Biology I : The Circle of Life
Bible verse?
"The thief comes only to steal and kill and destroy. I came that they may have life and have it abundantly." John 10:10
Photosynthesis : 1. Where? 2. When? 3. Input? 4. Output? 5. Energy Sources? 6. Energy Result?
1. Chloroplasts 2. In the presence of light 3. Carbon Dioxide and water 4. Glucose and Oxygen 5. Light (endothermic) 6. Energy is stored
What are the 3 major processes that occur in cellular respiration?
1. Glycolysis 2. Krebs Cycle 3. Electron Transport Chain (ETC)
What are the three major processes of Cellular Respiration?
1. Glycolysis 2. Krebs Cycle 3. Electron transport chain (ETC)
Cellular Respiration : 1. Where? 2. When? 3. Input? 4. Output? 5. Energy Sources? 6. Energy Result?
1. Mitochondria 2. All the time 3. Glucose and oxygen 4. Carbon dioxide and water 5. Chemical bonds (exothermic) 6. Energy is released
How many ATP molecules does Glycolysis need?
2 ATP
What does the Electron Transport Chain produce?
34 ATP and H₂O
The 36 ATP molecules represent about ____% of the total energy of glucose. What happens to the remaining 62%?
38% It is released as heat
_______% of the oxygen on Earth is made by algae living in oceans
80%
At the end of glycolysis, about ________ percent of the chemical energy that was available in ________ is still unused
90% in glucose
For plant cells, what happens after Glycolysis when Oxygen is NOT present?
Alcoholic Fermentation occurs (produces ethanol and Carbon Dioxide) (Anaerobic because there is NOT oxygen)
What is an exothermic reaction?
An energy-releasing reaction/process
which type of cellular respiration does NOT involve oxygen and is also known as Fermentation?
Anaerobic
Make their own food by turning inorganic molecules into organic molecules by the process of photosynthesis
Autotrophs
______ - make their own food by turning inorganic molecules into organic molecules by the process of photosynthesis
Autotrophs
What are the two groups of living organisms?
Autotrophs and Heterotrophs
What are the two types of living organisms?
Autotrophs and Heterotrophs
The Krebs Cycle is responsible for the _________ that is given off into the atmosphere by heterotrophs.
CO₂
What does the Krebs Cycle produce?
CO₂ and a net of 2 ATP
What is the waste product produced by an animal's cells during cellular respiration?
Carbon Dioxide
Energy-releasing process where organisms break down glucose formed during photosynthesis in autotrophs
Cellular Respiration
The process in which cells produce carbon dioxide and water and use oxygen to burn food for energy
Cellular Respiration
The reverse process of photosynthesis is _____. The sugars made from photosynthesis are __________ to ________.
Cellular Respiration broken down with oxygen to release energy
______ - Where glucose molecules (produced during photosynthesis) are broken down and energy is released. Takes in oxygen and CO₂
Cellular respiration
What is the formula for glucose?
C₆H₁₂O₆
What is the chemical equation for cellular respiration?
C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂ ---> 6CO₂ + 6H₂O + 38ATP
The chemical equation for cellular respiration is ....?
C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂ ---> 6CO₂ + 6H₂O + 38ATP (usable energy)
what is the chemical formula for cellular respiration? (the balanced equation)
C₆H₁₂O₆ + O₂ ---> CO₂ + H₂O + ATP Balanced: C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂ ---> 6CO₂ + 6H₂O + 38ATP
Cells use ______ to power the functions of the cell. What is the molecule used by cells to power the secondary reactions that keep them alive?
Energy (ATP)
Cellular Respiration : Function - _________ Location - _________ Reactants - _________ Products - _________ Equation - __________
Function - to produce energy/ATP Location - the mitochondria and cytoplasm Reactants - C₆H₁₂O₆, O₂, H₂O Products - CO₂, H₂O, ATP Equation - C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂ ---> 6CO₂ + 6H₂O + 38ATP
Photosynthesis : Function - _________ Location - _________ Reactants - _________ Products - _________ Equation - __________
Function - to produce glucose Location - in the chloroplasts of plant cells Reactants - light energy, CO₂, H₂O Products - C₆H₁₂O₆, O₂ Equation - Light energy + 6CO₂ + 6H₂O ---> C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂
In cellular respiration, the _____ molecules produced during ______ are broken down and energy is released.
Glucose molecules produced during Photosynthesis
What is the diagram for glycolysis? (from the notes)
Glyco | lysis | C₆H₁₂O₆ c-c-c-c-c-c c-c-c | c-c-c (takes 2 ATP to make) Pyruvic Acid (small enough to enter the mitochondria)
Process of cellular respiration that takes place in the cytoplasm
Glycolysis
What is the first set of reactions in cellular respiration called?
Glycolysis
Glycolysis produces a net of ________ ATP molecules, while the Krebs Cycle and Electron Transport Chain produce a total of ________ ATP
Glycolysis = 2 ATP Krebs Cycle + ETC = 36 ATP (Krebs Cycle = 2 ATP) (ETC = 34 ATP)
how many ATP molecules are produced in each step of cellular respiration?
Glycolysis = 2 ATP Krebs Cycle = 2 ATP Electron Transport Chain = 34 ATP
_____ : process where 1 glucose molecule (_____) is broken down into 2 ____ ____ molecules. It occurs in the cytoplasm and does not require _______
Glycolysis, (C₆H₁₂O₆), Pyruvic Acid, does not require oxygen
Do not make their own food, but gain energy by eating autotrophs
Heterotrophs
_______ - do not make their own food, but eat autotrophs
Heterotrophs
How does cellular respiration work?
Humans/animals breath in/consume O₂ and glucose. Cellular Respiration takes place when ATP is produced and CO₂ is exchanged with the O₂ and exhaled
What is anaerobic cellular respiration called in plants/animals?
In plants = Fermentation In animals = Glycolysis
What happens in the electron transport chain?
It converts ADP (Adenosine diphosphate) into ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate)
processes of cellular respiration that take place in the mitochondria
Krebs Cycle and Electron Transport Chain (ETC)
What is the second step of cellular respiration?
Krebs cycle
The chemical equation for photosynthesis is ....?
Light energy + 6CO₂ + 6H₂O ---> C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂
What does Photosynthesis use to produce glucose? Where does it take place?
Light, CO₂, and H₂O Takes place in the chloroplasts in the leaves
what is fermentation?
Making ATP w/out oxygen (anaerobic respiration)
Autotrophs make their own food through a process called _____.
Photosynthesis
_______ and ________ account for the continual CO₂ <---->O₂ cycle in our environment
Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration
What happens after Glycolysis when Oxygen is present?
Products of Glycolysis (Pyruvic Acid) move into the mitochondria to undergo the Krebs Cycle and ETC (Aerobic because there IS oxygen)
What does Glycolysis produce?
Pyruvic Acid and a net of 2 ATP
Compare and Contrast photosynthesis and cellular respiration
Similarities - 1. Both involve a conversion of energy (light energy into glucose, glucose into ATP) 2. Both involve a gas exchange (CO₂ to O₂, O₂ to CO₂) 3. Both take place in plant cells Differences - 1. Photosynthesis produces glucose and O₂, while Cellular Respiration produces ATP, CO₂, and H₂O 2. Photosynthesis takes place in the chloroplasts, while cellular respiration takes place in the mitochondria and cytoplasm 3. Photosynthesis only occurs in plant cells 4. Photosynthesis uses light energy, CO₂, and H₂O to make glucose and O₂, while Cellular Respiration uses glucose, O₂, and H₂O to make CO₂, H₂O, and ATP (inverses of each other) 5. Photosynthesis is an endothermic reaction, while Cellular Respiration is an exothermic reaction
Plants take in _______ and release oxygen through what?
Take in carbon dioxide, release oxygen through their leaves (the stoma with guard cells)
When an animal breathes, it takes in ________ and releases ________.
Takes in oxygen gas and releases carbon dioxide gas
What do cells use oxygen to do? ______ and _____ are produced as wastes during cellular respiration.
Use oxygen to burn food for energy Water and carbon dioxide are produced as wastes
What do xylem and phloem do?
Xylem : takes water up from the roots of trees to the leaves, where photosynthesis takes place Phloem : takes glucose down from the leaves
Do both plants and animals perform cellular respiration?
Yes
What is an endothermic reaction?
a reaction that takes in energy from its surroundings (requires the addition or intake of energy)
ATP is another name for the energy that is produced as a result of cellular respiration. What do the letters ATP stand for?
adenosine triphosphate
What are the 2 types of cellular respiration?
aerobic and anaerobic
What does the suffix -ol mean?
alcohol
What organisms perform cellular respiration?
all organisms (autotrophs and heterotrophs)
where do most algae live?
aquatic environments (in the water)
For animal cells, what happens after Glycolysis when Oxygen is NOT present?
cells must continue to make ATP to stay alive, so Glycolysis will continue for a short time BUT the byproduct Lactic Acid will build up (causing cramps) (Anaerobic because there is NOT oxygen)
Glycolysis occurs in the _________ and does not require oxygen, therefore it is described as being ___________.
cytoplasm, is anaerobic
An advantage of glycolysis is that it does not require __________ (therefore it is referred to as _______)
does not require oxygen (anaerobic)
When are glucose molecules produced?
during photosynthesis
What is the last step in cellular respiration?
electron transport chain (ETC)
Most life processes involve what kind of reactions?
endothermic reactions
What are reactions that require the addition of energy?
endothermic reactions
Glycolysis is an ______ process (also called _______)
energy-releasing (exothermic)
Is Cellular respiration exothermic or endothermic?
exothermic
Both anaerobic and aerobic begin with a chemical process known as __________
glycolysis
What opens and closes the stoma?
guard cells
Oxygen is carried around the body by _______
hemoglobin
What is the chemical equation for photosynthesis?
light energy + 6CO₂ + 6H₂O ---> C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂
What is the chemical formula for photosynthesis? (the regular and balanced equations)
light energy + CO₂ + H₂O ---> C₆H₁₂O₆ + O₂ Balanced : light energy + 6CO₂ + 6H₂O ---> C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂
The Krebs Cycle and Electron Transport Chain occur in the __________
mitochondria
What is required for the final steps of cellular respiration? (Anaerobic or Aerobic?)
oxygen (aerobic)
The Krebs Cycle and Electron Transport Chain require _______, therefore they are described as _________.
oxygen, aerobic
Through what process do plants change energy from the sun into glucose?
photosynthesis
What process do plants use to make their own food?
photosynthesis
what organisms perform photosynthesis?
plants only (autotrophs)
Glycolysis produces ______ ATP molecules but only has a net gain of _____ because it takes ____ molecules to provide the energy for glycolysis
produces 4, only gains 2 because it takes 2
What are the parts of a chemical equation?
reactants + reactants ---> (yield) products + products
Although the energy yielded from glycolysis is _________, the process is so fast that cells can produce thousands of ________ molecules in a few _________.
small thousands of ATP molecules in a few milliseconds
The Krebs Cycle takes place in the ________ and is responsible for the _______ that is released into the air by heterotrophs. Every time you breathe you release _________ that was produced in the Krebs Cycle.
takes place in the mitochondria responsible for the CO₂ that is released you release CO₂
The energy that is absorbed to fuel the reactions needed for life ultimately comes from where?
the Sun
Where does cellular respiration occur?
the mitochondria
The CO₂ exhaled by humans/animals enters what part of the plant?
the stoma
Where does gas exchange occur in plants?
the stoma (which have guard cells)
Where does the gas exchange in plants occur?
the stoma of leaves
Where does the energy that is absorbed to fuel endothermic reactions come from for most living organisms?
the sun
Where is energy for autotrophs obtained?
through a series of chemical reactions called photosynthesis (light energy + CO₂ + H₂O produce Glucose --> C₆H₁₂O₆)
What does the suffix -"lysis" mean?
to break apart
What type of tissue are xylem and phloem?
vascular tissue
