Biology Unit 3 - Enzymes
Acidic pH
0-6
The amount of energy in the universe is constant
1st law of thermodynamics
What is the ideal pH level of your stomach for the enzyme pepsin?
2
Neutral pH
7
Base pH
8-14
This molecule releases energy by directly transferring a phosphate group to another molecule
ATP
To do cellular work
ATP
Molecules must overcome what thermodynamic property?
Activation energy
Where a noncompetitive inhibitor binds on the enzyme
Allosteric
This emulsifies fat, it is made in the liver and stored in the gall bladder.
Bile
Zinc is an example of a what?
Cofactor
When energy is transformed there is always an increase in the _____?
Entropy
Releases free energy
Exergonic
Enzyme that breaks down lipids
Lipase
Protects the lining of the stomach
Mucous
What enzyme breaks down proteins in the stomach?
Pepsin
Smooth muscle contractions that move food through the alimentary canal
Peristalsis
This is where most nutrients are absorbed?
Small Intestine
buffer
a substance that minimizes changes in the concentrations of H+ and OH- in a solution
what occurs in the small intestine?
absorbs nutrients into blood and delivered to cells
What is the portion of the enzyme where the substrate binds called?
active site
Where on an enzyme does the substrate bind?
active site
What does the non-competitive inhibitor bind to?
allosteric site
(personal question for test) what enzyme did you choose and what is it's function?
amylase because it breaks down starches and carbs into sugars
how are competitive and noncompetitive inhibitors different?
bind to different parts of the enzyme
what are non-competitive inhibitors?
binds elsewhere on enzyme causing a shape change in the active site.
how are competitive and noncompetitive inhibitors the same?
both prevent enzyme from working
what was the difference of the potato juice and catalase? (in experiment)
concentration
what is pH?
concentration of H+ ions in solution
what affects protein folding (ultimately affecting enzyme activity)?
concentration, p, concentrations
what affects slope/reaction?
concentration, pH, temperature, adding enzyme, inhibitors
Do enzymes increase or decrease activation energy?
decrease (lower)
As temperature decreases, the rate of reaction______________?
decreases
When enzymes have been inactivated by poisons, heavy metals, or drastic changes is pH or temperature it is called?
denaturing
what was the coenzyme in the penny lab?
extra pair of hands
When the product of a metabolic pathway become the inhibitor of the first enzyme what is it called?
feedback inhibition
what was the inhibitor in the penny lab?
gloves
what were the enzymes in the penny lab?
hands
where is catalase concentration found?
in ALL living things
mechanical digestion
increases surface area of food (chewing)
What are competitive inhibitors?
inhibitor competes with substrate for active site (do not change shape of enzyme)
I digest a disaccharide found in dairy products, what enzyme am I?
lactase
How do enzymes speed up reactions?
lowering activation energy for reaction to occur.
what affects the plateau?
more substrate
what would maintain the rate of the reaction in the penny lab?
more/unlimited pennies
where are carbs digested?
mouth
what was the substrate in the penny lab?
pennies
why are buffers important?
prevent pH changes in biological fluids (ex: blood pH HAS to be 7.4)
what is an enzyme?
protein catalyst that increases the rate of reactions without being consumed
What are the 4 type of nutrient molecules groups?
proteins, carbohydrates, fats/lipids, nucleic acids
why did the rate decrease in the penny lab?
ran out of pennies as time continued
what does slope represent?
rate of reaction (RXN)
what is an active site?
region of the enzyme that binds to substrate (reactant), typically only a few amino acids are directly involved.
What is the primary purpose of inhibitors?
regulation
what does the plateau of the graph mean?
run out of reactants (substrate)
This enzyme is found in your mouth.
salivary amylase
where are fats/lipids digested?
small intestine
where is nucleic acid digested?
small intestine
what do enzymes do?
speed up chemical reactions
chemical digestion
splits food into small molecules that can pass through membranes, also used to build larger molecules
Digests proteins only
stomach
Where are proteins digested?
stomach
Are enzyme-substrate complexes held together by strong or weak bonds?
weak
