C5 Cog

Our visual sensory memory takes the form of the ____________________, which stores visual material for up to one second.

icon

Our sensory memory for auditory information is called the ____________________.

echo

Miller reviewed evidence demonstrating that the capacity of STM is about ____________________ meaningful chunks of information, give or take two.

7

We say that ____________________ occurs when we cannot retrieve information.

forgetting

Which of the following seems to be true of both echoes and icons? A. They are modality specific, holding only one type of sensory information. B. They have relatively small capacities for information. C. They both hold information for the same length of time. D. They both rely heavily on the meaning of the stimulus. E. All of the above are true.

A. They are modality specific, holding only one type of sensory information.

The central executive in working memory is hypothesized to have the function of A. directing the flow of information B. controlling an unlimited amount of resources and capacity C. carrying out subvocal rehearsal to maintain verbal material in memory D. maintaining visual material in memory through visualization E. all of the above

A. directing the flow of information

In the absence of rehearsal, short-term memory tends to A. last about 20 seconds B. last about 8 seconds C. decay slowly over 24 hours D. decay slowly over a week E. last for an unlimited amount of time

A. last about 20 seconds

Proactive interference refers to the fact that A. previously learned material can disrupt the learning of new material. B. new material can disrupt the recall of previously learned material. C. the passage of time leads to memory decay. D. all of the above. E. none of the above.

A. previously learned material can disrupt the learning of new material.

The calling to mind of previously stored information is known as A. retrieval B. encoding C. storage D. forgetting E. none of the above

A. retrieval

Unattended information is stored briefly in A. sensory memory B. short term memory C. long term memory D. secondary memory E. none of the above

A. sensory memory

The term "anterograde amnesia" refers to A. the loss of the ability to form new memories B. the loss of the ability to recall old events C. the loss of short term memory D. the loss of sensory memory E. the loss of all memory ability

A. the loss of the ability to form new memories

Information is held in ____ for 20 to 30 seconds. A. sensory memory B. short term memory C. long term memory D. secondary memory E. none of the above

B. short term memory

One basic physiological mechanism for learning is the ____ rule, which states that if a synapse between two neurons is repeatedly activated at about the same time the postsynaptic neuron fire, the chemistry of the synapse changes. A. Carlson B. Hebb C. Tulving D. Baddeley E. icon

B. Hebb

When information is first translated into a form that other cognitive processes can use, we say that ____ has occurred: A. retrieval B. encoding C. storage D. forgetting E. none of the above

B. encoding

The icon is said to be characterized by all of the following EXCEPT: A. it holds information in a relatively unprocessed form B. it lasts about 20 seconds C. it can be "erased" by stimuli that are presented immediately afterward D. it can hold more information than can be reported E. it contains only visual information, not auditory

B. it lasts about 20 seconds

Words from the beginning of a list are more likely to be recalled than words in the middle of the list. This phenomenon is known as the ____ effect. A. recency B. primacy C. forgetting D. interference E. none of the above

B. primacy

Damage to the frontal lobe of the brain often disrupts processing by A. the visuo-spatial sketch pad B. the central executive C. the phonological loop D. iconic memory E. echoic memory

B. the central executive

Which of the following is NOT a component of Baddeley's working memory model? A. the phonological loop B. the icon C. the central executive D. the visuospatial sketch pad E. all of the above are parts of working memory

B. the icon

If the search of short term memory is self-terminating, then we would expect that A. successful searches would take longer than unsuccessful ones, on the average. B. unsuccessful searches would take longer than successful ones, on the average. C. the size of the memory set would not influence search time. D. the larger the memory set, the longer the search time. E. the smaller the memory set, the longer the search time.

B. unsuccessful searches would take longer than successful ones, on the average.

The capacity of short-term memory is thought to be A. about 75% of a visual display B. 7 (plus or minus 2) letters or numbers C. 7 (plus or minus 2) meaningful chunks of information D. 12 (plus or minus 3) chunks of information E. unlimited

C. 7 (plus or minus 2) meaningful chunks of information

Studies of coding in short-term memory suggest that which of the following would be most DIFFICULT to recall correctly? A. C - O - G - Q - D B. big-large-huge-tall-wide C. C - D - P - V - T D. A - E - I - O - U E. a, c and d would be equally difficult.

C. C - D - P - V - T

The findings of DeRosa and Tkacz (1976) indicated that A. people searched for pictures in STM using serial, self-terminating search. B. people searched for pictures in STM using parallel search. C. people searched for pictures in STM using parallel search only when the pictures formed an ordered sequence. D. people searched for pictures in STM using serial, self-terminating search only when the pictures formed an ordered sequence. E. people were faster searching STM for pictures than for numbers.

C. people searched for pictures in STM using parallel search only when the pictures formed an ordered sequence.

In Waugh & Norman's probe digit task, A. faster presentation rates improved performance. B. faster presentation rates decreased performance. C. presentation rate had no effect on performance. D. only rates slower than 3-second intervals decreased performance. E. only very fast rates improved performance.

C. presentation rate had no effect on performance.

You have just listened to a list of 20 words. When asked to recall these words in any order, you are LEAST LIKELY to recall A. the first word B. the second word C. the 10th word D. the 20th word E. all of the above are equally likely to be recalled

C. the 10th word

The production of stimulus-independent thoughts (SITs), such as daydreams, depends upon A. the phonological loop only. B. the visuo-spatial scratchpad only. C. the central executive. D. both a and b, but not c E. none of the above

C. the central executive.

Partial reports of visually presented matrices of letters can be successfully cued by all of the following EXCEPT A. the pitch of a tone B. the brightness of the letters C. which letters rhyme with B D. a and b E. b and c

C. which letters rhyme with B

Experiments indicate that storing a string of 6 digits in short term memory interferes with the ability to A. verify which of two letters precedes the other in the alphabet B. read and comprehend passages of text C. recall recently learned material D. all of the above E. none of the above

D. all of the above

Brain surgery patient "H.M." suffered after surgery from A. an inability to use language. B. a severe decrease in intelligence. C. an inability to remember events in his distant past, several years or more before the operation. D. an inability to form new memories of new events. E. all of the above

D. an inability to form new memories of new events.

Research using fMRI techniques to measure brain activity have shown that the ____ region(s) are most active when encoding and recalling verbal material. A. frontal lobes B. temporal lobes C. prefrontal lobes D. both a and b E. none of the above

D. both a and b

The primacy and recency effects in memory A. are thought to be due to the action of short term memory B. are thought to be due to the action of long term memory C. are thought to be due to the action of sensory memory D. can be independently manipulated, indicating at least two types of memory at work E. have recently been discredited in cognitive psychology.

D. can be independently manipulated, indicating at least two types of memory at work

The recency effect is through to result from participants' use of A. sensory memory B. short term memory C. long term memory D. either a or b E. either b or c

D. either a or b

Information such as the name of the person who sat in front of you in fifth grade is stored in A. sensory memory B. short term memory C. working memory D. long term memory E. photographic memory

D. long term memory

Baddeley's research indicated that storing a string of digits in short term memory A. improved processing in simple reasoning tasks. B. slowed down but did not destroy the ability to complete simple reasoning tasks C. completely destroyed the ability to reason D. slowed down reasoning only at large memory loads (that is, storing 6 digits in short term memory). E. destroyed reasoning ability only at large memory loads

D. slowed down reasoning only at large memory loads (that is, storing 6 digits in short term memory).

PET scan studies A. show that STM function is contained within the frontal lobes. B. show that long term memories are stored in the frontal lobe. C. demonstrate that massive brain damage in several regions is necessary to cause amnesia. D. support Baddeley's notion that verbal and spatial working memory are different systems. E. all of the above

D. support Baddeley's notion that verbal and spatial working memory are different systems.

Subjects in a memory experiment are given a series of trials in which three words are read to them. Immediately following presentation of the third word, subjects count backwards by 7's for 30 seconds, after which time they are asked to write down all the words. Group 1 receives the following 6 trials: (1) red-magenta-orange; (2) blue-aqua-olive; (3) yellow-khaki-white; (4) black-gray-brown; (5) green-chartreuse-lime; (6) purple-pink-navy. Group 2 receives the following 6 trials: (1) red-magenta-orange;(2) blue-aqua-olive; (3) yellow-khaki-white; (4) robin-finch-ostrich; (5) sparrow-penguin-bluejay; (6) cardinal-swallow-eagle. Based on the work of Wickens, we would expect better performance by Group ____ on which of the trials (assuming random assignment of subjects to groups)? A. 1, all trials B. 1, trials 3 and 4 C. 2, all trials D. 2, trials 1, 2 and 3 E. 2, trial 4

E. 2, trial 4

Sternberg's classic work on searching for information from STM indicated that the search process is A. serial B. self-terminating C. exhaustive D. all of the above E. a and c only

E. a and c only

High working memory capacity has been linked to A. less susceptibility to proactive interference B. the ability to reason from premises C. the ability to overcome misleading information D. general fluid intelligence E. all of the above

E. all of the above

Currently, cognitive psychologists are more likely to believe that A. only decay causes one to lose information from STM. B. only interference causes one to lose information from STM. C. some decay is essential to avoid catastrophic proactive interference. D. both decay and interference play a role in STM forgetting. E. both (c) and (d)

E. both (c) and (d)

The main distinction between "short-term memory" and "working memory" hinges on: A. the kind of storage (short vs. longer term) B. the kind of coding used (acoustic vs. imaginal) C. the capacity (limited to 7+2 items vs. unlimited) D. the type of forgetting (decay vs. interference) E. the emphasis on static structure vs. active processing

E. the emphasis on static structure vs. active processing

____________________ occurs when we translate information into a form that can be stored for later use.

Encoding

____________________ occurs when we actually call to mind previously stored information.

Retrieval

____________________ memory has been described as a brief record of our percepts; it is assumed that separate memories exist for each sensory modality.

Sensory

Amnesia for new events, such as the memory loss suffered by H.M., is referred to as ____________________ amnesia.

anterograde

The capacity limitations of short-term memory can be overcome through the process of ____________________, in which individual units are grouped into larger, more meaningful units. For example, the letters "M," "B," and "A" can be grouped into one meaningful abbreviation, "MBA," in order to take up one unit of STM rather than three.

chunking

The term ____________________ refers to the way in which information is mentally represented--for example, the way information seems to be represented acoustically in short term memory.

coding

Information needed for longer periods of time, such as the data of your wedding anniversary, is transferred to ____________________.

long term memory or LTM

____________________ is a neurological process by which neural cells in the hippocampus become more sensitive to stimuli than they were previously, after repeated and intense electrical stimulation. This enhanced response can last for weeks, or even longer.

long-term potentiation

The encoded mental representation of to-be remembered information is called the ____________________.

memory trace

According to the ____________________ approach to memory, information is received, processed, and stored differently by different types of memory such as sensory memory, STM, and LTM.

modal

The ____________________ is the part of working memory that processes verbal material by subvocally rehearsing it.

phonological loop

Words at the beginning of a list are remembered better than words in the middle of a list; this phenomenon is referred to as the ____________________ effect.

primacy

When earlier learning disrupts later learning, ____________________ interference has occurred.

proactive

Words at the end of a list are remembered better than words in the middle of a list; this phenomenon is referred to as the ____________________ effect.

recency

The participant's repetition of items on a to-be-remembered list, also known as ____________________, is thought to help items enter long-term storage.

rehearsal

If not rehearsed, information is lost from STM in as little as 20 seconds, a period of time known as the ____________________.

retention duration

In a(n) ____________________ search, one would examine the first item in the memory set, then the second, then the third, and so forth.

serial

Attended information is held in ____________________ for periods of up to 20 or 30 seconds.

short term memory or STM

When you remember a telephone number just long enough to pick up the telephone and dial it, you are utilizing ____________________ memory.

short-term

The ____________________ is the part of working memory that processes visual information.

visuo-spatial scratch pad

Baddeley prefers the term ____________________ memory to "short-term memory" because it emphasizes the active processes of memory over the notion of a static storage space.

working