Caribbean Final Terms

Walter Rodney

-(23 March 1942 - 13 June 1980) -prominent Guyanese historian, political activist and preeminent scholar, who was assassinated in Guyana in 1980. -Rodney's most influential book= How Europe Underdeveloped Africa, published in 1972- described an Africa that had been consciously exploited by European imperialists, leading directly to the modern underdevelopment of most of the continent- influential as well as controversial -among the first to bring a new perspective to the question of underdevelopment in Africa -became a voice for the under-represented and disenfranchised -Took Black Power, Black Liberation and African consciousness to the masses in Jamaica -shared his knowledge of African history with one of the most rejected section of the Jamaican society- the Rastafarians- his speeches and lectures became central to the Caribbean Black Power Movement.

Agrarian Reform Law

-1959-1963 laws passed to redistribute land to peasants after the Cuban Revolution -INRA (National Institute for Agrarian reform) -seize the land from big companies to give to those who -actually worked on the land -Che Guevara oversaw land reform acts -land sizes were limited and then either given to peasants or to state run communes -sugar plantations could not be owned by foreigners which worked to eliminate big US corporations from owning land in Cuba

Cuban Missile Crisis

-1962- USSR sends missiles to Cuba, with the threat that they could use them on the United States -13 day political and military standoff between the US and USSR where Cuba is essentially used as a pawn (as is Turkey, where the US put missiles in secret) -US puts a naval blockade around Cuba and threatens military force -Khrushchev agreed to remove the missiles as long as the US wouldn't invade Cuba -Major moment of the Cold War when many thought actual war was about to happen -nation becoming a major player in world events in some ways, but essentially being used and abused in other ways -Puts Cuba as an enemy of the US, which creates a lot of problems for the country (embargo)

Pan-Africanism

-An ideology and movement that encourages the solidarity of Africans worldwide -based on the belief that unity is vital to economic, social, and political progress and aims to "unify and uplift" people of African descent. -19 century post-slavery struggles for Afro-Jamaicans were serious- low wages, problems with land acquisition, hunger and political exclusion- all symptomatic of racial inequality -People began feeling that the system was more reminiscent of and closer to slavery than to actual freedom. -Morant Bay Rebellion of 1865, was a result of this post-slavery inequality -Marcus Garvey (1887-1940) emerges in 1910s to protest race imbalance in Jamaica & beyond. -1914, Garvey & Amy Ashwood founded Universal Negro Improvement Association (UNIA) as a mutual benefit society. -UNIA fits well w/ new Harlem; takes its message worldwide in 1920s; chapters founded all over. -Garveyism pushed Pan-Africanism= global unity & connection to Africa for all African descendants. -Pan-Africanism emerges in 1900s in intellectual circles (-UNIA brings Pan-Africanism to a mass audience, pushing black pride & redemption of Africa. -Pan-Africanism essentially reflects the complexitites of black politics and ideologies -religious worldview- Ethiopia's African disaporic religious beliefs (ie Rastafari) grew among blacks in the Caribbean.

Fulgencio Batista

-At end of Machado's dictatorship (which begun in 1930), a civil war breaks out in Cuba and the US intervenes in 1933 by supporting Fulgencio Batista in a coup. -pushed economic & social reform for poor and women, but was unstable -From 1934-40, Batista dominated the political scene with puppet presidents. -Rampant corruption, Batista loses 1944 election to San Martin of the Autentico Party, & is exiled in Miami. -San Martin was even more corrupt -Batista returns in 1952, leads another coup and takes power. -Castro's ongoing struggle with the 26th of July movement, where they gain power in the Sierra Maestra, Batista becomes more unpopular -US withdraws support of Batista in 1958, Batista flees -January '59 26th July forces take over Havana and form a provisional government. -Notes from Samuel Farber: -Batista gov. introduced shipment of sugar in bulk, increased use of compensated layoff -When the political situation started to worse, Batista instituted giveaway programs to encourage foreign investment. - Public debt rose to $788 million in 1958. Cuba's reserves were $500 million when Batista took power in 1952 and fell to $100 million when he was overthrown at the end of 1958.

26th of July Movement

-Batista lost the election, then led a coup and became president -revolutionary organization led by Castro to counter the Batista regime, 1959 -used guerilla warfare to overthrow Batista -previously fought short battles then retreated into Sierra Maestra (east, rural mountainous, poor peasants) -aimed to distribute land to peasants, nationalize public services, offer education, industrialization, fair elections -Batista fled Cuba to Spain while the 26th of July forces formed a provisional government -Castro becomes the prime minister: eliminated opposition, leads to Cuba's declaration as Socialist

Fidel Castro

-Began as a leftist intellectual in his youth, when many young people joined the 1959 revolution -Leads a coup in 1953, but fails and is jailed and exiled to Mexico in 1955 -There, he meets Argentine radical Ernesto "Che" Guevara -Together, they lead another failed coup, so they move to the mountains to built the 26th of July movement -forces make military advances 1957-58 and then forcefully take over Havana -Castro assumes leadership on February 19, 1959 and remains until February 19, 2009 -skilled and charismatic leader who took advantage of the power vaccum pre-1959, eliminated all viable opposition post-1959 -first nationalizes industries (utilities) and then passes the Urban Reform Act, which cuts rents and nationalized 400 Cuban based companies -By late 1961, Castro announces Cuba as a "socialist country." -By 1970, he is aligned with a stricter socialism like in USSR.

Rum and Coca Cola

-Calypso song taken by US -showed that US cultural interference is sometimes exploitative -was first made by Caribbean artist but it was then copyrighted by the US, became a huge hit and made a lot of money, but none of it went to the actual writers -The original version talks about how US soldiers are debauching local women, who "saw that the Yankees treat them nice/ and they give them a better price" -speaks to some of the conflicts between the local men and the men coming in with the army over women

Haile Selassie

-Emperor of Ethiopia from 1930s to 1970s -led the second defeat of Italian invaders, presided over the first free modern black state in Africa -seen as a symbolic figure in Marcus Garvey and the UNIA's pan-Africanism views -abstract "God of Ethiopia" emerges from this secular movement, ideas from Bible -> Garvey: "look to the east for the black king" -> Rastafarianism is built around Selassie, the "Chief King." -Becomes the center of the Rastafari faith, and is known as the Black messiah, "King of Kings", "Lion of Judah." -Selassie accepts the worship, but maintains that he is no deity -visit to Jamaica is still celebrated as a national holiday -In his home country, he enjoyed many years of support, but ultimately made enemies though corruption and was deposed by a coup

Federation of Cuban women (FMC)

-Founded in 1960 by Vilma Espin and other women revolutionaries -Espin, wife of Raul Castro, was president from 1961-2007 -FMC aimed to bring women into the labor force and post-59 state-building -organized women into militias and CDRs (committees for the defense of the revolution) -continuously active under government control, becoming a positive voice for women -central to the literacy cause -- opened schools for women and child care centers -brokers the 1975 Family Code for gender equity in household care and women's equal right to vote -supported laws for maternity leave, workplace conditions, social security, and the criminalizing of gender discrimination -But legal change created a false sense of gender equity. The FMC did not actually promote a feminist agenda; it exists within male-led revolution -In 1990s was increasingly criticized as being out of touch w/ modern women's problem -suppressed alternative forms of women's organizing and was controlling.

Francois Duvalier/ "Papa Doc"

-Haiti's president from 1957-71. -dictator and led a corrupt regime -purged the army of rivals and rotated officials constantly -police force (the VSN - Volunteers for National Security aka tonton makoutes) -Took anti-communist stance and even used US marines to thwart coups against him 1959-63 -ends state terror against vodou by using it as a political tool. -Rumors spread that he had access to higher Vodou knowledge, though he supported Catholicism, -"Papa Doc" and his son Jean Claude "Baby Doc" Duvalier used vodou as a tool of repression -purged anti-Vodou Catholics and Protestants and spread that their vodou powers allowed them to cause these disappearances -Played up Catholic background to white elites and vodou sympathies to poor blacks -Called Vodou the true ethnicity of Haitians as a black state, said the country needed a national religion with a national leader at its head (himself) -20% of population fled to exile under his brutal regime.

Morant Bay Rebellion

-In post-emancipation Jamaica, ex-slaves found dissatisfaction in their limited freedom -In 1865, they marched after vagrancy laws and arrested Paul Bogle -march was broken up by police, 1,000 people executed, homes burned -short run- Black vote is limited, British crown colony systems restored throughout the region -long term- put pressure on the colonizers for more change, ultimately inspired full independence.

"Government by understudy"

-In some post-emancipation societies, Elites (whites/powerful Mulattoes) were able to maintain power by controlling mulatto or ex-slave government i.e. Cuba -elites knew that they couldn't win elections, but also didn't want to cede power/economic assets to new govt. -When US seizes financial and military control over the Caribbean in the 1910s, they don't even need this system to keep their leaders in power; they simply support them through economic incentives and military might. -i.e. American support of Phillipe Dartiguenave, a white elite who the US propped up in Haiti in 1910.

PNP/JLP Rivalry

-Jamaica Labour Party founded by Alexander Bustamante -People's National Party initially led by Norman Manley -Manley and Bustamante were political rivals and had opposing views on Jamaica's role in the WIF -PNP-JLP rivalry of 60s-70s grew extremely violent- corruption rampant, politicians supplied gangs with guns to fight their battles -1970- PNP's Michael Manley (son of Norman Manley) became Prime Minister and pursued democratic socialism in Jamaica -Under Manley, Jamaica followed similar programs as Cuba, nationalizing all industries and socializing all services -1980- JLP leader Edward Seaga elected Prime Minister, traded socialism for faulty liberalism.

Marcus Garvey

-Jamaican activist for Black Nationalism and Pan-Africanism movements -founded United Negro Improvement Association (UNIA) and African Communities League (ACL) -also founded the Black Star Line, which prompted the return of the African diaspora to their ancestral lands -His entire Pan-African philosophy, termed Garveyism, focused on economic empowerment of black people -His interest in the rights of black people during years spent working throughout the Caribbean doing blue-collar labour and subsequent education in London in law and philosophy -after being inspired by African-American leaders in the Pan-African movement and poor working conditions of black people in US, his advocacy gained momentum.

Maurice Bishop

-Leader of Grenada's socialist revolution -March 16, 1779, the leftist "New Jewel Movement" (NJM) overthrew Grenada's repressive Prime Minister, Eric Gairy, in a bloodless revolution -The NJM formed the People's Revolutionary Government (PRG), a socialist revolutionary government led by Bishop -Bishop= convenient nearby ally for Cuba, which was involved in most Grenadian affairs, including construction, healthcare, finance, and agriculture -Castro saw Grenada's potential to become fully socialist, reported to the USSR -worried the US under Reagan- saw Cuban-Grenadian relations and a threat to national security -Prime Minister or the PRG, Bernard Coard, developed personal and political differences with Bishop by 1983 -Coard and his supporters arrest and execute Bishop and other PRG officials. -US then invades in Operation Urgent Fury, supposedly because of Bishop's death but really because of Grenada's relations with Cuba -US then helped restructure Grenada's government as pro-capitalist, and jails Coard and his supporters

Provision ground

-small plots of land that slaves were allowed to work whenever they were not tending to the main plantation crops -Slaves produced their own food there, so masters did not have to worry about sustaining them -slaves sold some of the crops harvested on the provision grounds at market for personal economic profit, which led to mobility and economic independence. 

People's Revolutionary Government

-March 16, 1979: leftist New Jewel Movement overthrew repressive Grenada Prime Minister Eric Gairy and formed People's Revolutionary Government -PRG was a socialist revolutionary government led by Maurice Bishop that pursued a policy of mixed socialism -PRG partially nationalized their industry and agriculture, while still welcoming local and foreign private capital -Bishop and the PRG actively courted Cuban support and assistance with building airport (Nov 1979) and Cuba was involved in most Grenadian affairs -Bernard Coard, a political rival of Bishop, and his supporters arrested and executed Bishop and others in October of 1983 -Shortly after, the United States invades with Operation Urgent Fury, citing Bishop's death.

Bartolome de Las Casas

-Spanish Dominican friar, Catholic priest, encomendero in Hispaniola and Cuba, fought for Amerindian rights in 1520's-1530's -wrote "A Short Account of the Destruction of the Indies", published in 1552 -about the mistreatment of the indigenous peoples of the Americas, sent to then Prince Philip II of Spain. -Suggested Africans as slaves -Tainos became protected under Spanish law in response to las Casas' account of what was happening in Hispaniola

All-inclusive package

-Started by Thomas Cook, hence Cook islands where there are many all inclusive resorts -result of need to bring tourism to the islands in 1970s-1980s -tourism was the best way to bring income into the countries however this backfired more or less -resorts were North American or European owned so they got all of the money -all inclusive makes it convenient for tourists, as room and board and food are all paid for, but it blacks local profit (i.e. street vendors, local farmers selling goods) -the government spends tons of money on imported food rather than buying from local farms -therefore local farmers struggle to maintain dignity and make a living

Santeria/Regla de Osha

-Syncretic religion of Caribbean origin (Cuba) which developed in the Spanish Empire -influenced by and syncretized with Roman Catholicism -brought to the New World by Yoruba slaves with Christianity and Indigenous American traditions -slaves carried with them various religious customs, including a trance and divination system for communicating with their ancestors and deities, animal sacrifice, and sacred drumming and dance

Mary Prince

-Voice of the first female slave narrative out of the Caribbean -offers key details on Caribbean slavery and a women's experience, particularly the violence of slave masters. -begins with her relatively happy childhood and close relationship with her master's daughter -separation from her family and experiences with various cruel masters -story has gone through two layers of editing, so the truth of her "voice" has been questioned by scholars -Prince eventually flees to England and becomes free due to the precedent set by the Somersett case -becomes Thomas Pringle's domestic servant; Pringle is a member of London's anti-slavery society and writes her narrative -controversy over sexual purity on both their parts- Prince's lovers are conveniently left out of the story, along with the fact that she was married Prince and Pringle were also rumored to have relations -undermines credibility -evidence of racial/gender bias (i.e. he assigned the diminishing last name of "Prince" to her ) -eventually fades into the background after an abandoned trial against old masters, and is assumed to have continued working for Pringle

Parsley Massacre

-also referred to as El Corte (the cutting) by Dominicans and as Kout kouto a (the knife blow) by Haitians -government-sponsored genocide in October 1937, at the direct order of Dominican president Rafael Trujillo -ordered the execution of the Haitian population living in the borderlands with Haiti -Many Haitians migrated to the DR to escape their destitution in Haiti. -In a test to identify who was Haitian, Dominican border guards would ask people to pronounce the word "perejil" (Spanish for "parsley") -Haitians, who spoke French and Creole, could not pronounce the word properly and often paid for this phonetic inability with their lives. -Under Trujillo, who took over the Dominican Republic in 1930, a move was made to prevent the migration of Haitian laborers who sought work in local sugar plantations as the global economic depression weighed on sugar exports and the Dominican economy as a whole.

West Indies Federation

-as of 1958 included: Antigua (w/ Barbuda), Barbados, Dominica, Grenada, Jamaica (w/ the Caymans), Montserrat, St. Kitts (w/ Nevis & Anguilla), St. Lucia, St. Vincent (w/ the Grenadines) and Trinidad & Tobago · Electoral gov't abolished in British isles after 1865 Morant Bay Uprising in Jamaica · By 1900 Crown Colony rule in most isles · Returning West Indian soldiers from WWI angry at political and economic exclusion · 1934-39 strikes across the region signaled dissent with the colonial state · 1938 Moyne Commission: inquiry into labor unrest revealed shocking poverty, illiteracy, and unemployment · West Indie's postcolonial politics = heavy labor influence · Decolonization on horizon; brief failed attempt at federation comes first · Federation appealed to small island leaders since 1940s WIF not full self rule; certain offices appointed and UK crown via WIF governor had veto power · Most territories saw the WIF as stalling full independence · May 1961: another conference = dominion status for WIF still unsettled · Alexander Bustamante (Jamaican unionist and political rival of Norman Manley) = WIF a "raw deal" · Manley held national referendum: Jamaicans reject WIF and chose independence · Trinidadian Eric Williams saw JA's secession from WIF as its legal undoing · 1962 UK dissolves the WIF after 4 years

Anti-Haitianism

-discrimination against Haitians by Dominicans generally originated a result of changing power and overthrowing of European powers in Hispaniola -Made widely instituted under the regime of Rafael Trujillo in the 1930s-1940s -Dominicans were "indio" ("whiter" due to Taino and Spanish heritage) while Haitians were descendents of African Slaves (negro, mulatto- less desirable identifiers) -Trujillo ordered an "ethnic cleansing" of Haitians which resulted in the Parsley Massacre in Oct. 1937, which provides a death toll of up to 25,000 Haitians -Trujillo agreed to pay reparations but segregation still felt today

Rastafari

-founded by Christian Garveyites in Kingston slums and promoted race pride and pan-Africanism -Emerged in 1930s during strikes and massive poverty of the black working class -common tenants include: Divinity of Selassie and of the black race, connection of blacks to Africa as motherland and supremacy of the black race over all others -fits in with the 1950s global rise of anti-globalization -Colonial government tried to block the Rastafarian Land grant in Ethiopia and the Rastafarian community was heavily policed -Rastafari challenged the negative image of blacks being less -Reggae's rise crucial to greater acceptability of Rastafari in Jamaica and globally -Reggae's pro-black and anti-capitalist message speaks to oppressed people worldwide -Reggae and rastafari are important shapers in Jamaican culture/politics

Julien Raimond

-free man of color (affrenchi) in Saint-Dominigue (present day Haiti) -indigo planter who owned over 100 slaves, one of the wealthiest men in his racial category -challenged the French government to reform the racially discriminatory laws against free people of color in Saint-Dominigue at the time -moved to France to pursue the law reform, was elected leader of the Society of the Friends of the Blacks -After a hearing with the National Assembly, he and his colleagues succeeded in making the question of equal rights for free people of color a serious consideration for the French government -served on the committee that wrote self-governing constitution for Saint-Dominigue in 1801.

Samuel Martin

-from Antigua, wrote "Of the best method of making sugar," -shared his methods on conducting a sugar plantation -had a dedication to enlightened plantership and public service -belief that by doing good in a moral sense he could also do well in economic terms, uniting virtue and profit -Martin's care of his slaves and their resultant health and high fertility not only increased their productivity and reduced their owner's losses through rebellion, escape, or death, but also allowed him to avoid expending funds on the purchase of new slaves to sustain his labour force -refused to tolerate any behaviour on the part of managers or overseers which he considered inimical to his slaves' health and usefulness -the healthier the slaves` the more money and profit he made.

Free Trade Zones

-geographical areas where goods are handled, manufactured or reconfigured before being re-exported without customs intervening in neither import nor export -labor-intensive manufacturing centers -import raw materials and export finished products -"no man's land"-not considered to belong to the country that it was established on, so workers were not protected by country's labor laws or regulations -Workers underpaid and overworked -provide labor and a source of income for low-wage workers, but the real profits go to the producers of the product, where the finished goods were exported to. -Implemented in Jamaica, San Salvador, etc. -As seen in the documentary "Life and Debt", workers would have quotas, fired when they did not meet them. -other labor sources were imported into the country to live and work in these zones (in the case of the documentary, Chinese people), leaving many lower class Jamaicans unemployed -many zones abandoned without notice when cheaper labor options were found in other countries. -Local workers unable to purchase the goods that they manufactured when they were re-imported into the country as finished products (e.g Tommy Hilfiger).

Globalization

-international integration with respect to cultures, goods, and ideologies -augmented by improvements in communications, travel, and mass production throughout the 20th century -"free trade" and McDonalds popping up in cities -destroys local cultures -Puerto Rico Americanization came about by US military presence -process that is almost always exploitative -Tourism has disrupted local economies, creating demand for western amenities in places like Antigua -Gregory: Globalization and free trade do not level the playing field, causes development but also underdevelopment -Local cultures pushed back against this trend through song (Calypso, Reggae).

Post-emancipation compensation

-method of ending slavery in countries where slavery was legal -involved the slave owner being compensated monetarily or by a period of labor (an apprenticeship) for releasing the slaves -methods proved unpopular- for the slaves it amounted to little more than continued mandatory servitude, while it placed an added burden of wages on the former owner

Intra-regional migration

-movement of people within a region for various reasons such as employment opportunities political tension -occurred among ex-slaves and indentured laborers -abolition of slavery= right to freedom of movement among ex-slaves who exercised this right in determining their employment -indentured labourers exercised this right after their contracts expired -Employment at large infrastructural and economic projects such as: the Panama canal, oil refining in Trinidad, sugar production in Cuba, bauxite mining in Jamaica and the building of military bases -building hotels, airports and cruise ship ports during the rise of Caribbean tourism -Papa Doc's dictatorship in Haiti caused mass migration to the Dominican Republic and other places -Socialist movements in Cuba (Castro), Grenada (Bishop) and Jamaica (Manley) led to United States intervention, which prompted mass intra-regional migration to more capitalist-aligned territories -led to the reshaping of several Caribbean families -rise of remittances as a significant foreign exchange earner for many Caribbean countries.

Louisiana Purchase

-one of several governmental real estate purchases that expanded the territory of the United States. -1803- US purchased the French territory of Louisiana for 50 million francs + cancellation of debts worth 18 million francs ~ 70 million francs -consisted of all or part of 15 present states and 2 Canadian provinces -US 0.04 per acre -Haitian revolution was main factor that caused the French to sell the territory for such a bargain- After uprising, French colonialism in the Western Hemisphere became unstable -Napoleon failed to re-enslave Haitians, charged Haiti an indemnity of 25 billion francs -French had no further interest in their territories and the payment that they received from Haiti was enough to prompt them to abandon most of their land on this side of the world -many Haitians eventually sought refuge in states contained in the Louisiana territory

Voudou

-one of the syncretic religions that were formed as a result of colonialism in the Caribbean -has aspects from African religions and European Christianity -widely practiced in Haiti- Haitian Voudou was a symbol and scourge of the people on the island -prime source of African based oppositional culture on the island (slave resistance) -used by world leaders to isolate Haiti for blackness and "backwardness"- Haitian voudou is grossly misunderstood around the world and is a source of ridicule for Haiti -Although voudou became central to national beliefs post 1804, outside pressure has caused it to be intermittently ostracized by its leadership -Duvaliers simultaneously repressed and used Voudou to maintain power in Haiti -Popular Western culture has mysticized Haitian Voudou in books, and movies -At one point Catholicism was used to repress voudou but ironically strengthened it due to the religion's syncretic roots. -voudou is a recognized religion in Haiti.

Platt Amendment

-provided stipulations for withdrawal of remaining US troops in Cuba; defined US-Cuba relations -1901: Platt Amendment included in Cuban constitution -US was previously there to maintain Spanish-Cuban relations, keep a watch -Content: 1. restricted Cuba's foreign policy and commercial relations. 2. outlined Cuba's boundaries. 3. Cuba must sell or lease lands to the US for coaling or establishment of Naval Bases -more of a business deal for US which had financial dominance on Cuba -US now allowed to intervene to "help" with political instability -much was later repealed but Guantanamo Bay is still a US naval base today 

International Monetary Fund

-started after World War II in order to stabilize the economies of war-ravaged nations -explicit goals of stabilization, not development -responded to severe budget shortfalls and debt crises by leveraging nations with loans. -If the Caribbean nations refused the loans, they were left with no lifeline and piling-up debt -If they took the loans, they were trapped in prescribed policies of the IMF -policies: reduction in development projects (education, health, etc.), severe austerity, and brutal budget cuts -enforced tourism and capitalism as solutions -opposition from leftists, Rastafari -There also existed cross-conditionality between IADB, WB, and IMF

Creolization

-the process in which Creole cultures emerge in the New World -colonization= mixture between people of indigenous, African, and European descent, which came to be understood as Creolization -traditionally used to refer to the Caribbean; although not exclusive -formation of new identities - the mixing of the "old" and "traditional," with the "new" and "modern." -occurs when participants actively select cultural elements that may become part of or inherited culture -African slaves found ways to bend/break laws which led to unintended but expansive cultural revolution by Africans · Creolization results from African-European cultural and social interactions · New cultural elements: language, food, music, customs all changed · Creolization in part: neither group is fully Africanized nor Europeanized, but both cultures shaped them · Race tensions between black and Asian Caribbean communities, but also collaboration · Creole whites in Cuba and Puerto Rico seek independence in 1860s · Slaves attempt resistance at high risk -Resistance has multiple significance → Acts fostering independent community→ Maintenance of African culture and creation of creole cultural form

Gang system

-three-tiered gang labor system on slave plantation -first two gangs reported to the slave driver that was a black adult male -first gang- able men and women that served as cane cutters. -Women and Slavery in the French Antilles- class was mostly made up of women. Also men and boys over the age of 14 -This group did most of the manual labor on the plantation -Second gang- younger children and apprentices, also new mothers and sometimes older women -third gang- very young children and the elderly -An elderly woman was usually the driver in this situation -Easier tasks

Politiqueria

-unprincipled and corrupt political wheeling and dealing -extralegal patronage of sort, active under the Batista government -Opposition to the politiqueria led to revolutionary and social change

Sex tourism

-when people from other other countries come to another country on vacation and look for sexual services -The caribbean sexuality is presented as a source for exploitation in tourism marketing. -Local men and especially women are shown as sensual figures, happy and willing to serve travellers in all ways. -Governments and resorts accept prostitution as essential to tourism industry -Caribbean as a location of "sexual otherness" dates back to early colonial encounter- Early European travelers would scrutinize black and brown bodies in the new world, slave women were often sexually violated by owners -Seen as a "Natural" propensity for sex among Caribbean women (like slaves) -Gregory Text- sex work as a choice and a subversive one on the women's part (typically dark skinned poor working women) -Sex tourism shows the complexity of globalization in the region, with locals and tourist both engaged in exploitative practices.

Decolonization

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Nationalism

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Bob Marley

Bob Marley = global ambassador of reggae, Rastafari, and Jamaica; also bred stereotypes of the faith · Jamaica assumed a "rasta" nation but 5-10% are Rastafari, most are Protestant · Rastafari and reggae are still important shapers of Jamaican culture · Rastafari a full fledged faith system and a crucial element of Jamaican 20th century politics · Reggae's rise crucial to greater acceptability of Rastafari in JA and globally · Reggae's pro-black and anti-capitalist message speaks to oppressed people worldwide

Saramaka Treaty

agreement between the Saramaka Maroons and the Dutch colonial government

Bases-for-detroyers deal

· In 1940 US sets up military bases to offset German occupation of certain islands · FDR negotiated with the British for land on a 99-year rent free lease for bases in Trinidad, Jamaica, Bermuda, Antigua, Guyana & St. Lucia · In exchange, British got 50 US destroyers to aid in their campaign vs. Germany and its allies (bases for destroyers" deal) · US expanded political and military interest in the region from Roosevelt Corollary through WWII · While developmentally beneficial for region it was politically threatening · US caused local conflicts over control of land and public space · The Caribbean still under neocolonial rule: US political, economic & cultural influence widespread