CH 1-5

Restriction endonucleases are enzymes that

cleave DNA only at specific sequences

Solid tissues in animals include epithelial tissue, _____________ tissue, nervous tissue, and muscle

connective

the pyrimidine bases in DNA are

cytosine and thymine

One conclusion derived from the Singer and Nicolson fluid mosaic model of membrane structure is that integral membrane proteins are freely soluble in water

false

the Calvin cycle in plants, in which glucose is synthesized from CO2, is an example of light reaction

false

which of the following experimental approaches would be useful for studying protein-protein interactions within a cell?

fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET)

To clone genes, a plasmid vector should contain all the following except

foreign DNA

Which of following steps comes first in next-generation sequencing

fragmentation of the DNA sample into smaller pieces

The Arabidopsis genome like many plant genomes, contains more genes than many animals. This is due largley to

gene duplication

Phospholipids consist of 3 carbon core to which 2 fatty acids and a phosphate group are linked most common 3 carbon core is

glycerol

the Calvin cycle can occur

in absence of light

Lipids with unsaturated fatty acids

increase the fluidity of membranes

What is effect of Beta barrel on the permeability of a membrane

increases permeability

transgenic mice are usually produced by

injecting DNA containing the gene into the pronucleus of a fertilized egg.

NADH produced in glycolysis yields fewer ATP molecules than that produced in the citric acid cycle because

its electrons are shuttled across the mitochondrial inner membrane to complex II

The inital importance of membrane-enclosing, self-replicating RNA molecules and associated proteins was that they

maintained these molecules as a unit capable of preproduction and evolution

During formation of eggs and sperm, one member of each chromosome pair is transmitted to each progeny cell in a type of cell division called

meiosis

RNA molecules that serve as templates for protein synthesis are called _____________ RNAs

messenger

the end product of anaerobic metabolism of glucose may be any of the following excpet

methanol

Which of the following is most commonly used mammal for genetic studies?

mouse

The coenzymes NAD+ and NADP+ are structurally related to vitamin

niacin

in photosynthesis, all of the following reactions are directly dependent on light except

nitrogen fixation

retroviral vectors can be advantageous over liposomes for stable introduction of DNA into animal cells because

one step in the viral life cycle is integration of its DNA into the host genome

Gregor Mendel discovered principles of genetics in his early experiments on

peas

Living cells are commonly visualized by means of _______ microscopy

phase-contrast

Arabidopsis thalina is a model organism for studying the molecular biology of

plants

Nucleotide is a

purine or pyrimidine base, a 5 carbon sugar, and one or more phosphate groups

the enzyme that synthesizes DNA using RNA templates is called

reverse transcriptase

Because of central role one amino acid plays in the mechanism by which proteins are cleaved by the enzymes trypsin and chymotrypsin these enzymes are called ____ proteases

serine

which character is not necessary in a plasmid vector to facilitate successful cloning?

strong bacterial promoter

Which molecule serves as an adaptor between amino acids and mRNA during translation

tRNA

In tandem mass spectrometry the unique second phase is characterized by

the addition of a collision based fragmentation step to the first phase sample to determine amino acid sequence

Which statement below best explains why there are 64 possible codons

there are only 4 nucleotides and with a triplet code, the total number of possibilities would be 4^3

light dependent generation of ATP in photosynthesis occurs in the

thylakoid membrane

Passive transport across a membrane refers to

transport in energetically favorable direction

Epihelial cells form sheets that cover the surface of the animal body and line internal organs

true

Eukaryotes contain a mixture of genes from eubacteria and archaebacteria

true

Mass spectrometric identification of individual proteins in a complex mixture would be impossible in absence of large-scale proteins sequence databases

true

RNAs can be enzymes

true

The 20,000-25,000 human genes may encode more than 100,000 distinct mRNAs and proteins

true

the final electron acceptor in oxidative phosphorylation is O2

true

Light is captured by _____ different photosystems associated with the thylakoid membranes of chloroplasts

2

super resolution light microscopes extend the resolution limits of light microscopy to

20-100 nm

How many genes does E.coli have

4,200

What is the complementary sequence to following bases ? 5'-TCAAGG-3'

5'-CCTTGA-3'

Anal1743ysis of the first bacterial genome to be sequenced, H. influenzae, revealed _____ rRNA genes, _________ different tRNA genes, and _________ potential protein coding genes

6;54;1743

Analysis of H.influenza and E. coli genomes revealed that _____ % of each genome encodes for protein

90

Which of the following are involved in forming the tertiary structure of proteins Hbonds Hydrophobic interactions Ionic bonds All of the above

D. all of the above

viruses are useful model systems for studying

DNA replication

A cDNA molecule is

DNA synthesized from an RNA template using the enzyme reverse transcriptase

DNA contains base uracil, whereas RNA contains base thynine

False

Nucleic acid synthesis occurs by polymerization of nucleotide monophosphates into DNA or RNA

False

approximately 50% of the chemical reactions in cells are catalyzed by enzymes

False

Introducing a double bond into a fatty acid puts a(n) _______ into the conformation of the molecule

Kink

The experimental inactivation of a gene by homologous recombination with an inactive mutant to assess function of normal genes intact organism is often referred to as what type of experiment

Knockout

ATP is synthesized in photosynthesis by which of following means

Light energy absorbed by photosystems I and II generate energetic electrons that cause the cytochrome bf complex to pump protons across the thylakoid membrane; these protons drive ATP synthase to synthesize ATP

which of following molecules stores the most chemical energy per unit of weight?

Lipids

which of these organisms is not a unicellular eukaryote

Methanococcus

Which method would be used to determine if drug treatment of a cell culture led to increased expression of mRNA

Northern blotting

in RNA interface experiments, siRNAs homologous to known mRNAs inhibit expression of the proteins by what mechanism

They form double-stranded RNA molecules that get degraded in cytoplasm

An open-reading frame is a long stretch of nucleotide sequence that contains no chain-terminating (stop) codons

True

Hybridization of fluorescent labeled cDNAs to microarrays of thousands of gene sequences allows gene expression to be assayed

True

Immortal cell lines are cells that continue to proliferate in culture for an indefinite number of generations

True

More than 50% of the human genome is composed of various types of repetitive and duplicated DNA sequences

True

Synthesis of DNA from RNA was first observed using retroviruses

True

surprisingly, the size of genomes among a wide variety of organisms does not correlate with complexity of the organism

True

the fixation of atmospheric nitrogen can be carried out by

a few species of bacteria

The feature that most clearly separates eukaryotes from prokaryotes is the presence of _________ in eukaryotic cells

a nucleus

Stretches of sequenced nucleotides that code for polypeptides are recognized by the

absence of chain terminating codons

citric acid cycle consists of the oxidation of ____________ to produce __________

acetyl CoA; CO2, NADH, and FADH2

DNA can be introduced into cells by microinjection into the nucleus of a cell fusion of DNA containing liposomes with cells infection with engineered retroviruses all of the above

all of the above

Gluconeogenesis normally starts from amino acids glycerol lactate all of the above

all of the above

the free energy change of a reaction is determined by the intrinsic properties of reactants and products concentrations of reactants and products temperature of reactants and products all of the above

all of the above

the major bonds in glycogen are ______ glycosidic bonds

alpha (1->4)

all of the following are ways in which enzyme activity can be regulated except

by modulation of intracellular sucrose concentrations