Cultural Anthropology FINAL

Most humans were engaged in foraging up until about ______ years ago.

10,000

One aspect of language that appears to contradict the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis is that human languages are similar in which way?

Anything that can be said in one language can be translated into every other human language.

Bronislaw Malinowski's and Franz Boas's practices of anthropology were alike in many ways. Which of the following statements best expresses their similarity?

Both saw other cultures/societies as fully rational.

____________________ ____________________ is the viewpoint that behavior in one culture should not be judged by the standards of another culture.

Cultural relativism

___________________________ is the exchange of cultural features that results when groups have continuous firsthand contact.

Diffusion

Adulthood is the best time to enculturate human beings.

False

Archeologists study only preliterate societies, as once people begin to write, they become the purview of historians' study.

False

Bands are household that include three or more generations.

False

Caste systems allow for individual achievement and personal merit to determine social rank.

False

Communication among nonhuman animals can be as complex as human language.

False

Decision making using the profit motive is a universal behavior.

False

Downward mobility in social status is rare in the United States.

False

In Africa, only women make and wear masks.

False

In an anthropological context, the terms "society" and "culture" are synonymous.

False

In small scale societies, gender plays no role in organizing labor.

False

In transhumance pastoralism part of the group moves with the herds, but most people stay in the home village.

False

Language has many symbolic components, but it is not considered a symbol system.

False

Once Franz Boas began teaching women and producing female PhDs, the bias against women in anthropology began to diminish rapidly.

False

Pastoralism was common among the indigenous peoples of the New World.

False

Race is a genetic and material reality.

False

The nuclear family is the most important relationship in every society.

False

There is one language spoken by the majority of the world's people.

False

The tendency to view one's own culture as superior and to apply one's own cultural values in judging the behavior and beliefs of people raised in other cultures is referred to as _______________.

Globalization

_____________________ encompasses a series of processes, that promote change in a world in which nations and people are increasingly interlinked and mutually dependent.

Globalization

Which statement about language development is true?

Human speech must be learned through a speech community.

Which of the following is a characteristic of anthropology?

It is concerned with human variation, evolution, and adaptation & It is concerned with both human biology and culture

Which of the following is a reason why language is being lost today in such great numbers today?

It is more profitable and advantageous to speak languages that are more popularly spoken.

Which of the following statements best describes Lewis Henry Morgan's and Edward Tylor's evolutionary theory?

It is the study of the history of human society from simple technology and social institutions to complex ones.

__________________ _____________________ studies language in its social and cultural context, across space and over time.

Linguistic Anthropology

How do Dalits differ from Brahmins, Kshatriyas, Kshatriyas, Shudras in India?

Only Dalits are not members of a varna.

What includes two processes: being part of the people's lives while carefully observing their daily activities?

Participant observation

Which of the following is true of a caste system?

People in the same caste tend to have a similar range of occupations.

Informed consent involves which of the following?

Researchers explain to participants how the research data is likely to affect them.

Symbols are one of the most critical components of culture. Which of the following statements is NOT true of symbols?

Symbols are completely separate from language

Today, almost all anthropologists would agree that culture is ______.

The learned, symbolic, and ever-changing patterns of behavior and meaning

Which of the following is characteristic of cultural symbols?

They are used to create meaning.

Which of the following is true about cultures that are free from outside influences?

They have never existed.

According to recent census data, more American women are living without a husband than with one.

True

All children, regardless of culture, go through the same basic stages and sequence for language learning.

True

Art may be used both to uphold and to resist a given social order.

True

Body art and adornment can be used as an expression of identification.

True

Castes are stratified groups in which membership is ascribed at birth and is lifelong.

True

Differences in the mode of production within a given economic system may reflect differences in environments, target resources or cultural traditions.

True

During the process of diffusion, innovations move from one culture toward another.

True

Fully understanding a culture requires using many theoretical perspectives.

True

If there truly was an instinctive horror of mating with blood relatives, a formal incest taboo would be unnecessary.

True

In some cultures, the speech form used depends on the relative social status of the individuals speaking.

True

In the United States, single motherhood is increasing today.

True

In the capitalist system, productive resources are owned by a small percentage of the population.

True

Inequality is inevitable in large-scale social systems.

True

One advantage of cultural adaptation over biological adaptation is that culture can usually change more rapidly than biology.

True

Pastoralists typically supplement their diet by hunting, gathering, fishing, cultivating or trading.

True

The discipline of anthropology embraces features of both science and the humanities.

True

Throughout the world, foraging survived in environments that posed major obstacles to food production.

True

To an extent, most members of a society share some norms and values upon which they all agree.

True

Today, only a very small percentage of the world's people live by foraging.

True

Vertical mobility refers to upward or downward changes in a a person's social status.

True

What is the difference between an informal and an unstructured interview?

Unstructured interviews are scheduled, while informal interviews are not.

In the field, ethnographers typically combine two research strategies, the _____ (native-oriented) and the _____ (scientist-oriented).

___emic___ ___etic___

Comparing culture to a system implies that ______.

a change in one part of culture will result in changes in other parts of culture

Bridewealth

a customary gift from the husband and his kin to the wife and her kin

Which of the following is not a universal theme of folklore?

a happy ending

Which descent group uses demonstrated descent

a lineage

The set of social relations through which labor is deployed to seize energy from nature by means of tools, skills, organization, and knowledge is referred to as

a mode of production

Status that comes through choices, actions, efforts, talent or accomplishments is called

achieved status

Anthropologists have observed that the extended family has a clear advantage in ______.

agricultural societies where ownership of land is important

In how many societies do people decorate or adorn their bodies?

all

The fundamental issue in all societies is

all of these

Cultural adaptation differs from biological adaptation in that the former ______.

allows humans to respond to problems on a relatively immediate basis

Singing is most likely to involve soloists in which type of society?

an elaborately stratified society

Which type of anthropologist does not directly observe human behavior and culture?

archaeologist

A small kin-based group is called a

band

Biological men who assume the mannerisms, behvior patterns, and tasks of women are known as

berdaches

All of the following are components of any definition of culture EXCEPT _______. ideas and values, biological predispositions, material objects behavior patterns

biological predispositions

Marking the body as an expression of cultural and personal identity is known as ______.

body art

Which of the following is a characteristic associated with agriculture

building and maintain irrigation systems

The potlatch is an example of

ceremonial distribution

Norms and values are both ______.

constantly changing and open to renegotiation

Western culture links prestige with

consumption

Culture is _____________________________: Different groups in society struggle with one another over whose ideas, values, goals, and beliefs will prevail.

contested

The term __________________ refers to individuals the ethnographer gets to know in the field, the people who teach him or her about their culture, who provide the emic perspective.

cultural consultant

The perspective that each culture must be understood in terms of the values and ideas of that culture and should not be judge by the standards of another.

cultural relativism

The term _____ is usually used to refer to varying forms of a language that reflect particular regions or social classes and that are similar enough to be mutually intelligible.

dialect

When we compare dominant culture and subcultures within a society, it is clear that ______.

dominant cultures are more powerful than subcultures

Which of the following is most likely to occur in the art of a stratified society?

enclosed figures

The process is when a person learns the requirements of the culture by which he or she is surrounded, and acquires values and behaviors that are appropriate or necessary to that culture.

enculturation

Which of the following is not a common reason for body decoration?

erotic stimulation

An urban legend is an example of

folklore

Ties between people and land are the least permanent among

foragers

Giving something to another person and expecting nothing in immediate return is called

generalized reciprocity

Class in the United States

has opportunities for upward mobility

What is the primary goal of emic research?

help outsiders understand what it means to be a member of another culture

Pastoral societies rely on ______ to survive and thrive.

herd growth

The fact that neolocal families are common in many industrialized societies is related to the ______.

high levels of mobility common in such societies

Among which group is land community owned?

horticulturalists

Norms are best described as ______.

ideas people in a society share about the way things ought to be done

A descent group

is a social unit whose members claim common ancestry

Which of the following has been a hallmark of American anthropology?

multiculturalism

__________________ embodies those beliefs, learned culture patterns, values, and institutions that are shared by citizens of the same nation.

national culture

Modern linguists view African American Vernacular English (AAVE) as ______.

neither superior nor inferior to SSAE

Displacement refers to the concept of being able to refer to things that are

not present

Taking part in the events one is observing, describing, and analyzing.

participant observation

The form of food production that is concerned with the raising of livestock is called

pastoralism

When the married couple move to the husband's community and their children grow up in their father's village, we call this

patrilocality

Anthropologists consider which of the following to be a characteristic of culture?

patterned and integrated

Which of the following is NOT a hunter and gatherer group?

peasants of medieval Europe

The systematic identification and description of distinctive speech sounds in a language is called:

phonetics

Agriculture is marked by the use of which of the following?

plows, draft animals, and irrigation

Which of the following is the most common form of plural marriage?

polygyny

The ability to exercise one's will over others is called

power

Which of the following is a primary dimension of stratification?

prestige

The idea that humans can combine words and sounds into new, meaningful utterances that they have never heard

productivity

An important function of art in all societies is that it ______.

promotes social solidarity by symbolically conveying values and emotions

A good, friendly working relationship based on personal contact, with hosts.

rapport

Resources that people must be rendered to an individual or agency that is superior politically or economically is referred to as the

rent fund

Chimpanzees have ___________ cultural learning abilities.

rudimentary

Egalitarian visual art differs from stratified societies' visual art in all of the following, except for

simple color sparingly used versus a huge amount of colors used throughout

A symbol is ______.

something that stands for something else

Phonology is the:​

study of language sounds

Which of the following artistic styles is most likely to occur in an egalitarian society?

symmetrical design

American cultural beliefs clash with research regarding ______ as compared to other nations.

the ability to offer more upward income mobility

Evidence of artistic expression has been found as far back as ______.

the dawn of the modern human species

The family of orientation is

the family on is born into and grows up in

Anthropology takes a holistic approach to explaining human behavior by studying ______.

the integration of biological, sociocultural, and environmental factors

Horticulture is defined as ______.

the use of simple tools in the production of plants for food

As cultural traits move from one society to another ______.

their meanings tend to change

How do archeologists study prehistoric societies that have left no written records?

through their material remains or artifacts

Lineages and clans are differentiated from other kinship groups by which of the following factors?

traceability to a common ancestor

The descent rule that uses only one line - male or female - is called

unilineal descent

Social status in chiefdoms

were based on seniority of descent