Biology- The Cell Membrane
what are two proteins used in facilitated diffusion? give examples of what they transport and why they are important
1. carrier protein- transport large molecules ex glucose. 2. ion channels- transport ions ex: Na+ Ca2+
what are the three types of passive transport? explain the difference between each one
1. simple diffusion- does not use proteins. 2. facilitated diffusion- uses proteins 3. osmosis- results in osmotic balance
how many layers make up the cell membrane?
2
protein group
a carrier protein that uses energy. only found in animal cells. powered by ATP. ions are moved up their gradient. 3 sodium ions are pumped out of the cell. 2 potassium ions are pumped into the cell
homeostasis
a cells ability to maintain and internal stable temperature
solute
a particle that is being dissolved
osmotic balance
amount of water leaving= amount of water entering
do animal cells go through cytolysis? do plant cells go through cytolysis? explain why.
animal cells only go through cytolysis. plant cells do not because of their cell wall.
sodium- potassium pump: what types of cells use these? How many sodium/ potassium ions are moved in each cycle and in which direction. give two reasons why this protein is important
animal cells use this. 3 sodium ions are pumped out of the cell. 2 potassium ions are pumped into the cell. this is important for our hearts, and muscles. also for our brains
phagocytosis
bringing in solids/ food, cell eating
cytolysis
bursting of a cell (only animals) ( plants can not because of cell wall)
plasmolysis
cell membrane shrinks due to water loss (both plants and animals)
how can cells maintain homeostasis? give two reasons why this is important
control what goes in and out. the cell membrane is semi-permeable. 1. keep bad out 2. let good things in
concentration gradient
describes the amount of particles in an area
fluid mosaic model
describes the arrangement of molecules in the cell membrane
solvent
dissolver
isotonic solution
equal solute inside and outside of the cell. water will move in and out. the solute will move in and out. results in no change of shape
(Passive Transport) How do molecules move in passive transport?
go from a high to low concentration, down the gradient
what are the three types of solutions cells can be in? explain what happens to a plant and animal cell in each of these types of solutions. Draw a picture for each
hypertonic, hypotonic, isotonic. hypertonic- water will move out of the cell, the solute will move into the cell hypotonic- water will move into the cell, the solute will move out of the cell isotonic- equal solute inside and outside of the cell. results in no change
hypotonic solution
less solute outside. water will move in to the cell, solute will move out
give two examples of simple diffusion in living and non living things
living- blood nutrients. nonliving- food coloring in water, body spray
semi-permeable
membranes that allow some substances through but not others
explain why the cell membrane is called a fluid mosaic model
molecules move different parts
hypertonic solution
more solute outside. water will move out of the cell. solute will move in the cell
osmosis
movement of water from high to low concentration
passive transport
no energy used. movement of particles without the use of energy
how is osmosis different from diffusion? what is the end result of osmosis? what is the end result of diffusion
osmosis is the movement of water, not particles. results in osmotic balance. dynamic equilibrium
dynamic equilibrium
particles are evenly spread out
(Active Transport) How do particles move in this type of transport?
particles move from a high to a low concentration. up the gradient
name the two major types of transport and the main difference between them. list three things that determine what type of transport the particles will use
passive (no energy used) and active (energy is used, ATP). depends on size, polarity, and concentration
what is the main component of the cell membrane?
phospholipids
turgor pressure
pressure that water exerts on a cell wall (only plants)
pinocytosis
process of bringing in fluids, cell drinking
list three types of active transport
protein pump, endocytosis, exocytosis
list three other things that are found in the cell membrane and their functions.
proteins- transport. carbs- identification. cholesterol- strengthen, prevent membrane from freezing
solution
solute and solvent mixed
facilitated diffusion
the movement of particles from high to low concentration
simple diffusion
the movement of particles from high to low concentration
active transport
the movement of particles with the use of energy. particles move from a high to low concentration
endocytosis
the process of bringing substances into the cell membrane forms a vesicle around the substance, which is brought into
endocytosis: explain how this process works. what are two types of endocytosis? give an example of a cell that uses this process.
the process of bringing substances into the cell. membrane forms around the substance, which is brought into the cell. a. pinocytosis- the process of bringing in the fluid. b. phagocytosis- bring in solids/ food ex: white blood cell
exocytosis: explain how this process works. give two examples of substances that use this process.
the process of removing or releasing large particles. vesicle forms around the substance travel to the cell membrane, then the substance is released.
exocytosis
the process of removing or releasing large particles. vesicle forms around the substance, travels to the cell membrane, substance is released
ion channel
transport ions
carrier protein
transport large molecules
aquaporin
water channel protein in a cell
do particles still move when they reach dynamic equilibrium
yes