Biology Test (January 27)

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When genes are cloned, DNA polymerase is used to join two pieces of DNA together (true or false)

False

Widow's peak and hitchhiker's thumb are multiple allele traits (true or false)

False

Binomial nomenclature gives each species a unique, two-word Latin name (true or false)

True

Biotechnology has raised ethical questions (true or false)

True

Chromosomal alterations are mutations that change chromosome structure (true or false)

True

Classification helps understand the present diversity and past evolutionary history of life on Earth (true or false)

True

Down syndrome is also known as trisomy 21 (true or false)

True

Epistasis is when one gene affects the expression of another gene (true or false)

True

Eukaryota consists of four kingdoms: Animalia, Plantae, Fungi, and Protista (true or false)

True

Insulin was the first human protein to be produced by gene cloning (true or false)

True

Medicine and agriculture are two major fields that use biotechnology (true or false)

True

Most human traits have more complex modes of inheritance than simple Mendelian inheritance (true or false)

True

Mutations are the source of all new genetic material in a species (true or false)

True

Natural sunlight can cause mutations (true or false)

True

Phylogeny is the evolutionary history of a group of related organisms (true or false)

True

Recombinant DNA is made from joining DNA from different sources (true or false)

True

Single-gene X-linked traits have a different pattern of inheritance than single-gene autosomal traits (true or false)

True

The domain is a grouping that is larger and more inclusive than the kingdom (true or false)

True

The enzyme Taq Polymerase can work at high temperatures (true or false)

True

The evolution of life on Earth is ongoing for over 4 billion years (true or false)

True

The kingdom is the largest and most inclusive grouping (true or false)

True

The polymerase chain reaction makes many copies of a gene or other DNA segment (true or false)

True

The purpose of biotechnology is to create organisms that are useful to humans (true or false)

True

Define pleiotropy

When a single gene affects more than one trait

Define epistasis

When one gene affects the expression of another gene

In a polygenic trait, such as adult height, most people

Will have a phenotype close to the average

What type of mutations can result in a genetic disorder?

a deletion, an insertion, or a duplication

A missense mutation...

codes for a different amino acid

PCR allows scientist to

rapidly make many copies of a gene or other DNA segment

Define deletion

removal of nucleotides or removal of a segment of a chromosome

The genus is the smallest and most exclusive grouping (true or false)

False

The three steps of PCR are denaturing, annealing, and elongation (true or false)

False

Two common biotechnology techniques are gene cloning and genetic engineering (true or false)

False

Define taxonomy

The science of classifying organisms

Down's syndrome is due to

nondisjunction of chromosome 21

A mother has red-green color blindness. Her husband is not affected. What children are effected?

All of their sons will have red-green color blindness

Which of the following statements concerning genetic disorders is correct? (1) Many genetic disorders are caused by mutations in one or a few genes. (2) Some genetic disorders are caused by abnormal numbers of chromosomes. (3) Most genetic disorders are caused by dominant alleles. (4) Chromosomal disorders result from nondisjunction during mitosis.

1 and 2

ABO blood type is a multiple allele trait. Which of the following are possible ABO blood type phenotypes? (1) A, (2) B, (3) AB, (4) O, (5) AO, (6) BO

1, 2, 3, and 4

Biotechnology methods are used in which of the following? (1) medicine, (2) agriculture, (3) law enforcement.

1, 2, and 3

Transgenic crops have been created that make some food taste better (true or false)

False

Triple X syndrome results in XYXX males (true or false)

False

Define point mutation

A change in a single nucleotide in DNA

Define mutation

A change in the sequence of bases in DNA or RNA

Define frameshift mutation

A deletion or insertion of one or more nucleotides that changes the reading frame

What is a domain? What are the three domains?

A domain is a taxon that is larger and more inclusive than the kingdom. The three domains of life on Earth are Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukaryota

How can a mutation result in a genetic disorder? Give an example.

A genetic disorder is a disease caused by a mutation in one or a few genes. A human example is cystic fibrosis

Define clade

A group of organisms that includes an ancestor and all of its descendants

What is a major difference between a kingdom and a species?

A kingdom is the largest and most inclusive grouping. It consists of organisms that share just a few basic similarities, such as the plant kingdom or animal kingdom. The species is the smallest and most exclusive grouping. It consists of organisms that are similar enough to produce fertile offspring together

What is a true statement about the X chromosome in males?

A recessive X-linked allele is always expressed in males

Define domain

A taxon that is larger and more inclusive than the kingdom

Point mutations can be described as silent, missense, senseless, or nonsense (true or false)

False

Define insertion

Adding additional nucleotides into a chromosome

Define ABO blood type

An example of a multiple allele trait

Define mutagen

Anything in the environment that can cause a mutation

Which two domains consist only of single-celled prokaryotes?

Bacteria and Archaea

Why are beneficial mutations essential for evolution to occur?

Beneficial mutations are essential for evolution to occur as they result in new traits that increase an organism's changes of surviving or reproducing. These "beneficial" traits are then likely to become more common over time.

What is a beneficial mutation?

Beneficial mutations have a positive effect on the organism in which they occur

What is binomial nomenclature?

Binomial nomenclature gives each species a unique, two-word Latin name consisting of the genus name and the species name

What type of mutation can cause cancer?

Cancer is generally caused by mutations in genes that regulate the cell cycle. Because of the mutations, cells with damaged DNA are allowed to divide in an uncontrolled or non-regulated manner

Who is considered the "father of taxonomy?"

Carolus Linnaeus

Define genetic disorder

Caused by a mutation in one or a few genes

Define genetic engineering

Changing an organism by transforming with recombinant DNA

Define genetic trait

Characteristics (traits) encoded in DNA

Somatic mutations can be transmitted to offspring (true or false)

False

The Linnaean system of classification consists of a hierarchy of groupings, called domains (true or false)

False

The alleles for ABO blood type are the A, B, AB and O alleles (true or false)

False

The cell does not have the capability to repair damaged DNA (true or false)

False

Explain what causes chromosomal disorders.

Chromosomal disorders are caused by nondisjunction, which is the failure of replicated chromosomes to separate during meiosis. Some of the resulting gametes will be missing a chromosome, while others will have an extra copy of the chromosome

Define plasmid

Circular DNA that is not part of a chromosome

The steps of PCR, in order is

Denaturing, annealing, and extension

Define Carolus Linnaeus

Developed classification system in the 1700s

Describe the cause and symptoms of Down syndrome.

Down syndrome results from an extra copy (complete or partial) of chromosome 21. Individuals with Down syndrome experience developmental delays, distinctive facial appearance, and other abnormalities.

Define DNA ligase

Enzyme that joins two pieces of DNA

All mutations are harmful (true or false)

False

Amniocentesis can be used to see if the mother has any genetic abnormalities (true or false)

False

Carolus Linnaeus developed his classification system in the early 1800s (true or false)

False

Characteristics that are encoded in DNA are called genetic diseases (true or false)

False

Closely related species are grouped together in a family (true or false)

False

Denaturing DNA occurs at room temperature (true or false)

False

Gene cloning involves three steps: isolation, transformation, and selection (true or false)

False

Gene cloning is the process of isolating and making copies of a chromosome (true or false)

False

Homo sapiens means "ape (primate) with big brain." (true or false)

False

Linnaeus grouped together organisms that shared obvious physical traits, such as number of heads or shape (true or false)

False

Most biologists agree there are four domains of life on Earth: Bacteria, Archaea, Prokaryota, and Eukaryota (true or false)

False

Most genetic disorders are controlled by dominant alleles (true or false)

False

Mutagens are caused by environmental factors known as mutations (true or false)

False

Mutations only occur in DNA (true or false)

False

Neutral mutations can have a significant effect on the organism (true or false)

False

Organisms are currently grouped together if they look alike (true or false)

False

Pleiotropy is when a more than one gene affects a single trait (true or false)

False

Why are few genetic disorders controlled by dominant alleles?

Few genetic disorders are controlled by dominant alleles, because a mutant dominant allele would be expressed in every individual who inherits even one copy of it. If it causes a serious disorder, affected people may die young and fail to reproduce. Therefore, the mutant dominant allele is likely to die out of the population

Define insulin

First human protein to be produced by genetic engineering

What is gene cloning?

Gene cloning is the process of isolating and making copies of a gene

Define cancer

Generally caused by mutations in genes that regulate the cell cycle

What two main ways cause genetic disorders?

Genetic disorders are either caused by mutations in one or a few genes, or they are caused by abnormal numbers of chromosomes

Define transgenic crop

Genetically modified plants

Define binomial nomenclature

Gives each species a unique, two-word Latin name

Define genus

Grouping of closely related species

Define taxa

Groupings

What is a harmful mutation?

Harmful mutations harm (or hurt) the organism in which they occur. These mutations result in a protein that does not function normally or may not function all

The first human protein produced using biotechnology was

Insulin

Define gene therapy

Involves inserting normal genes into cells with mutant genes

The steps of gene cloning, in order is

Ligation, transformation, isolation, and selection

What is Linnaeus known for?

Linnaeus tried to classify all living things that were known at his time. He grouped together organisms that shared obvious physical traits, such as number of legs or shape of leaves. For his contribution, Linnaeus is known as the "father of taxonomy."

Define recombinant DNA

Made by joining DNA from two different sources

What are some correct statements concerning mutations?

Mutations are essential for evolution to occur

Define chromosomal alteration

Mutations that change chromosome structure

Define somatic mutations

Occur in cells other than gametes

Define germline mutations

Occur in gametes

Revisions in Linnaean classification were made, in part, because

Of an understanding of the biochemistry of many organisms

What is PCR? Why is PCR done?

PCR is the polymerase chain reaction. It is used to make many copies of a gene or other DNA segment. This might be done in order to make large quantities of a gene for genetic testing

Define polymerase chain reaction

Process that makes many copies of a gene or other DNA segment

Eukaryotic organisms that are neither fungi, plants, nor animals are members of which kingdom?

Protista

What is recombinant DNA?

Recombinant DNA results from the ligation of DNA from an isolated gene and plasmid DNA

Define X-linked trait

Red-green color blindness

Hemophilia A is due to

Reduced activity of a protein needed for blood clotting

Define phylogenetic tree

Represents a phylogeny

Define inversion

Reversal of a segment of a chromosome

Why is it important to select for transformed bacteria?

Selection involves growing transformed bacteria to make sure they have the recombinant DNA. This step is necessary because some bacteria will not be transformed with the recombinant DNA. Only bacteria that contain the recombinant DNA are selected for further use

Bacteria can have mutations that allow them to survive in the presence of antibiotic drugs (true or false)

True

Because it is a polygenic trait, human height can be represented by a bell-shaped graph (true or false)

True

Define pedigree

Shows how a trait is passed from generation to generation within a family

What are the signs and symptoms of sickle cell anemia?

Sickle-shaped red blood cells that clog tiny blood vessels, causing pain and damaging organs and joints

Define translocation

Swapping of material between two non-homologous chromosomes

Define Linnaean classification system

System in which modern classification systems are based

List the members of the domain Eukaryota.

The domain Eukaryota consists of all eukaryotes, which includes the Animalia (animals), Plantae (plants), Fungi (fungi) and Protista (protists) kingdoms

Define phylogeny

The evolutionary history of a group of related organisms

Phylogeny refers to

The evolutionary history of a group of related organisms

Define nondisjunction

The failure of replicated chromosomes to separate during meiosis

What are the four steps of gene cloning?

The four steps of gene cloning are isolation, ligation, transformation, and selection

Define Mendelian inheritance

The inheritance of traits controlled by a single gene with two alleles

Define kingdom

The largest and most inclusive grouping

Define gene cloning

The process of isolating and making copies of a gene

Define transformation

The process of placing recombinant DNA into a living cell

Define species

The smallest and most exclusive grouping

What are the three steps of PCR?

The three steps of PCR are denaturing, annealing, and extension. These steps are repeated many times in a cycle to make large quantities of the gene.

Define biotechnology

The use of technology to change the genetic makeup of living things for human purposes

Define autosomal trait

Trait controlled by a gene on one of the 22 human autosomes

Define multiple allele trait

Traits controlled by a single gene with more than two alleles

A deletion or insertion of one or more nucleotides may result in a frameshift mutation (true or false)

True

A genetic disorder is a disease caused by a mutation in one or a few genes (true or false)

True

A karyotype is a picture of a cell's chromosomes (true or false)

True

A mutant recessive allele is not expressed in people who inherit just one copy of it (true or false)

True

A point mutation is a change in a single nucleotide in DNA (true or false)

True

A recessive X-linked allele is always expressed in males (true or false)

True

A translocation mutation swaps sections from two non-homologous chromosomes (true or false)

True

Germline mutations are potentially dangerous, as they

can be passed on to offspring

A frameshift mutation...

changes the reading frame of the base sequence

Define duplication

doubling of a segment of a chromosome

Beneficial mutations...

help organisms adapt to changes in their environment

Chromosomal alterations include deletions and...

inversion mutations

The three domains of life include

kingdom - phylum - family - species

Single-gene X-linked traits have a different pattern of inheritance than single-gene autosomal traits because

males have just one X chromosome

Define sex-linked trait

trait controlled by genes on the sex chromosomes

An example of binomial nomenclature would be...

• Homo sapiens • Panthera tigris • Tyrannosaurus rex

What are some things correct about mutations?

• Mutations can happen spontaneously without any outside influence. • Cigarette smoke is a significant cause of mutations. • Mutations may occur during DNA replication or transcription.

Recombinant DNA...

• results from the ligation of an isolated gene and plasmid DNA. • is inserted into a living cell in the transformation process. • is screened for in the selection process.

Ethical, legal, and social issues associated with biotechnology would include questions about

• the safety of genetically modified crops • the use of biotechnology in modifying a baby's genotype • the ownership of genetically modified organisms

Transgenic crops have been created thta

• yield more food • resist insect pests • survive drought


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