert LIGHT energy into CHEMICAL energy. Electrons excited by photosystem II produce a(n) PROTON gradient, with a higher concentration in the THYLAKOID space than in the STROMA. When photosystem II replaces two electrons that it excited and ejected, it uses WATER and produces OXYGEN GAS
Review the study described in "Investigating Life: Hot Plants Offer Heat Rewards." Using the graph shown below, categorize the terms and phrases on the left with the correct part of the experimental design on the right. Some categories may be used more than once.
Independent Variable: Activity of beetles, temperature Dependent variable: CO2 production rate Standardized variable: Beetle species
Why is cellular respiration important?
It generates ATP, which cells can use to do work.
Drag the phrases below, which relate to photosynthesis, to the category into which they best fit.
LIGHT REACTIONS ONLY requires visible light produces oxygen uses water produces ATP Produces NADPH LIGHT AND CARBON REACTIONS occurs in chloroplasts CARBON REACTIONS ONLY uses ATP uses NADPH produces glucose
Select all of the following that are produced during the pathway of alcoholic fermentation.
NAD+ CO2 ethanol
Plants conduct gas exchange in photosynthesis by bringing in carbon dioxide and releasing oxygen through openings called
STOMATA
What type of membrane transport is shown in the picture and lacks a carrier molecule?
Simple diffusion
Classify each description or image on the left as the type of molecular transport it portrays.
Simple diffusion: A nonwater molecule moves down its concentration gradient, without the help of a carrier molecule or energy input Osmosis: water moves into a red blood cell, without the help of proteins your potted ivy plant is wilted, but perks up after you water it Phagocytosis: The cell captures and engulfs large particles Active transport: This type of membrane transport moves substances through protiens and requires energy
Which of the following will pass through a cell membrane most easily?
Small nonpolar molecules
How does the plant use the glucose it produces in the carbon reactions? Select all that apply.
The plant combines glucose molecules into glycogen. The plant stores glucose molecules as polysaccharides. The plant breaks down the glucose for energy. The plant shuttles the glucose to the thylakoids, providing energy to fuel the light reactions The plant uses the glucose to produce structural polysaccharides.
What qualities of a chemical reaction are affected by enzymes? Select all that apply.
The speed of the reaction The speed of the reaction Correct The products of the reaction The products of the reaction Correct The net energy released during the reaction The net energy released during the reaction Correct The net energy gained during the reaction The net energy gained during the reaction Correct The energy required to start the reaction
True or false: Energy cannot be created or destroyed.
True
True or false: Living organisms would not be able to survive without enzymes because reactions would proceed too slowly.
True
______ pressure is the force of water against a plant cell wall and helps maintain the shape of plant cells.
Turgor
If a solute is more concentrated in one location than another, it forms
a concentration gradient.
Consider the biochemical pathway used to synthesize the amino acid proline. An increase in the concentration of proline will most likely lead to
a decrease in proline production.
Photosynthetic pigments other than chlorophyll a are called ______ pigments.
accessory
carotenoids
accessory pigment that reflect red, orange, and yellow wavelengths of light
chlorophyll b
accessory pigment that reflects green wavelengths of light
Chlorophyll b and carotenoids are examples of
accessory pigments
Select all the components of a photosystem.
accessory pigments proteins chlorophyll pigments a reaction center chlorophyll
The fatty acids of fat molecules are converted into two-carbon molecules called ______, which can enter the Krebs cycle of aerobic respiration.
acetyl CoA
What product of pyruvate oxidation enters the Krebs cycle?
acetyl CoA
Before entering the Krebs cycle, pyruvate is converted to
acetyl CoA.
The amount of energy required to start a reaction is called the _____ energy.
activation
What type of movement across membranes is shown in the picture and requires a transport protein and ATP?
active transport
The second stage of photosynthesis is called the ______ reactions, which use ATP and NADPH to reduce carbon dioxide to sugar molecules.
carbon
In the carbon reactions of photosynthesis, carbon from ______ is used to produce sugar molecules using energy from ATP and electrons from NADPH.
carbon dioxide
The Krebs cycle produces ATP, NADH, FADH2, and releases ______, which contains the carbon atoms remaining from the original 6-carbon glucose molecule.
carbon dioxide
Select all of the substances that can pass freely through the membrane by simple diffusion.
carbon dioxide lipids oxygen small, nonpolar molecules
During the Krebs cycle, carbon atoms are released from the substrates as
carbon dioxide molecules.
The first step of the Calvin cycle is the incorporation of CO2 into organic molecules, a process called
carbon fixation.
Select all of the following that are pigment molecules which capture light energy in photosynthetic organisms.
carotenoids chlorophyll
Facilitated diffusion requires
carrier proteins
electron transport in prokaryotes
cell membrane
Climate change biologists are interested in how tropical soil bacteria change their cellular metabolism during heat stress. In the lab, they grow tropical bacteria, expose them to varying levels of heat stress, and take some measurements of metabolism. After data collection, they produce the graph below, which they claim supports their hypotheses. Analyze the graph, and then select which of the following hypotheses it supports. (Select all that apply.)
cellular energy reserves a significantly decrease during heat stress
Select all of the following that are examples of potential energy.
chemical energy stored in bonds compressed spring ball at the top of a hill
The spontaneous movement of a substance from an area where it is more concentrated to an area where it is less concentrated is called ______.
diffusion
The range of possible frequencies of radiation is called the ______ spectrum.
electromagnetic
What does the image show?
electromagnetic spectrum
During the light reactions, energized ____ from a reaction center chlorophyll a molecule are eventually donated to form the molecule NADPH.
electrons
What process is shown in the picture, reading it from the top panel to the bottom panel?
endocytosis
ATP is a nucleotide that stores potential ____ between phosphate groups.
energy
In passive transport, no ____ is spent to pass a substance across a membrane.
energy
ATP hydrolysis releases the endmost phosphate group from ATP, producing ADP, the free phosphate group, and
energy.
Without ______, many reactions would occur too slowly for an organism to survive.
enzymes
Alcoholic fermentation produces a molecule called
ethanol
In a membrane transport process called ______, a cell transports large molecules to the cell membrane in vesicles and releases them to the outside of the cell.
exocytosis
