Business Law Final Exam (Chapter's 8, 20-25)

Chapter 20: Employment Law and Worker Protection - What determines if the injury is covered?

- ***** for an injury to be compensable under workers' comp, he must prove that he was harmed by an *employment-related injury*

Chapter 20: Employment Law and Worker Protection - Know the rights of the employee

- *Occupational Safety and Health Act = a federal act enacted in 1970 that promotes safety in the workplace - *Fair Labor Standards Act (FLSA) a federal act enacted in 1938 to protect workers. It prohibits child labor and spells out minimum wage and overtime pay requirements - Family and Medical Leave Act (FMLA) a federal act that guarantees workers up to 12 weeks of unpaid leave in a 12 month period to attend to family and medical emergencies and other specified situations - Consolidated Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act (COBRA) a federal law that permits employees and their beneficiaries to continue their group health insurance after an employee's employment has ended - Employee Retirement Income Security Act (ERISA) a federal act designed to prevent fraud and other abuses associated with private pension funds - *unemployment compensation compensation that is paid to workers who are temporarily unemployed - *Social Security a federal system that provides limited retirement and death benefits to covered employees and their dependents

Chapter 24: Environmental Protection - What is the controlling government agency and what does it control?

Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) = a federal administrative agency created by Congress to coordinate the implementation and enforcement of the federal environmental protection laws - has judicial (to hold hearings, make decisions, and order remedies for violations of federal environmental laws, can initiate judicial proceedings in court against suspected violators of fed env laws), legislative (broad rule-making powers to adopt regulation to advance the laws that it is empowered to administer), & executive powers - needed bc industries are focused on making a profit rather than protecting the environment - environment became a business issue rather than a moral issue

Chapter 25: Real Property and Land Use Regulation - Know the different ways to own property

Estates in Land - estate in land (estate) ownership rights in real property; the bundle of legal rights that an owner has to possess, use, and enjoy the property 1. freehold estate an estate in which the owner has a present possessory interest in the real property a. fee simple absolute (fee simple) a type of ownership of real property that grants the owner the fullest bundle of legal rights that a person can hold in real property b. fee simple defeasible (qualified fee) grants the owner all the incidents of a fee simple absolute except that it may be taken away if a specified condition occurs or does not occur c. life estate an interest in real property for a person's lifetime; upon that person's death, the interest is transferred to another party - estate pour autre vie = a life estate that is measured by the life of a third party 2. concurrent ownership: a situation in which two or more persons own a piece of real property a. joint tenancy: a form of co-ownership that includes the right of survivorship (a legal rule which provides that upon the death of one joint tenant, the deceased person's interest in the real property automatically passes to the surviving joint tenant or joint tenants) b. tenancy in common: a form of co-ownership in which the interest of a surviving tenant in common passes the deceased tenant's estate and not to the co-tenants c. tenancy in entirety: a form of co-ownership of real property that can be used only by married couples: surviving spouse has the right of survivorship; need spouse's consent d. community property: a form of ownership in which each spouse owns an equal one half share of the income of both spouses and assets acquired during the marriage: upon death, the surviving spouse automatically receives 1/2 of the community property; need consent to transfer e. condominium: a common form or ownership in a multiple dwelling building where the purchaser has title to the individual unit and owns the common areas as a tenant in common with the other condominium owners f. cooperative: a form of co-ownership of a multiple dwelling building in which a corporation owns the building and the residents own shares in the corporation; need consent

Chapter 8: Intellectual Property and Cyber Piracy - Know the Chart put on the board in class (a comparison of the characteristics of different IPs)

- (IP) Intellectual Property: patents, copyrights, trademarks, and trade secrets. Federal and state laws protect intellectual property rights from misappropriation and infringement Types: 1. Patents a grant by the federal government upon the inventor of an invention for the exclusive right to use, sell, or license the invention for a limited amount of time - gov'd by Federal Patent Statute - a federal statute that establishes the requirements for obtaining a patent and protects patented inventions from infringement - utility patent - a patent that protects the functionality of an invention - good for 20 yrs - design patent - a patent that may be obtained for the ornamental nonfunctional design of an item - good for 14 yrs - What? machines, processes, compositions of matter, improvements to existing machines, process or compositions of matter, designs for an article of manufacture, asexually reproduced plants, living material invented by a person - requirements: novel, useful, nonobvious - one-year "on sale" doctrine (public use doctrine) - a doctrine that says a patent may not be granted if the invention was used by the public for more than one year prior to the filing of a patent application 2. Copyrights a legal right that gives the author of the qualifying subject matter, and who meets other requirements established by copyright law, the exclusive right to publish, produce, sell, license, and distribute the work - automatically granted when an author produces his or her work (when it's in writing, cheapest way = to send it in mail to urself) - - fair use doctrine = a doctrine that permits certain limited use of a copyright by someone other than the copyright holder without the permission of the copyright holder (1. quote in scholarly work; 2. parody/satire; 3. brief quote in news; 4. reproduction by teacher for lesson; 5. reproduction of a work in legislative/judicial proceeding; 6. incidental reproduction in broadcast/newsreel) 3. Trade Secrets: a product formula, pattern, design, compilation of data, consumer list, or other business secret - gov's by "Uniform Trade Secrets Act" adopted by most states - NEVER expires - Trade secrets can be product formulas, patterns, design, compilations of data, customer lists, etc - can lawfully reverse engineer (taking apart and examining rival's product/ re-creating a secret recipe) a trade secret - owner = duty to safeguard trade secret (if owner fails to take such actions, the secret is no longer subject to protection) 4. Trademarks a distinctive mark, symbol, name, word, motto, or device that identifies the goods of a particular business

Chapter 23: Consumer Protection - Know the rules on sales practices contained in the chapter.

- Federal Trade Commission (FTC) a federal administrative agency empowered to enforce the Federal Trade Commission Act (Section 5 of the FTC Act a provision in the FTC act that prohibits unfair and deceptive practices) and other federal consumer protection statutes Unfair & Deceptive Practices = - false & deceptive Advertising = advertising = F & D if 1. contains misinformation / omits impt info that is likely to mislead a reasonable consumer or 2. makes an unsubstantiated claim - Bait & Switch = occurs when a seller advertises the availability of an item ("the bait") to attract customers to its store; but once customers are in the stores, the seller pressures them to purchase other merchandise ("the switch") - Door-to-Door sales, involve agressive sales tactics to overcome consumer's resistance to sale; many states have enacted laws to give consumers a certain # of days to rescind a door to door sales contract (3 days); also, do not call registry

Chapter 24: Environmental Protection - What is the NEPA?

- National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) a federal statute that mandates that the federal government consider the adverse impact a federal government action would have on the environment before the action is implemented (the law that makes the EIS a thing)

Chapter 21: Labor and Immigration Law - What is the NLRB and what does it do?

- National Labor Relations Act (NLRA) (Wagner Act) a federal statute enacted in 1935 that establishes the right of employees to form and join labor organizations - National Labor Relations Board (NLRB) a federal administrative agency that oversees union elections, prevents employers and unions from engaging in illegal and unfair labor practices, and enforces and interprets certain federal labor laws mainly oversees the formation of unions -- - oversees union elections (only contested & decertification, not consent) - appropriate collective bargaining unit - interference with elections - enforces/ interprets federal labor laws - Section 7 of the NLRA a federal law that gives employees the right to form, join, and assist labor unions; to bargain collectively with employers; and to engage in concerted activity to promote these rights

Chapter 20: Employment Law and Worker Protection - What is OSHA and what does it do?

- Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) a federal administrative agency that is empowered to enforce the Occupational Safety and Health Act - empowered to adopt rules & regulations to interpret and enforce the Occupational Health and Safety Act (a federal act enacted in 1970 that promotes safety in the workplace) - specific duty standards OSHA standards that set safety rules for specific equipment, procedures, types of work, unique work conditions, and the like - general duty standard an OSHA standard that requires an employer to provide a work environment free from recognized hazards that are causing or are likely to cause death or serious physical harm to employees - general catch all term bc can be in violation even if all standards are met..... things change between their visit & the point where violation/injury occurs

Chapter 22: Antitrust Law and Unfair Trade Practices - What two tests do courts use to look at restraints of trade?

- Section 1 of the Sherman Act = a section that prohibits contracts, combinations, and conspiracies in restraint of trade - rule of reason a rule which holds that only unreasonable restraints of trade violate Section 1 of the Sherman Act. The court must examine the pro- and anticompetitive effects of a challenged restraint - per se rule a rule that is applicable to restraints of trade considered inherently anticompetitive. Once this determination is made about a restraint of trade, the court will not permit any defenses or justifications to save it

Chapter 22: Antitrust Law and Unfair Trade Practices - How do you prove monopoly?

- Section 2 of the Sherman Act a section that prohibits monopolization and attempts or conspiracies to monopolize trade 1. possesses monopoly power (monopoly power: the power to control prices or exclude competition, measured by the market share the defendant possesses in the relevant market) 2. in the relevant market - relevant product or service market a relevant market that includes substitute products or services that are reasonable interchangeable with the defendant's products or services - relevant geographical market a relevant market that is defined as the area in which the defendant and its competitors sell the product or service 3. has engaged in a willful act of monopolization - act of monopolizing an act that is required to find a violation of Section 2 of the Sherman Act. Possession of monopoly power without such act does not violate Section 2 - the defendant's engagement in a willful act of monopolizing trade or commerce in the relevant market

Chapter 22: Antitrust Law and Unfair Trade Practices - What is tying?

- Section 3 of the Clayton Act an act that prohibits tying arrangements involving sales and leases of goods - tying arrangement a restraint of trade in which a seller refuses to sell one product to a customer unless the customer agrees to purchase a second product from the seller

Chapter 22: Antitrust Law and Unfair Trade Practices - What is the difference between a vertical and horizontal merger?

- Section 7 of the Clayton Act a section which provides that it is unlawful for a person or business to acquire the stock or assets of another 'where in any line of commerce or in any activity affecting commerce in any section of the country, the effect of such may be to substantially lessen competition or to tend to create a monopoly - horizontal merger a merger between two or more companies that compete in the same business and geographical market - vertical merger a merger that integrates the operations of a supplier and customer

Chapter 21: Labor and Immigration Law - What are the rules on voting?

- Section 8(a) if the NLRA a law that makes it an unfair labor practice for an employer to interfere with, coerce, or restrain employees from exercising their statutory right to form and join unions **** cannot give positive or negative announcements, only data that is factual - Title I of the Landrum-Griffin Act Labor's "bill of rights," which gives each union member equal rights and privileges to nominate candidates for union office, vote in elections, and participate in membership meetings - types of elections: - contested = an election for a union that is an employer's management contests. The NLRB must supervise this type of election - consent = management does not contest an election, may be held without NLRB supervision - decertification = if employees no longer want to be rep'd by a union, must be supervised by NLRB

Chapter 23: Consumer Protection - What agencies are involved in consumer protection and what do they cover?

- U.S. Department of Agriculture a federal administrative agency that is responsible for regulating the safety of meat, poultry, and other food products - Food and Drug Administration (FDA) the federal administrative agency that administers and enforces the federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act and other federal consumer protection laws - the FDA can seek search warrants and conduct inspections; obtain orders for the seizure, recall, and condemnation of products; seek injunctions; and turn over suspected criminal violations to the U.S. Department of Justice for prosecution - Consumer Product Safety Commission (CPSC) a federal administrative agency empowered to adopt rules & regulations to interpret & enforce the Consumer Product Safety Act (= a federal statute that regulates potentially dangerous consumer products and that created the CPSC) - Federal Trade Commission (FTC) a federal administrative agency empowered to enforce the Federal Trade Commission Act (Section 5 of the FTC Act a provision in the FTC act that prohibits unfair and deceptive practices) and other federal consumer protection statutes - Consumer Financial Protection Bureau -- a federal administrative agency that is responsible for enforcing federal consumer financial protection statutes (such as Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform & CPA)

Chapter 23: Consumer Protection - Know the Health Care Reform Act.

- a 2010 federal statute that increases the # of persons who have health care insurance in the US & provides new protections for insured persons from abusive practices of insurance companies - amended from Patient Protection & Affordable Care Act; & Health Care & Education Reconciliation Act

Chapter 21: Labor and Immigration Law - Know the rules on formation of a union (e.g. who can be in and all other aspects discussed in class)

- appropriate bargaining unit (bargaining unit) a group of employees that a union is seeking to represent - may be employees of a single company or plant, a group within a single company (ex maintenance worker's at all of a company's plants), or an entire industry (ex nurses at all hospitals in the country) - managers and professional employees may not belong to unions formed by employees whom they manage - inaccessibility exception a rule that permits employees and union officials to engage in union solicitation on company property if the employees are beyond reach of reasonable union efforts to communicate with them - unfair labor practice for employer to interfere with, coerce, or restrain employees from exercising their statutory rights - - collective bargaining the act of negotiating contract terms between an employers and the members of a union; compulsory, permissive, and illegal subjects - union security agreements: closed, union, & agency shop

Chapter 21: Labor and Immigration Law - What are the rules on legal shops?

- closed shop -- an employer agrees to hire only employees who are already members of a union -- are illegal in the US - union shop a workplace in which an employee must join the union with a certain # of days after being hired - agency shop a workplace in which an employee does not have to join the union but must pay an agency fee to the union

Chapter 21: Labor and Immigration Law - What can be negotiated in bargaining?

- collective bargaining the act of negotiating contract terms between an employers and the members of a union - collective bargaining agreement a contract formed during a collective bargaining procedure - compulsory subjects of collective bargaining = wages, hours, and other terms and conditions of employment (other things -- fringe/health benefits, retirement plans, work assignments, safety rules) - permissive subjects = subjects that are not compulsory, but are not illegal (ex - size & composition of supervisors, location of plants, corporate reorganization) - illegal subjects = cannot be subjects of negotiation or agreement (ex - discrimination, closed shops)

Chapter 25: Real Property and Land Use Regulation - Know the different ways to jointly own property

- concurrent ownership (co-ownership) a situation in which two or more persons own a piece of real property 1. joint tenancy a form of co-ownership that includes the right of survivorship - right of survivorship a legal rule which provides that upon the death of one joint tenant, the deceased person's interest in the real property automatically passes to the surviving joint tenant or joint tenants 2. tenancy in common a form of co-ownership in which the interest of a surviving tenant in common passes the deceased tenant's estate and not to the co-tenants 3. tenancy by the entirety a form of co-ownership of real property that can be used only by married couples 4. community property a form of ownership in which each spouse owns an equal one half share of the income of both spouses and assets acquired during the marriage 5. condominium a common form or ownership in a multiple dwelling building where the purchaser has title to the individual unit and owns the common areas as a tenant in common with the other condominium owners 6. cooperative a form of co-ownership of a multiple dwelling building in which a corporation owns the building and the residents own shares in the corportation

Chapter 24: Environmental Protection - What is an environmental impact statement?

- environmental impact statement (EIS) a document that must be prepared for any proposed legislation or any major federal action that significantly affects the quality of the human environment

Chapter 20: Employment Law and Worker Protection - Know the history and rules on Workers Comp discussed in class

- history: the brooklyn bridge --- nitrogen build up in works bc of no equalizing, workers were fired bc were easy to replace - purpose of corp = maximize profits to shareholders, does ethics fit in? - govt stepped in & made regulations for worker protection - Triangle Shirtwaist factory in manhattan filled with young immigrant women in 1911 -- 146 dead in 30 mins bc of a fire - worker's compensation = compensation paid to workers and their families when workers are injured in connection with their jobs - states adopted worker's compensation acts (state run fed program) - workers' compensation insurance = insurance that employers obtain and pay for from private insurance companies or from government sponsored programs. Some states permit employers to self-insure ***** for an injury to be compensable under workers' comp, he must prove that he was harmed by an employment-related injury

Chapter 25: Real Property and Land Use Regulation - What improvements become part of the real property?

- n English common law, real property, real estate, realty, or immovable property is land which is the property of some person and all structures (also called improvements or fixtures) integrated with or affixed to the land, including crops, buildings, machinery, wells, dams, ponds, mines, canals, and roads, among other things. - unless otherwise agreed, plant life & vegetation & fixtures = included in the sale

Chapter 23: Consumer Protection - As discussed in class, know why consumer protection laws exist.

- originally - "caveat emptor" -- "let the buyer beware" - this led to abusive business practices (esp food & drink) to make a profit, which led to consumer protection laws - now, we are removed from our products & we need protections - consumer protection laws federal and state statutes and regulations that promote product safety and prohibit abusive, unfair, and deceptive business practices - caveat emptor "let the buyer beware" --- traditional guideline of sales transactions

Chapter 25: Real Property and Land Use Regulation - What is real property?

- real property the land itself as well as buildings, trees, soil, minerals, timber, plants, and other things permanently affixed to the land - immovable, tangible objects * land and buildings * subsurface rights * plant life & vegitation * fixtures * air rights

Chapter 25: Real Property and Land Use Regulation - Know the specific points covered in class.

- real property = immovable objects - fixtures, cultivated plant life = a part of land & the sale unless otherwise agreed upon - estates in land: Freehold estates (fee simple absolute, fee simple qualified, life estate) & Concurrent ownership (joint tenancy, tenancy in common, tenancy in entirety, community property, condominium, cooperative) - landlord-tenant relationship

Chapter 21: Labor and Immigration Law - What defense does a company have to a potential strike?

- strike a cessation of work by union members in order to obtain economic benefits or correct an unfair labor practice cooling-off period = a mandatory 60 days' notice before a strike can commence ** an employer may dismiss the striking workers if is a strike without the proper 60 days' notice (which is illegal) - no-strike clause = a clause in a collective bargaining agreement whereby a union agrees it will not strike during an agreed-upon period of time - *employer lockout an act of an employer to prevent employees from entering the work premises when the employer reasonably anticipates a strike - illegal strike = violent, sit-down, partial/intermittent, wildcat -- an employer can discharge illegal strikers - legal strikes involve a majority vote of the members & a mandatory 60 day cooling off period - picketing = the action of strikers walking in front of an employer's premises, carrying signs announcing their strike - secondary boycott picketing = a type of picketing in which a union tries to bring pressure against an employer by picketing the employer's suppliers or customers

Chapter 25: Real Property and Land Use Regulation - Know the different rights in property

- subsurface rights (mineral rights) rights to the earth located beneath the surface of the land - air rights rights to air space parcels above their land that the owners or land may sell or lease - estate in land (estate) ownership rights in real property; the bundle of legal rights that an owner has to possess, use, and enjoy the property - right of survivorship a legal rule which provides that upon the death of one joint tenant, the deceased person's interest in the real property automatically passes to the surviving joint tenant or joint tenants --- future interest the interest that a grantor retains for himself or herself or a third party reversion a right of possession that returns to a grantor after the expiration of a limited or contingent estatae remainder a right of possession that returns to a third party upon the expiration of a limited or contingent estate; a person who possesses this right is called a remainder benficiary - easement a given or required right to make limited use of someone else's land without owning or leasing it - Civil Rights Act of 1866 a federal statute that prohibits discrimination in the selling and renting of property based on race or color - Fair Housing Act of 1968 a federal statue that makes it unlawful for a party to refuse to sell, rent, finance, or advertise housing to any person because of his or her race, color, national origin, sex, religion, disability, or familial status (eg, pregnant women, family with children) - Title III of the ADA a section of a federal statute that prohibits discrimination on the basis of physical or mental disability in places of public accommodation operated by private entities - eminent domain the government's power to take private property for public use, provided that just compensation is paid to the private property holder (Just Compensation Clause a clause of the U.S. Constitution that requires the government to compensate the property owner, and possibly others, when the government takes property under its power of eminent domain) - landlord tenant relationship: leasehold a tenant's interest in property lessor (landlord) an owner who transfers a leasehold lessee (tenant) a party to whom a leasehold is transferred tenancy for years a tenancy created when a landlord and a tenant agree on a specific duration for a lease periodic tenancy a tenancy created when a lease specifies intervals at which payments are due but does not specify the duration of the lease tenancy at will a tenancy created by a lease that may be terminated at any time by either party tenancy at sufferance a tenancy created when a tenant retains possession of property after the expiration of another tenancy or a life estate without the owner's consent implied warranty of habitability a warranty which provides that leased premises must be fit, safe, and suitable for residential use

Chapter 20: Employment Law and Worker Protection - What is vesting?

- the conveying to an employee of inalienable rights to money contributed by an employer to a pension fund or retirement plan... - when an employee has a non-forfeitable right to receive pension benefits, getting to keep benefits slowly over time, includes stocks

Chapter 20: Employment Law and Worker Protection - What type of remedy is workers comp?

- workers' comp is an exclusive remedy - workers cannot both receive workers' comp & sue their employers in court for damages - does not bar injured workers from suing responsible third parties - eradicates time and cost assoc. w lawsuits (no income for employees during that time) - corps avoid litigation with workers comp insurance - exception: intentional injury on the job, if employer intentionally injures an employee on the job, the worker can collect workers' comp benefits & can also sue the employer

Chapter 8: Intellectual Property and Cyber Piracy - Know the rules on creation of the different types of intellectual property (IP)

1. Patent - to obtain patent, a patent application (or provisional patent application if need more time) must be filed with the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office (PTO) in DC - can do online, written description of the invention - should hire patent attorney - if granted, u get patent number - if filed but have not yet been issued, patent pending - to be patented, an invention must be 1. novel, 2. useful, and 3, nonobvious 2. Copyright - to be protected under federal copyright law, a work (in tangible writing -- broad) must be the original work of the author - a copyright is automatically granted when an author produces his or her work published & unpublished works may be registered with the U.S. Copyright office in DC -- copyright registration creates a public record of the work, registration permits the holder to obtain statutory damages for copyright infringement 3. Trade Secret - a product formula, pattern, design, compilation of data, consumer list, or other business secret - gov's by "Uniform Trade Secrets Act" adopted by most states - individuals = protection for life plus 70 yrs - businesses = 120 yrs from creation or 95 yrs from year of first publication 4. Trademark - marks (any trade name, symbol, word, logo, design, or device used to identify and distinguish goods of a manufacturer or seller of services of a provider from those of other manufacturers, sellers, or providers) can be registered with the PTO office in DC, must prove has used the intended mark or that he intends to use the mark in commerce within the next 6 months - (R) a symbol that is used to designate marks that have been registered with the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office - TM a symbol that designates an owner's legal claim to an unregistered mark that is associated with a product - SM a symbol that designates an owner's legal claim to an unregistered mark that is associated with a service

Chapter 22: Antitrust Law and Unfair Trade Practices - Know the types of restraints of trade

1. horizontal restraint of trade = a restraint of trade that occurs when 2 or more competitors at the *same level of distribution* enter into a contract, combination, or conspiracy to restrain trade a. (per se) price fixing a restraint of trade that occurs when competitors in the same line of business agree to set the price of the goods or services they sell, raising, depressing, fixing, pegging, or stabilizing the price of a commodity or service b. (per se) division of markets (market sharing) a restraint of trade in which competitors agree that each will serve only a designated portion of the market c. (both) group boycott (refusal to deal) a restraint of trade in which two or more competitors at one level of distribution agree not to deal with others at another level of distribution 2. vertical restraint of trade a restraint of trade that occurs *when 2+ parties on different levels of distribution* enter into a contract, combination, or conspiracy to restrain trade a. (per se) resale price maintenance (vertical price fixing) a per se violation of Section 1 of the Sherman Act that occurs when a party at 1 level of distribution enters into an agreement with a party at another level to adhere to a price schedule that either sets or stabilizes b. (rule of reason) nonprice vertical restraints restraints of trade that are unlawful under Section 1 of the Sherman Act if their anticompetitive effects outweigh their pro-competitive effects c. (not unlawful....) unilateral refusal to deal a unilateral choice by one party to not deal with another party. This does not violate Section 1 of the Sherman Act because there is not concerted action

Chapter 23: Consumer Protection - Know the FDA rules on approval of drugs

Food and Drug Administration (FDA) the federal administrative agency that administers and enforces the federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act and other federal consumer protection laws - the FDA can seek search warrants and conduct inspections; obtain orders for the seizure, recall, and condemnation of products; seek injunctions; and turn over suspected criminal violations to the U.S. Department of Justice for prosecution - Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act (FDCA or FDC Act) a federal statute that provides the basis for the regulation of much of the testing, manufacture, distribution, and sale of foods, drugs, cosmetics, and medicinal products - Drug Amendment to the FDCA --- a federal law that gives the FDA broad powers to license new drugs in the US - after a new drug application is filed, the FDA holds a hearing & investigates the merits of the application; takes many years; may withdraw approval of any previously licensed drug - proper discretion for use, adequate warnings of side effects - can seize & revoke, approval is not permanent

Chapter 24: Environmental Protection - Know the Acts addressed in class.

literally just EPA, NEPA, and the EIS