Brynn's The Industrial Revolution
Gasoline Engine/Car
- First car - modern cars use Benz Gasoline Engine
Monopoly
- hug corporate structures that controlled entire industries or areas of the economy
Impressionism
- photos posed a problem to painters which caused impressionism - Claude Monet and Edgar Degas - Later- Post-impressionism- Vincent Van Gogh
Other Impacts of industrial Rev
- pollution - growth of the middle class - abolitionist movement
Free Market
- unregulated exchange of goods and services, would come to help everyone, not just the rich
Proletariat
- working class
Capitalism vs Communism
Capitalism- Free elections, speech, press, religion, fair public trials, democracy Communism- military states, no civil rights, complete control of gov, harsh punishments
What new tech- energy and materials- were key to the start of the industrial revolution
- Cotton gin and Seed Drill - Steam Engine- vital power source of industrial rev - coal which was needed to power the steam engine and produce iron - companies were finding new ways that were more innovative and efficient to produce iron
what are some of the positive and negative impacts brought on by industrialization?
- Early- population increases b/c of better access to food--> Late- population continues to grow b/c of advances in medicine and health - Early- First step toward improving hygiene and sanitation=healthier population; Edward Jenner creates the 1st vaccine and begins the process of eradication diseases that had been ravaging society--> Late- bigger focus on improving medicine and health and leads to improved health for pop.; discovery of germs and bacteria and their relationships w/ disease and illness; new procedures and developments in hospitals also improve the health of the people - Early- people begin to move to cities; in Britain this is b/c of enclosure;Rapid growth to cities leads them to be unplanned; workers live in tenements; Late--> cities begin urban renewal to better serve their urban pops; cities begin to be careful and planned; paved and lit streets, sewage systems, sidewalks; skyscrapers - Early- innovation only on textiles, agriculture and mining--> Late- innovation shifts its focus to modern tech and improving everyday live--> Transportation, communication, electricity - Early- factories and mines have poor conditions for workers; extremely unsafe; long hrs, few breaks, dangerous environment--> Late- formation of labor unions--> working conditions improve - Early- women are workers in factories; paid less; have to take care of the house holds and provide for their families--> cult of domesticity emerges w/ middle class women as he care takers of home and family- working class women still worked; women get bigger role in society and begin temperance movement and suffrage movement - Early- only middle and upper class kids to school and working class worker--> Late- labor unions got Child Labor Laws which forbid those under a certain age from working and govs set up public schools - Early- standard of living is low but begins to improve b/c of availability of necessities, hygiene--> Late- standard of living improves-- families ate better, better clothing, homes and medicine
Cotton Gin
- Eli Whitney 1794 - quickly and easily separated the seeds from the fiber, greatly reducing the amount of time needed - increased cotton production
Karl Marx
- German philosopher - condemned the ideas of the Utopians as unrealistic and he formulated a new theory, scientific socialism, which he claimed was based on a scientific study of history - he teams up w/ another german socialist, Fredrick Engles, whose father owner a textile factory in england - communist parties tried to revolt to create classless systems-- called marxism - Germany and Russia and etc followed his ideas
What role did advances in transportation play in the British industrial rev?
- Had Turnpike- private roads built by entrepreneurs who charged travelers a toll to use and goods traveled faster as a result and they linked every part of Britain. - Canals- connect rivers and had bridges - Steam locomotive with the steam engine- didn't have to follow the course of a river, allowing factory owners and merchants to ship goods quickly and cheaply over land - Liverpool and Manchester= 2 huge trading cities
What contributed to countries like Germany, France, and the USA being able to quickly catch up to Britain in regards to industrialization?
- Had more abundant supplies of coal, iron, and other resources that Britain did - had the advantage of following Britain and innovating off of what they had already invented - had bigger labor forces
Telephone
- Invented by Alexander Graham Bell in 1876 - revolutionized communication
Small Pox Vaccine
- Invented by Edward Jenner in 1796 (first vaccine) - took out small pox - saved lots of lives - started the science of immunology
Spinning Jenny
- James Hargreaves 1764 - made thread 5x faster - by the end= 120 spools/min
Steam Engine
- James Watt 1775 - could work faster and stronger w/o burning as much fuel - original= Thomas Newcomen
David Ricardo
- Laissez Faire supporter - dedicated himself to economic studies after reading Smith's The Wealth of Nations and he claimed that poor had too many children and had little chance to escape poverty - in his Iron Laws of Wages he noted that when wages were high, families had children, but more children increased the supply of labor, which led to lower wages and higher unemployment
Who contributed to the advances in medicine during the industrial rev and how did they contribute to the population explosion
- Louis Pasteur- pasteurization process- milk; also helped discover how to develop vaccines - Robert Koch- identified the bacterium that causes tuberculosis, which lead to the cure yrs later - as people understood how germs caused disease they bather and changed their clothes more often- better hygiene helped decrease the rate of disease - Florence Nightingale- an army nurse during the Crimean War, insisted in better hygiene in field hospitals and after the war, she worked to introduce sanitary measures in British hospitals and she founded the world's first school of nursing - Joseph Lister and the invention of antiseptics - Edward Jenner- Smallpox vaccine
Describe the primary differences between socialism, Marxism, and communism.
- Marxism- workers' rev; before the communist manifesto Karl Marx wrote Das Capital- felt that b/c workers were the key to industrial production and value that they should be in charge not the owners - socialism is the next step and is the result of marxism and its revolutions - communism is the end result where EVERYONE is ====
Charles Lyell
- Principle of Geology offered evidence to show that Earth had formed over millions of yrs and that it was older than imagined
Who were the early innovators and inventors who helped propel the textile industry into the industrial age?
- Spinning Jenny invented by James Hargreaves - John Kay invented the flying shuttle - Richard Arkwright created the water frame - Eli Whitney invented the Cotton Gin
Utilitarianism
- The belief that right and wrong can be measured by the greatest happiness of the greatest # of people
Jeremy Bentham
- Was a British philosopher and economist who advocated for utilitarianism - focused on legal reform - he didn'þ just suggest new laws, he also detailed plans for how to implement his proposals - His ideas were influential during his time and some of his reforms were enacted - all laws or actions should be judged by their utility and strongly supported individual freedom, which he believed guaranteed happiness - influenced John Stuart Mill
Industrial Rev
- a gradual but drastic change in society that was brought about by an increase in production, the use of machines, and the use of new energy sources - began in Great Britain between 1750-1900s
Cartel
- association that join together to control the production and price of a product
Corporation
- businesses that are owned by many investors who buy shares of stock and w/ large amounts of capital, corporations could expand into many areas
Explain some of the core ideas contained in Marx and Engle's work The Communist Manifesto.
- communism - class struggle was inevitable and would lead to the creation of a classless society in which all wealth and property would be owned by the community as a whole - would bring a classless society in which the means of production would be owner in common for good of all - theorized that economics was the driving force in history and he argued that there was the history of class struggles between the haves and the have-nots - despised capitalism
Capitalism
- competition - Comes from Adam Smith--> Wealth of Nations - published same yr as US - Is an economic system based on a free markets, competition, and private ownership - Key-- Competition-motivates economic stakeholders to work hard; innovation and efficiency Private ownership- companies and industries are privately owner- so profits go to individuals; b/c individuals want to gain more personally- they compete and innovate- and are motivated by profit Laissez Faire gov- gov generally stays out of economic affairs to allow competition and the free market to work unhindered Pros- work hard than better chance to be successful competition is motivation and leads to improvements and innovation Cons- large gap between the richest and poorest in society promotes human greed, which can lead to cheating
describe the movement of women to obtain more rights during the later part of the industrial rev; who were the key figures; what rights were they fighting for
- fought for the temperance movement- ban of alcohol - Elizabeth Cady Stanton- played a major role in women's rights movement; drafted speeches and many of the movement's important docs; helped plan and lead the 1848 Seneca Falls Convention - women's suffrage- right to vote - Sojourner Truth- an African American suffragist; she traveled the country to spread the truth about injustice and to preach for human/women's rights - women went on strike and fought for reforms for the right to vote
cult of domesticity and how as this different from the earlier ideas and values of the industrial rev
- idealized women and the home - women weren't supposed to work and were supposed to stay home and take care of the house and the kids
Capital
- in order to develop mining and other industries this was needed - money used to invest in enterprises-a business or organization in an area such as shipping or mining
John Stuart Mill
- influenced by Bentham - British philosopher and economist - believed strongly in individual freedom but thought the gov should step in to improve the hard lives of the working class - called for giving the vote to workers and women and these groups could then use their political power to win reforms - middle class rejected his ideas
What are the key features of capitalism as outlined by Adam Smith in his book The Wealth of Nations?
- introduced the idea of free market - supported the laissez faire - said that the free market would produce more goods at lower prices, making them affordable to everyone and a growing economy would also encourage capitalists to reinvest profits
Dynamite
- invented by Alfred Noble - widely used in construction and warfare and mines
Internal Combustion Engine
- invented by Gottleib Dailmer in 1885 - internal combustion engine is what is used in all motorized vehicles today
Radio
- invented by Guglielmo Marconi - made the first microwave radio - wireless communication over long distances
Bessemer Process
- invented by Henry Bessemer 1855 - made steel affordable and allowed it to emerge as primarily industrial material - also made it more durable
Seed Drill
- invented by Jethro Tull in 1701 - Pushed machine that creates lined holes/canals in the dirt and places the seed inside of it - quicker and more effcient - better quality plants - more plant yield
Antiseptic
- invented by Joseph Lister in 1867 - used during surgery/medical procedures - greatly reduced infections
Pasteurization Process
- invented by Louis Pasteur in 1864 - process for removing bacteria from food
Electrical Generator/Dynamo Engine
- invented by Michael Faraday in 1832 - first generator that could create electricity
Diesel Engine
- invented by Rudolf Diesel in 1893 - Diesel engine was more hard working and ran on cheaper/longer lasting diesel fuel
Colt Revolver/Interchangeable Parts
- invented by Samuel Colt in 1836 - popularized the use of assembly line and interchangeable parts- identical components that could be used in place of one another, simplified assembly and repair
Telegraph/Morse Code
- invented by Samuel Morse in 1855 - quick way to transmit info and communitcate
Light Bulb
- invented by Thomas Edison in 1878 - created accessible and affordable light bulb - also lead to spread and use of electricity
Louis Daguerre
- invented the camera/taking photos
What was life like for the working class during the industrial rev?
- lived in tenements- multistory buildings divided into apartments; had no running water - they were often cramped and disease ran wild - no sewage or sanitary systems - labor unions- organizations of workers who bargained for better pay and working conditions- formed b/c people were upset abt how they were being treated in factories
describe conditions one might find in early factories and mines that operated during this era?
- people worked long hrs for low wages - dangerous and harsh - children and women worked in factories and were often payed less for the same amount of work as the men - they could be easily replaced - women were expected to both provide for their families and take care of the house - mines were especially dangerous and gave its workers health issues
Social Darwinism and how did it relate to the industrial rev
- published the Origin of Species and argued that all forms of live had evolved into their present state over millions of yrs - theory of evolution through natural selection - social Darwinists said that war was a form of natural selection and that the best in the human species survive/win - said that the best businesses survive b/c they were developed the best for survival and was a way of weeding out the bad businesses - encouraged racism
describe the changes that took place in transportation and communitcation during the 1800s.
- railroads, and cars were developed - also first airplanes - telegraph and telephone were invented
Methodism
- religious movement created by John Wesley - stressed the need for personal sense of faith and he encouraged his followers to improve themselves by adopting sober and moral ways
John Dalton
- showed that each element has its own kind of atoms - showed how different kinds of atoms combine to make all chemical substances
how did these social changes impact the art, writing, and religious beliefs of this time period; who were some of the notable figure involved in this cultural shift and what were their major contributions
- social gospel formed b/c of bad conditions in slums and tenements- a movement that urged Christians to social services and they campaigned for reforms in housing, healthcare and education - romanticism- emphasized imagination, freedom, and emotion; shaped much of western literature and art--> William Wordsworth and Lord Byron- depicted a different type of character--> Victor Hugo, Ludwig van Beethoven - Realism- an attempt to represent the world as it was, w/o the heightened sentiment and idealized emotions of romanticism. often stressed the harsh side of life--> Charles Darwin, Gustave Courbet
Entrepreneur
- someone who manages and assumes the financial risks of starting a new business
Socialism
- system in which the people as a whole rather than private individuals own all property and operate all businesses - high regulation of production of goods - redistribution of wealth - the gov now under the control of the proletarait takes a greater role in society- specifically in the redistribution of wealth and property - primarily through taxes and social welfare programs - A Proletarait Dictatorship - gov uses these taxs to provide = access to social welfare services- education, healthcare, transportation
3 Major industries of the industrial rev
- textile - Iron - steel
What agricultural advances helped spur the industrial revolution?
- the Dutch started out by making fields bigger and using fertilizer to renew the soil - British farmers educated each other through farming journals - Jethro Tull invented the seed drill - Eli Whitney invented the Cotton Gin
Social mobility
- the ability to move up the social scale - increased in the industrial rev
What was the role of the British textile industry in the spread and growth of the industrial rev?
- the biggest industry in Britain and it brought a lot of trade to them so they were rich and had a lot of money - it was high in demand - provided motivation to increase production and it decreased prices - when other countries came to trade they saw what Britain had developed and took their ideas home innovated and developed more.
Standard of Living
- the level of material goods and services available to people in a society - consistently rose during the industrial rev
describe the social classes that had emerged by the end of the 1800s and what groups made up each class
- the new middle class- made of the successful businessmen and people benefiting from the industrial rev; enjoyed things that the upper class did and were very similar to that class - the working/urban class- worked in factories, lived in tenements
What was the impact of enclosure on the industrial revolution in Britain?
- the process of taking over and combining lands formerly shared by peasant farmers - British Parliament made laws that made it easier for landowners to enclose land - As a result many farmers lost their land and lost work -jobless farmers migrated to towns and cities and found work in cities - urbanization happened - there was a boom in population
How did life in Europe change as industry spread?
- the rural life disappeared and people moved to urban cities - travelers moved around easier because of new inventions such as the steamship or train - communication improved with inventions such as the telephone or the telegraph - health improved as new medicines were invented such as the smallpox vaccine and health also improved because there was more food available - standard of living - wealth
Germ theory
- the theory that infectious diseases are caused by certain microbes -developed by Louis Pasteur
Describe the under class system, including the new industrial middle class, that emerged during this time period
- there was a development of a new class system-> new urban and middle class - middle- entrepreneurs and others who benefited from the growth of industry and the rise of cities; enjoyed a comfortable lifestyle - urban- moved to cities and took jobs; often lived in cramped tenements and maybe became part of labor unions b/c of unfair working conditions; they felt lost and factory and mine workers developed their own sense of community - rural- had strong ties to the community, where families lived for generations - middle class took pride in their hard work and how they rose form rags to riches
describe the change in the standard of living from the beginning to the end of the industrial rev
- there was a huge increase in the standard of living but there was still a huge gap between the upper, middle, and working classes
What were some of the effects of industrialization within these countries?
- theses countries advanced rapidly and made more useful and better innovations to the things that Britain had already invented - the US was manufacturing about 30% of the world's industrial goods - most of these nations passed Europe in innovations - Also went through social changes--> rapid urbanization - created more jobs for people - produced hugs quantities of goods at lower prices - World trade increased
how did cities begin to change in the late 1800s
- they began to be planned as they were expanded - urban renewal- rebuilding of poor areas of a city and also the unplanned messiness of a city - overall cities began to be improved-- streets and buildings and sewage - still issues surrounding tenements and slums
Why did the industrial rev begin in Britain?
- they had a lot of Coal - their textile industry brought in a lot of trade and provided motivation for the workers - Steam engine was invented there - urbanization
What concerns did people have about the rise of so-called big business
- they were upset that capitalists invested their money in worldwide ventures- railroads that employed a lot of workers - they claimed that monopolies increase efficiency by driving out less efficient corporations - thought that they were robber barons who ruthlessly destroyed competing companies in pursuit of profit and w/ the competition gone, they were free to raise prices - destroying competition, critics said, damaged free-enterprise and they called for laws to prevent monopolies
Describe the causes and effects of the urbanization that occurred during this time period.
- urbanization- the movement of people to cities - changes in farming, soaring population growth, and an increasing demand for workers led urbanization - towns formed around coal and iron mines - land started to become more polluted - helped create a new middle and urban class - people were rising from rags to riches - the middle class benefited the most because they were now able to do and afford things that upper and noble class was - led to the building of tenements which caused disease and unsanitary conditions to become common
describe the emergence, growth, and spread of public education
- wanted to educate the working force and now that labor laws were limiting child labor they had to do something - public schools were created and children started to be required to go - they gradually improved and teachers began to be trained before teaching - upper and middle class sent their kids to secondary schools and universities
Thomas Malthus
- was a laissez faire thinker whose writings influenced economic ideas for generation - An essay on the principle of population- he predicted that poverty was unavoidable b/c the population was increasing faster than the food supply - thought that the on;y check on population growth were nature's natural methods or war, disease, and famine - as long as the pop. kept increasing, the poor would suffer-- urged families to have fewer children and discourage charitable handouts and vaccinations
Robert Owen
- was an industrial success story - started life as a poor welsh boy and became a successful mill owner - refused child labor - he campaigned for laws that limited child labor and encouraged the organization of labor unions - was a untopian - set up a model community in Scotland to put his ideas to practice - was a profitable socialist community
Communism
- was developed by Karl Marx and Frederick Engles-- The Communist Manifesto - is an economic system based on gov command and control, equality, and state ownership - Step 1- Marxism- workers rev - Step 2- Socialism- transition/redistribution - Step 3- Communism- everyone is equal/shares - everyone is =/shares - an idealistic final transformation of society - the Proletariat Dictatorship fades away as it is no longer needed - no social classes, state, property - all is shared under common ownership of the people - people are willing to contribute to society and only take what they need no jealousy -pros- eliminate greed; all =; no conflict -cons- unrealistic; require drastic change in human psyche; gives gov a high degree of power and control over society; no motivation for innovation
Putting-out-system
- when families were given raw cotton and they sun it into thread and then wove it into cloth - OLD system
explain the advancements of the working class that became apparent during the later half of the 1800s
- workers formed mutual aid societies- self help groups to aid sick or injured - men and women organized unions and fought for better working conditions through things like strikes - govs starting passing laws to regulate working hrs and child labor laws - banned employment of women in mines - laws improved safety in factories and mines - wages increased
Assembly line
- workers on an assembly line add parts to a product that moves along a belt from one workstation to the next and a different person performs each task
