Biology Unit 9

living organisms, mineral nutrients, oxygen, water, energy

Five things an ecosystem needs to survive are:

greenhouse effect

Greenhouse gases trap radiation from the sun, thereby heating the earth. This is referred to as the _____.

The more fossil fuels that are burned, the more carbon dioxide enters the atmosphere, more than can theoretically be absorbed by plants or the ocean

How does the burning of fossil fuel affect the carbon cycle?

Consumers eat them and Decomposers decompose them.

How is energy transferred from one organism to another?

destruction of habitat, pollution, over-harvesting

In which of the following ways are animals in coral reefs and the ocean threatened?

atmosphere; photosynthetic; nitrogen; bacteria

Nitrogen and carbon cycles both cycle through the _______ into ecosystems and back into the atmosphere. Carbon uses _____ organisms, while nitrogen uses ________ -fixing _______ on plants.

carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, pebbles, water

What are some possible abiotic factors of an ecosystem?

living things and once-living things

What constitutes the biotic factors of an ecosystem?

nitrogen oxides

What is released during burning that causes acid rain?

Chances of survival increase because the species is part of all the important relationships it needs for ultimate survival.

What is the advantage of protecting entire ecosystems rather than individual species?

legumes

What type of plants do nitrogen-fixing bacteria live on?

nitrogen-fixing bacteria

Which microorganisms are vital to the nitrogen cycle?

use non-chemical alternatives, use fewer pesticides and fertilizers

Which of the following actions do you think humans can do to reduce pollutants in runoff?

producers

Which of the following converts energy from the sun into a form usable by all other forms of life?

plants, temperature, precipitation

Which of the following determines a biome?

Soil is formed from bacteria and lichen on rocks on bare land after a glacier melts, Plants break through cracks and crevices in concrete areas that are not maintained.

Which of the following happen in primary succession?

establishing more open spaces and regulations

Which of the following is the responsibility of government to save habitats?

mosses, bacteria, lichens

Which of the following organisms are involved in primary succession?

nekton, benthos, decomposers, plankton

Which of the following organisms live in aquatic ecosystems?

trophic pyramid

Which of the following shows how energy is lost from one trophic level to the next?

Larger plants require a larger amount of precipitation.

Which of the following statements is true about precipitation affecting plant growth in an area?

using less fuels

Which of these is an individual effort for saving a habitat?

they receive a lot of nutrients and a lot of sunlight

Why are estuaries productive?

Temperate deciduous forests have more diversity because more sunlight is able to penetrate to the forest floor

Why do temperate deciduous forests have more diversity than temperate rain forests?

lichens

______ do not need soil to live and they help break down rocks and contribute nutrients to the soil as they die

Pioneer species

_______________ make an area more livable for other species that will follow them.

mutualism

a close relationship in which two different species provide a benefit to each other

biome

a large area with a specific climate and certain types of plant and animal communities

competition

a relationship between two species who attempt to use the same limited resource

predation

a relationship in which one organism eats another organism

parasitism

a relationship in which one organism lives in or on another organism and feeds off that organism

commensalism

a relationship in which one species benefits from another species and that species is neither harmed nor helped

symbiosis

a relationship in which two organisms live in close association with each other

butterfly effect

a small effect or thing can have a large impact

store water in thick waxy stems

adaptations to desert

thick fur, live underground

adaptations to taiga

population

all the members of one species living together in the same place at the same time

ecosystem

all the organisms living together in their physical environment in a certain area

community

all the populations of all the different species living together in the same ecosystem, interacting with each other

estuary

an area where rivers meet the ocean, or freshwater mixes with saltwater

Littoral zone

area of a lake or pond closest to the shore; home of plants, such as algae, and animals

benthic zone

at the bottom of a pond or lake; home of decomposers, insect larvae, and filter feeders

benthos

bottom-dwelling organisms in water; they are often attached to hard surfaces

biodiversity

contributes to genetic diversity and has medicinal, agricultural, and industrial uses

RNA, DNA, and amino acids

nitrogen is important because it is a part of:

secondary succession

occurs in areas where an ecosystem previously existed.

primary succession

occurs in areas where no ecosystems have occurred before. This includes rocks, cliffs, and sand dunes.

Decomposers

organisms that break down dead and decaying matter

niche

the unique role a species plays in its ecosystem that includes its physical home, the environmental factors it needs to survive, and all its interactions with other species in the same ecosystem

runoff

the water that does not soak into the ground when it rains and then "runs off," normally to a sewer system or a river or ocean

false

true or false: Lichens need soil.

true

true or false: Pioneer species may depend upon lichens to build the soil

true

true or false: Pioneer species need soil, but not as much and not as good quality as the species that follow them.

false

true or false:Lichens depend on pioneer species

rivers, wetlands, lakes, ponds, marshes, swamps

types of freshwater ecosystems

old-field and fire succession

types of secondary succession

keystone species

vital species in an ecosystem

nekton

the free-swimming organisms in water

carrying capacity

the number of a particular species that an ecosystem can support

biodiversity

the numbers and variety of different species in a given area

habitat

the place that an organism lives

carbon cycle

the process in which carbon is cycled between the atmosphere, land, water, and organisms

nitrogen cycle

the process in which nitrogen is transferred between the atmosphere, bacteria, and other organisms

ecological succession

the process of change during which the species in a community are established or replaced

phosphorous cycle

the process of phosphorous moving from the environment to living organisms and back into the environment

false

True or false: Lichens and pioneer species are the last to arrive in an ecosystem.

carbon dioxide; greenhouse; ecosystems

Burning fossil fuels puts an excess amount of _______ in the atmosphere. This increases the _________ effect which could also affect ________ around the world

pyramid of numbers

A ______________ might have producers on the top, rather than on the bottom because one tree, a producer, could be home to 50,000 insects

food web

A _______________ shows all the organisms of an ecosystem and what each organism might eat, as well as what eats them.

species

A group of organisms that are closely related and can mate to produce fertile offspring

food webs

An ecosystem's different eating relationships at all different levels are shown by _______

organism

An individual living thing

omnivores

Animals that eat both plants and animals

carnivore

Animals that eat only other animals.

herbivores

Animals that eat plants only.

altitude; latitude

Another factor that characterizes biomes is _______ and ___________

cell membranes, RNA, bones, DNA, teeth

Phosphorous is important to living things because it is in:

commensalism and mutualism

Symbiosis overlaps both ______ and _______, because they both involve a close relationship between two species

pollution

The single largest threat against a river ecosystem is ___________.

phytoplankton; reproduce; oxygen; aquatic; die

extra nutrients from runoff water makes algae and ___________ extremely happy and they _________ like crazy, causing an algae bloom. Algae blooms can deplete __________ in __________ systems, causing fish and other oxygen dependent organisms to __________.

temperate rain forest, tropical rain forest, temperate deciduous forest, taiga

forest biomes

provide mud for bricks, trap and filter sediments, nutrients, and pollutants, provide habitats for many threatened and endangered species, buffer shorelines against erosion

functions of wetlands

chaparral, temperate grasslands, tundra, savannas, desert

grassland biomes

coastal areas, tropical rain forests, islands

hot spots of biodiversity

They help prevent flooding, The generally negate the harmful effects of garbage on ecosystems, and They provide clean drinking water.

how do wetlands affect humans?

Latitude

how far north or south something is from the equator

altitude

how high something is above sea level

Coral reefs, oceans, Coastal wetlands

marine ecosystems

plankton

protists that float near the surface of the water

threatened species

species that are declining in numbers and are likely to become endangered, if protective measures are not taken

endangered species

species that are likely to become extinct, if protection measures are not taken

food chain

starts with a producer and then shows organisms eating other organisms, with arrows flowing in one direction of what eats what

phosphorus

the ___________ cycle is different because ________ is not found in the atmosphere

carbon

the element of life; it is found in every living or once-living organism.

climax community

the final and stable community of an ecosystem

pioneer species

the first plants and animals to inhabit a newly available ecosystem