Chapter 19 The Menstrual Cycle

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anterior pituitary gland

-The anterior segment of the pituitary gland, which is responsible for releasing follicle-stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone during the menstrual cycle

endometrial polyps

Small nodules of hyperplastic endometrial tissue

adenomyosis

The benign invasion of endometrial tissue into the myometrium of the uterus

Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)

The hormone released by the hypothalamus that stimulates the pituitary gland to release the hormones that regulate the female menstrual cycle

Abnormal Uterine bleeding

a change in menstrual bleeding patterns due to either endocrine abnormalities or lesions within the uterus

dysfunctional uterine bleeding

a change in menstrual bleeding patterns related to endocrine abnormalities, where hormonal imbalances result in endometrial changes and subsequent abnormal bleeding

progesterone

a hormone that prepares the uterus for pregnancy, maintains pregnancy and promotes development of the mammary glands; primarily produced by the ovary and placenta

Three-line sign

a periovulatory endometrial sonographic appearance in which the outer echogenic basal layer surrounds the more hypoechoic function layer, while the function layer is separated by the echogenic endometrial stripe

imperforate hymen

a vaginal anomaly in which the hymen has no opening, resulting in an obstruction of the vagina

Endometrial hyperplasia

an increase in the number of endometrial cells

periovularoty phase

another name for the late proliferative phase of the endometrial cycle, which occurs around the time of ovulation

endometrial carcinoma

cancer of the endometrium

theca internal cells

cells of the follicle that produce estrogen

secondary amenorrhea

characteristically diagnosed in the postmenarchal woman who has had at least 12 months without a menstrual cycle

spiral arteries

coiled arteries that supply blood to the functional layer of the endometrium

Atresia (ovarian follicle)

degeneration of a follicle

primary amenorrhea

failure to experiencing menarche before the age of 16

Fimbria

finger like extension of the fallopian tube located of the infundibulum

follicle

small, round groups of cells

cumulus oophorus

structure that contains the developing oocyte

corpus luteum

temporary endocrine gland that results from the rupture of the graafian follicles after ovulation

hypothalamus

the area within the brain that is located just beneath the thalamus and controls the release of hormones by the anterior pituitary gland

corpus luteum of pregnancy

the corpus luteum that is maintained during an early pregnancy for the purpose of producing estrogen and progesterone

Endometrial atrophy

the degeneration of the endometrium with advancing age; most often seen in postmenopausal women

menarche

the first menstrual cycle

proliferative phase

the first phase of the endometrial cycle

follicular phase

the first phase of the ovarian cycle

Follicular Stimulating Hormone

the hormone of the anterior pituitary gland that causes the development of multiple follicles of the ovaries

luteinizing hormone

the hormone of the anterior pituitary gland that surges around day 14 of the menstrual cycle, resulting in ovilation

human chorionic gonadotropin

the hormone produced by the trophoblastic cells of the early placenta; may also be used as a tumor marker in nongravid patients and males

Estrogen

the hormone released by the ovary during the proliferative phase that initiates the proliferation and thickening of the endometrium

proliferation

the multiplication of similar forms

graafian follicle

the name for the dominant follicle prior to ovulation

ovulation

the release of the mature egg from the ovary

corpus albicans

the remaining structure of the corpus luteum after its deterioration

secretory phase

the second phase of the endometrial cycle

luteal phase

the second phase of the ovarian cycle

blastocyst

the stage at which the conceptus implants within the decidualized endometrium

syncytiotrophoblastic cells

the trophoblastic cells surrounding the blastocyst


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