Biology Test (January 27)
When genes are cloned, DNA polymerase is used to join two pieces of DNA together (true or false)
False
Widow's peak and hitchhiker's thumb are multiple allele traits (true or false)
False
Binomial nomenclature gives each species a unique, two-word Latin name (true or false)
True
Biotechnology has raised ethical questions (true or false)
True
Chromosomal alterations are mutations that change chromosome structure (true or false)
True
Classification helps understand the present diversity and past evolutionary history of life on Earth (true or false)
True
Down syndrome is also known as trisomy 21 (true or false)
True
Epistasis is when one gene affects the expression of another gene (true or false)
True
Eukaryota consists of four kingdoms: Animalia, Plantae, Fungi, and Protista (true or false)
True
Insulin was the first human protein to be produced by gene cloning (true or false)
True
Medicine and agriculture are two major fields that use biotechnology (true or false)
True
Most human traits have more complex modes of inheritance than simple Mendelian inheritance (true or false)
True
Mutations are the source of all new genetic material in a species (true or false)
True
Natural sunlight can cause mutations (true or false)
True
Phylogeny is the evolutionary history of a group of related organisms (true or false)
True
Recombinant DNA is made from joining DNA from different sources (true or false)
True
Single-gene X-linked traits have a different pattern of inheritance than single-gene autosomal traits (true or false)
True
The domain is a grouping that is larger and more inclusive than the kingdom (true or false)
True
The enzyme Taq Polymerase can work at high temperatures (true or false)
True
The evolution of life on Earth is ongoing for over 4 billion years (true or false)
True
The kingdom is the largest and most inclusive grouping (true or false)
True
The polymerase chain reaction makes many copies of a gene or other DNA segment (true or false)
True
The purpose of biotechnology is to create organisms that are useful to humans (true or false)
True
Define pleiotropy
When a single gene affects more than one trait
Define epistasis
When one gene affects the expression of another gene
In a polygenic trait, such as adult height, most people
Will have a phenotype close to the average
What type of mutations can result in a genetic disorder?
a deletion, an insertion, or a duplication
A missense mutation...
codes for a different amino acid
PCR allows scientist to
rapidly make many copies of a gene or other DNA segment
Define deletion
removal of nucleotides or removal of a segment of a chromosome
The genus is the smallest and most exclusive grouping (true or false)
False
The three steps of PCR are denaturing, annealing, and elongation (true or false)
False
Two common biotechnology techniques are gene cloning and genetic engineering (true or false)
False
Define taxonomy
The science of classifying organisms
Down's syndrome is due to
nondisjunction of chromosome 21
A mother has red-green color blindness. Her husband is not affected. What children are effected?
All of their sons will have red-green color blindness
Which of the following statements concerning genetic disorders is correct? (1) Many genetic disorders are caused by mutations in one or a few genes. (2) Some genetic disorders are caused by abnormal numbers of chromosomes. (3) Most genetic disorders are caused by dominant alleles. (4) Chromosomal disorders result from nondisjunction during mitosis.
1 and 2
ABO blood type is a multiple allele trait. Which of the following are possible ABO blood type phenotypes? (1) A, (2) B, (3) AB, (4) O, (5) AO, (6) BO
1, 2, 3, and 4
Biotechnology methods are used in which of the following? (1) medicine, (2) agriculture, (3) law enforcement.
1, 2, and 3
Transgenic crops have been created that make some food taste better (true or false)
False
Triple X syndrome results in XYXX males (true or false)
False
Define point mutation
A change in a single nucleotide in DNA
Define mutation
A change in the sequence of bases in DNA or RNA
Define frameshift mutation
A deletion or insertion of one or more nucleotides that changes the reading frame
What is a domain? What are the three domains?
A domain is a taxon that is larger and more inclusive than the kingdom. The three domains of life on Earth are Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukaryota
How can a mutation result in a genetic disorder? Give an example.
A genetic disorder is a disease caused by a mutation in one or a few genes. A human example is cystic fibrosis
Define clade
A group of organisms that includes an ancestor and all of its descendants
What is a major difference between a kingdom and a species?
A kingdom is the largest and most inclusive grouping. It consists of organisms that share just a few basic similarities, such as the plant kingdom or animal kingdom. The species is the smallest and most exclusive grouping. It consists of organisms that are similar enough to produce fertile offspring together
What is a true statement about the X chromosome in males?
A recessive X-linked allele is always expressed in males
Define domain
A taxon that is larger and more inclusive than the kingdom
Point mutations can be described as silent, missense, senseless, or nonsense (true or false)
False
Define insertion
Adding additional nucleotides into a chromosome
Define ABO blood type
An example of a multiple allele trait
Define mutagen
Anything in the environment that can cause a mutation
Which two domains consist only of single-celled prokaryotes?
Bacteria and Archaea
Why are beneficial mutations essential for evolution to occur?
Beneficial mutations are essential for evolution to occur as they result in new traits that increase an organism's changes of surviving or reproducing. These "beneficial" traits are then likely to become more common over time.
What is a beneficial mutation?
Beneficial mutations have a positive effect on the organism in which they occur
What is binomial nomenclature?
Binomial nomenclature gives each species a unique, two-word Latin name consisting of the genus name and the species name
What type of mutation can cause cancer?
Cancer is generally caused by mutations in genes that regulate the cell cycle. Because of the mutations, cells with damaged DNA are allowed to divide in an uncontrolled or non-regulated manner
Who is considered the "father of taxonomy?"
Carolus Linnaeus
Define genetic disorder
Caused by a mutation in one or a few genes
Define genetic engineering
Changing an organism by transforming with recombinant DNA
Define genetic trait
Characteristics (traits) encoded in DNA
Somatic mutations can be transmitted to offspring (true or false)
False
The Linnaean system of classification consists of a hierarchy of groupings, called domains (true or false)
False
The alleles for ABO blood type are the A, B, AB and O alleles (true or false)
False
The cell does not have the capability to repair damaged DNA (true or false)
False
Explain what causes chromosomal disorders.
Chromosomal disorders are caused by nondisjunction, which is the failure of replicated chromosomes to separate during meiosis. Some of the resulting gametes will be missing a chromosome, while others will have an extra copy of the chromosome
Define plasmid
Circular DNA that is not part of a chromosome
The steps of PCR, in order is
Denaturing, annealing, and extension
Define Carolus Linnaeus
Developed classification system in the 1700s
Describe the cause and symptoms of Down syndrome.
Down syndrome results from an extra copy (complete or partial) of chromosome 21. Individuals with Down syndrome experience developmental delays, distinctive facial appearance, and other abnormalities.
Define DNA ligase
Enzyme that joins two pieces of DNA
All mutations are harmful (true or false)
False
Amniocentesis can be used to see if the mother has any genetic abnormalities (true or false)
False
Carolus Linnaeus developed his classification system in the early 1800s (true or false)
False
Characteristics that are encoded in DNA are called genetic diseases (true or false)
False
Closely related species are grouped together in a family (true or false)
False
Denaturing DNA occurs at room temperature (true or false)
False
Gene cloning involves three steps: isolation, transformation, and selection (true or false)
False
Gene cloning is the process of isolating and making copies of a chromosome (true or false)
False
Homo sapiens means "ape (primate) with big brain." (true or false)
False
Linnaeus grouped together organisms that shared obvious physical traits, such as number of heads or shape (true or false)
False
Most biologists agree there are four domains of life on Earth: Bacteria, Archaea, Prokaryota, and Eukaryota (true or false)
False
Most genetic disorders are controlled by dominant alleles (true or false)
False
Mutagens are caused by environmental factors known as mutations (true or false)
False
Mutations only occur in DNA (true or false)
False
Neutral mutations can have a significant effect on the organism (true or false)
False
Organisms are currently grouped together if they look alike (true or false)
False
Pleiotropy is when a more than one gene affects a single trait (true or false)
False
Why are few genetic disorders controlled by dominant alleles?
Few genetic disorders are controlled by dominant alleles, because a mutant dominant allele would be expressed in every individual who inherits even one copy of it. If it causes a serious disorder, affected people may die young and fail to reproduce. Therefore, the mutant dominant allele is likely to die out of the population
Define insulin
First human protein to be produced by genetic engineering
What is gene cloning?
Gene cloning is the process of isolating and making copies of a gene
Define cancer
Generally caused by mutations in genes that regulate the cell cycle
What two main ways cause genetic disorders?
Genetic disorders are either caused by mutations in one or a few genes, or they are caused by abnormal numbers of chromosomes
Define transgenic crop
Genetically modified plants
Define binomial nomenclature
Gives each species a unique, two-word Latin name
Define genus
Grouping of closely related species
Define taxa
Groupings
What is a harmful mutation?
Harmful mutations harm (or hurt) the organism in which they occur. These mutations result in a protein that does not function normally or may not function all
The first human protein produced using biotechnology was
Insulin
Define gene therapy
Involves inserting normal genes into cells with mutant genes
The steps of gene cloning, in order is
Ligation, transformation, isolation, and selection
What is Linnaeus known for?
Linnaeus tried to classify all living things that were known at his time. He grouped together organisms that shared obvious physical traits, such as number of legs or shape of leaves. For his contribution, Linnaeus is known as the "father of taxonomy."
Define recombinant DNA
Made by joining DNA from two different sources
What are some correct statements concerning mutations?
Mutations are essential for evolution to occur
Define chromosomal alteration
Mutations that change chromosome structure
Define somatic mutations
Occur in cells other than gametes
Define germline mutations
Occur in gametes
Revisions in Linnaean classification were made, in part, because
Of an understanding of the biochemistry of many organisms
What is PCR? Why is PCR done?
PCR is the polymerase chain reaction. It is used to make many copies of a gene or other DNA segment. This might be done in order to make large quantities of a gene for genetic testing
Define polymerase chain reaction
Process that makes many copies of a gene or other DNA segment
Eukaryotic organisms that are neither fungi, plants, nor animals are members of which kingdom?
Protista
What is recombinant DNA?
Recombinant DNA results from the ligation of DNA from an isolated gene and plasmid DNA
Define X-linked trait
Red-green color blindness
Hemophilia A is due to
Reduced activity of a protein needed for blood clotting
Define phylogenetic tree
Represents a phylogeny
Define inversion
Reversal of a segment of a chromosome
Why is it important to select for transformed bacteria?
Selection involves growing transformed bacteria to make sure they have the recombinant DNA. This step is necessary because some bacteria will not be transformed with the recombinant DNA. Only bacteria that contain the recombinant DNA are selected for further use
Bacteria can have mutations that allow them to survive in the presence of antibiotic drugs (true or false)
True
Because it is a polygenic trait, human height can be represented by a bell-shaped graph (true or false)
True
Define pedigree
Shows how a trait is passed from generation to generation within a family
What are the signs and symptoms of sickle cell anemia?
Sickle-shaped red blood cells that clog tiny blood vessels, causing pain and damaging organs and joints
Define translocation
Swapping of material between two non-homologous chromosomes
Define Linnaean classification system
System in which modern classification systems are based
List the members of the domain Eukaryota.
The domain Eukaryota consists of all eukaryotes, which includes the Animalia (animals), Plantae (plants), Fungi (fungi) and Protista (protists) kingdoms
Define phylogeny
The evolutionary history of a group of related organisms
Phylogeny refers to
The evolutionary history of a group of related organisms
Define nondisjunction
The failure of replicated chromosomes to separate during meiosis
What are the four steps of gene cloning?
The four steps of gene cloning are isolation, ligation, transformation, and selection
Define Mendelian inheritance
The inheritance of traits controlled by a single gene with two alleles
Define kingdom
The largest and most inclusive grouping
Define gene cloning
The process of isolating and making copies of a gene
Define transformation
The process of placing recombinant DNA into a living cell
Define species
The smallest and most exclusive grouping
What are the three steps of PCR?
The three steps of PCR are denaturing, annealing, and extension. These steps are repeated many times in a cycle to make large quantities of the gene.
Define biotechnology
The use of technology to change the genetic makeup of living things for human purposes
Define autosomal trait
Trait controlled by a gene on one of the 22 human autosomes
Define multiple allele trait
Traits controlled by a single gene with more than two alleles
A deletion or insertion of one or more nucleotides may result in a frameshift mutation (true or false)
True
A genetic disorder is a disease caused by a mutation in one or a few genes (true or false)
True
A karyotype is a picture of a cell's chromosomes (true or false)
True
A mutant recessive allele is not expressed in people who inherit just one copy of it (true or false)
True
A point mutation is a change in a single nucleotide in DNA (true or false)
True
A recessive X-linked allele is always expressed in males (true or false)
True
A translocation mutation swaps sections from two non-homologous chromosomes (true or false)
True
Germline mutations are potentially dangerous, as they
can be passed on to offspring
A frameshift mutation...
changes the reading frame of the base sequence
Define duplication
doubling of a segment of a chromosome
Beneficial mutations...
help organisms adapt to changes in their environment
Chromosomal alterations include deletions and...
inversion mutations
The three domains of life include
kingdom - phylum - family - species
Single-gene X-linked traits have a different pattern of inheritance than single-gene autosomal traits because
males have just one X chromosome
Define sex-linked trait
trait controlled by genes on the sex chromosomes
An example of binomial nomenclature would be...
• Homo sapiens • Panthera tigris • Tyrannosaurus rex
What are some things correct about mutations?
• Mutations can happen spontaneously without any outside influence. • Cigarette smoke is a significant cause of mutations. • Mutations may occur during DNA replication or transcription.
Recombinant DNA...
• results from the ligation of an isolated gene and plasmid DNA. • is inserted into a living cell in the transformation process. • is screened for in the selection process.
Ethical, legal, and social issues associated with biotechnology would include questions about
• the safety of genetically modified crops • the use of biotechnology in modifying a baby's genotype • the ownership of genetically modified organisms
Transgenic crops have been created thta
• yield more food • resist insect pests • survive drought
