CARLA 11

Pick the correct sequence of changes in alveolar pressure, starting with inspiration (one of the answers is used twice) a) Palv < Patm b) Palv = Patm c) Palv > Patm

ABCB Palv < Patm ; Palv = Patm ; Palv > Patm ; Palv = Patm

Which of the following pressures is lower during inspiration than during expiration?

BOTH intra-alveolar and intrapleural pressure

Which of the following pressure(s) vary rhythmically with respiration?

BOTH intrapleural and intra-alveolar pressures

Put the events of inspiration in the correct order: a) Pip decreases b) transpulmonary pressure increases c) diaphragm and intercostals contract d) Palv decreases to less than Patm

CABD diaphragm and intercostals contract -> Pip decreases -> transpulmonary pressure increases -> Palv decreases to less than Patm

What benefit are corticosteroids in the treatment of asthma?

They reduce inflammation of the airways

Vital capacity equation

VC = Vt + IRV + ERV

As the resistance of the airway increases, ___ would be required to move the same volume of air into the lung

a greater transpulmonary pressure

Equilibration of pressure between the intrapleural space and the alveoli will lead to ________

a pneumothorax (the lung will collapse)

When intra-alveolar pressure exceeds atmospheric pressure, ______

air moves out of the lung

The ______functions primarily as the region of the lungs where the majority of gas exchange occurs

alveolus

The difference between ___ pressure and ____ pressure drives air into and out of the lungs

atmospheric; intra-alveolar

The _______, which is/are most abundant in the trachei and bronchi, become(s) less dense (and eventually absent) in the bronchioles

cartilage

The rigidity of the trachea is important because it prevents the trachea from _______

collapsing during inspiration

The increased number of gas molecules that have moved into the lung during inspiration results from a(n)

decrease in intra-alveolar pressure

As the lungs expand, intra-alveolar pressure _____ and air moves ____ of the lungs

decreases; into

This dome-shaped muscle separates the thoracic and abdominal cavities and plays an important role in breathing

diaphragm

The primary inspiratory muscles are the ________

diaphragm and external intercostals

Functional residual capacity and total lung capacity increase in ______

emphysema

Food is prevented from entering the respiratory tract by the ____, which is/are located in the _______, the entry to the larynx.

epiglottis; glottis

A decrease in ________ is indicative of an obstructive pulmonary disease

forced expiratory volume

The volume of air when the lungs are at rest (in between breaths) is _________

functional residual capacity

Which of the following chemicals will NOT result in a decrease in airway resistance?

histamine

The contraction of the diaphragm results in a(n)

increase in the volume of the thoracic cavity and therefore a decrease in intra-alveolar pressure

As the diameter of the chest wall increases, concomitant expansion of the lungs is due to a(n) ________

increase in transpulmonary pressure

___ is the sum of tidal volume and inspiratory reserve volume

inspiratory capacity

The _______ is bounded by the interior surface of the chest wall and the exterior surface of the lung

interpleural space

The volume of air moved into the lungs every minute is referred to as _______

minute ventilation

At rest, expiration is a(n) ____ process that involves ______

passive; relaxation of the diaphragm and external intercostals

______ specifically describes the movement of air into and out of the lungs

pulmonary ventilation

The presence of a negative intrapleural pressure at maximum expiration is responsible for ________

residual volume

Which of the following measurements cannot be determined by a spirometer?

residual volume

Functional residual capacity is comprised of ______

residual volume and expiratory reserve volume

The _____ is a thin barrier that allows for the efficient exchange of gases between the lungs and the blood

respiratory membrane

_______ cells become more abundant deeper into the conducting zone (from bronchi to bronchioles)

smooth muscle

A(n) _____ is used clinically to measure lung volumes and rates of air flow

spirometer

When air is no longer moving through the respiratory tract and the airway is open to the environment, the pressure within the lung is equal to _________

the atmospheric pressure

Which of the following is NOT a muscle involved in breathing?

the pleural muscle

____ refers to the volume of air moved into and out of the lungs in a single breath during unforced breathing

tidal volume

A measure of the distending force across the lungs is the _______

transpulmonary pressure

The difference between intrapleural pressure and intra-alveolar pressure is ________

transpulmonary pressure