Bones and Muscles

Interstitial Lamellae

..., the areas between osteons that are fragments of older osteons that have been partially destroyed during bone rebuilding or growth

False ribs

8-10 cartilage joined to cartilage of rib just superior to them. Indirect connection to sternum

Canaliculi

Hairlike canals that connect lacunae to each other and the central canal

Volkmann Canal or Perforating holes

Horizontal canals inside bones

Ribs

The bones in the chest that protect the heart and lungs.

hyaline cartilage

The most abundant cartilage type in the body; provides firm support with some pliability; is intermediate in density. Examples: ribs and joints

Long bone

The most common class of bone in the body, long bones have a well-defined shaft (the diaphysis) and two well-defined ends (the epiphyses) , A type of bone that is longer than it is wide. Examples include the femur, humerus, and phalanges.

Femur bone

Thigh bone

Tarsals

ankle bones

Coronal sutures

border between frontal and parietals

Sagittal sutures

border between parietals

Zygomatic

cheekbones (inferior, lateral parts of orbital, L and R)

3 structures of cartilage

chondroblasts, chondrocytes, lacunae

Shoulder Girdle

consist of 2 scapula bones, 2 clavicle bones

Vertebrae bones

consist of 7 cervical bones, 12 thoracic bones, 5 lumbar bones, 2 fused bones called sacrum & coccyx

Sternum & Ribs bones

consists of 1 sternum bone, 24 total ribs of which consists of 7 pairs of true ribs, 3 pairs of false ribs, 2 pairs of floating ribs

Anatomy of a long bone

diaphysis, epiphysis, metaphysis, articular cartilage, periosteum, endosteum, medullary cavity

Symphysis pubis

fibrocartilage between the pubic bones at the midline of the body. Allows some separation to occur here at childbirth.

Phalanges

fingers

Red Marrow

functions to form red blood cells, some white blood cells, and platelets; found in cavities of most bones in infants and in the flat bones in adults

Yellow Marrow

gradually replaces red bone marrow in adult bones; functions as storage for fat tissue and is inactive in the formation of blood cells

Metaphysis

growth zone between the epiphysis and the diaphysis during development of a long bone

Appendicular Skeleton

have a total of 126 bones which consist of shoulder girdle, upper limbs, pelvic girdle, lower limbs

Costal Cartilage

hyaline cartilage between ribs and sternum; gives the ribcage more flexibility and facilitates breathing.

3 types of Cartilage

hyaline cartilage, elastic cartilage, fibro cartilage

Ear ossicles

in middle ear, transmit sound, not palpable; consist of 3 small bones; malleus, incus, stapes (Hammer, Anvil, Stirrup) - smallest bones in the body.

Ulna bone

inner and larger bone of the forearm, attached to the wrist and located on the side of the little finger

Tibia bone

large bone on the medial side of the lower leg (front part of the lower leg); shin bone

Frontal

located at the forehead

Mandible

lower jaw (jaw bone)

Chondrocytes

mature cartilage cells, cartilage cells, occupy spaces called lacunae

Lacunae

means "little lake," small pockets situated between lamellae containing osteocytes of compact bone.

Mineral Storage

minerals (especially calcium) are stored and released as needed

Ischium

one of the three bones fused together to form the hip bone; bears the weight of the body when sitting

Concentric Lamellae

onion like layers around each central canal

4 cells that make up bone

osteogenic cells, osteoblast, osteocytes, osteoclasts

Metatarsals

part of the foot between the ankles and toes

Protection

physically shield soft internal organs

Hemopoiesis

production of blood cells occurs in red bone marrow

Support

serving as a structural framework

Fossa

shallow cavity in a bone

Scapula

shoulder blade

Temporal

sides of the skull, around the ear (L and R)

Movement

skeletal muscles attach to bones; contraction causes movement

Sesamoid bone

special type of short bone that forms in tendons; ex: patella; purpose is to alter direction of pull of a tendon

nucleus pulposis

squishy jellylike interior, like a gel; moves around inside the disc when weight distribution changes.

Osteogenic cells

stem cells that develop in osteoblasts-- found inside of the periosteum and endosteum

6 functions of bones

support, protection, movement, mineral storage, hemopoiesis, fat storage

Patella

the bony anterior portion of the knee (kneecap)

Periosteum

the tough, fibrous tissue that forms the outermost covering of bone

Ilium

the upper and widest of the three bones making up the hipbone

Palatines

there are 2 bones and its located in roof of mouth, not palpable or not able to be touched or felt.

Vomer

there is one bone and its between roof of mouth, nose, its not palpable or not able to be touched or felt.

Articular Cartilage

thin hyaline cartilage layer that covers epiphyses (ends) of bones in synovial joints, covers ends of long bones; decreases friction. Example: Remnant of fetal skeletol

True ribs

top 7 pairs of ribs that attach directly to the sternum by costal cartilage

Parietal

top of the head (Left and Right)

Nasal bones

top of the nose (L and R)

Hyoid bone

u-shaped bone at the base of the tongue that supports the tongue and its muscles; located in the neck, just below the mandible; not articulated to any other bones, in other words, it floats; many muscles attach, primarily involved in swallowing.

Maxilla

upper jaw, behind lower nose (L and R)

TMJ or temporo-mandibular joint

where mandible is joined to the temporal bone

Epiphysis

wide ends of each long bone

Carpals

wrists

Osteoblast

a cell from which bone develops, bone forming cell

Fat Storage

adipose cells provide energy reserves for the body

Occipital

back of the head

Osteon

basic structural unit of compact bone

Sphenoid

behind the yes, at the temple, bones that creates the floor of the brain, can only palpate at the themple, roof of mouth near molars.

Ethmoid

between eyes and nose, the bone that makes the sinuses, can't really palpate.

Lambdoid sutures

between occipital and parietals

Squamosal sutures

between parietals and temporals

Structure of Osteon

consist of periosteum, concentric lamellae, cnetral or haversian canal, perforating or volkmann canal, lacunae, canaliculi, osteocytes, interstitial lamellae

Axial Skeleton

consist of vertebrae bones, sternum & ribs bones, skull bones and hyoid bone

Epiphyseal line

the bony structure that results when the cartilage in the epiphyseal (growth) plate is replaced by bone at about ages 18-21, and bone has stopped growing in length

Sternum

the middle of the chest (connects the ribs), breastbone

Inferior nasal concha

2 bones, inside the nasal cavity, its not palpable or not able to be touched or felt

Lacrimal

2 bones, medial side of orbit, its not palpable or not able to be touched or felt

Sulcus

A narrow groove

Endosteum

A thin membrane that lines the medullary cavity

Humerus bone

Arm bone

Metacarpals

Bone of the hand between the wrist and each finger

Cranial bones

Bones of the skull

Supra-Orbital Forament

Frontal Bone markings

The structure of sternum

Manubrium , body of sternum, xiphoid process.

elastic cartilage

Similar to hyaline cartilage but contains elastic fibers. Examples: found in the external ear, nose

Pubis bone

The lower front bones of the pelvic girdle

Flat bone

A type of bone with a thin flattened shape. Examples include the scapula, ribs, and pelvic bones, sternum, skull

Cranial bones

skull bones: ethmoid, frontal, occipital, parietal, sphenoid, and temporal

Cervical vertebrae

the first set of seven vertebrae that form the neck; also known as C1 through C7; C1 is atlas, C2 is axis

Diaphysis

the main (mid) section of a long bone, Shaft of a long bone

Annulus Fibrosis

tough, made of many layers of fibrocartilage.

Fibula bone

• Lies parallel and lateral to the tibia • Although it is longer, it is considerably smaller than the tibia • Articulates proximally with the tibia • Articulates distally with the talus bone of the ankle

fibro cartilage

1. Combines strength and rigidity. 2. Is the strongest of the three types of cartilage. 3. Is found between the vertebra (intervertebral discs); in the pubic symphysis (the area where the two hip bones join anteriorly). Examples: Intervertebral discs, meniscus

Floating ribs

11th and 12th pair of ribs that do not connect to either the sternum or another pair of ribs anteriorly; they are attached posteriorly to the verterbra and are free and palable

Thoracic vertebrae

12 total, numbered T1-T12, larger than cervical, longer papable spinous process, and ribs attach here

Sacrum & Coccyx vertebrae

2 fused vertebrae

Haversian canal

Any of the many tiny canals that contain blood vessels and connective tissue and that form a network in bone

Osteocytes

Former osteoblasts that have become trapped in the matrix they deposited, Mature cells, develop from osteoblasts, control day-to-day activities (each occupies a lacuna, a pocket sandwiched between layers of matrix

Osteocytes

Mature cells, develop from osteoblasts, control day-to-day activities (each occupies a lacuna, a pocket sandwiched between layers of matrix

Epiphyseal plate

a disc of hyaline cartilage that grows during childhood to lengthen the bone

Periosteum

a fibrous, vascular membrane that covers the bone

Foramen

a hole, round or oval opening through a bone

Fissure

a long narrow depression in a surface

Meatus

a tubelike passageway within a bone

Trabeculae

an irregular meshing of small bony plates that makes up spongy bone; spaces are filled with red marrow

Irregular bone

bone that doesn't fit in any other category; mostly spongy bone with thin compacty outer layer; ex, vertebrae, facial bones

Osteoclasts

bone-destroying cells, cells that remove and recycle bone matrix, large cells that resorb or break down bone matrix, releasing calcium ions into the blood

Facial bones

bones of the face: lacrimal, mandibular, maxillary, nasal, vomer, and zygomatic

Medullary Cavity

cavity within the shaft of the long bones filled with bone marrow

Chondroblasts

cells that make cartilage

Clavicle

colar bone

2 types of bone structure

compact bone and spongy bone

Lower Limbs

consist of 2 femur, 2 tibia and 2 fibula, 2 patella, 52 foot bones which consist of 14 tarsals, 10 metatarsals, 28 phalanges

Upper Limbs

consist of 2 humerus bones, 2 radius bones and 2 ulna bones, wrists and hands which total have 54 bones of which consist of 16 carpals, 10 metacarpals, 28 phalanges

Skull

consist of 8 cranial bones, 14 facial bones, 6 ear ossicles

Pelvic girdle

consist of ilium bone, ischium bone, pubis bone

Compact bone

consist of osteon

Structure of Spongy bone

consist of trabeculae of which consist of osteon as well

Short bone

cube shaped..nearly equal in length n width. texture is spongy except for thin layer of compact bone at the surface .Examples in wrist and ankle

5 types of bone

long bone, short bone, flat bone, irregular bone, sesamoid bone

Radius bone

lower arm bone thumb side, next to ulna, only bone in body that can twist round another w/o breaking

Lumbar vertebrae

make up the third set of five vertebrae and form the inward curve of the lower spine; also known as L1 through L5