ch 11
Trained aerobic athletes can further improve by incorporating HIIT training in their reimens
True
Cardiorespiratory endurance is dependent upon all of the following, except:
ability of muscle cells to tolerate lactic acid
What are CHRONIC adaptations?
adaptations to repeated training sessions adaptations to sedentary behavior
high-intensity interval training yields-->
aerobic fitness equal to that gaines by chronic ednurace fitness
Which of the 4 factors of Stroke Volume decreases endurance:
afterload (aortic pressure)
Which of the 4 factors of Stroke Volume does NOT increase following endurance training?
afterload (aortic pressure)
Lower blood lactate at a given work rate is evidence of ________.
all
Pulmonary diffusion (gas exchange in lungs) increases at max intensity because:
all of the above
HIIT training has been shown to drive _________ adaptations that mirror aerobic training.
all of the above-- heart, blood vessel, muscle
Which of the following adaptations is MOST responsible for increased Q (and VO2 max)?
all of these
Which of the following does NOT lead to a decrease in cardiac output (Q) at rest and submax?
all of these
Aerobic training leads to _________ in lactate threshold.
an increase of approximately 30%
Which of these external factors plays the biggest role in determining
genetics
Amino acids can be used for energy after being converted to glucose via
gluconeogenesis
Sally is a track athlete- she runs 60s 400,. What is her dominant energy system?
glycolysis
What system should Sally train to improve her 800m?
glycolytic
Which of the following blood pressures is NOT affected following endurance training?
healthy subject resting BP
Oxygen transport involves all of the following, EXCEPT
hearts ability to increase BP
Oxygen transport involves all of the following, EXCEPT:
hearts ability to increase blood pressure
Which of the following changes does NOT occur in the blood after aerobic training?
hematocrit increases
An individual who exhibits large improvements with training is termed a ________ responder.
high
In response to aerobic training, how do Type II fibers adapt?
increased mitochondrial density improved oxidative capacity increased recruitment during aerobic activity
Though enzyme activity increases, most anaerobic improvements can be attributed to ____.
increased muscular strength
As a result of aerobic training, what changes are seen in mitochondria?
increased number and size of mitochondria
Which of the following is NOT a mechanism of increased stroke volume after endurance training?
increased resting and submaximal heart rate
Anaerobic training leads to
increased strength.
Increased Lactate Threshold is a good indication of improvement in __________ .
oxidative
Which of these is a major factor in muscle that limits further increases in VO2 max
oxygen diffusion from capillary to mitochondria
Which of the following is NOT true about oxidative enzyme response to aerobic training?
phosphorylase and phosphofructokinase activities are particularly high.
Plasma volume increases during the first two weeks of aerobic training because
plasma protein synthesis increases
Which of the 4 factors of Stroke Volume increases endurance
preload ( blood flow to the heart), distensibility (volume), contractility (force of the contraction)
Which of the following statements explaining the increase in SV after aerobic training is correct?
preload and contractility increase, afterload decreases
The final product of glycolysis (or glycogenolysis) is
pyruvic acid Glucose-6 phosphate is the first step
Cross training
refers to training for multiple sports or fitness components simultaneously
How do left ventricle changes differ in resistance and endurance athletes?
resistance athletes dont increase LV volume
principle explains that adaptations are specific to the nature of training activities.
specificity
Which of the following is TRUE regarding SUBMAXimal endurance capcity?
submax is more closely related to competitive performance
If the intensity of a single bout of aerobic exercise continues to increase, but plateaus or decreases slightly, this means that
true VO2 max has been reached
The respiratory system is often the limiting factor in VO2 max.
false
Under the SAME training program, which of these athletes will increase VO2 max MOST?
Sedentary personally of these
Capillary-to-fiber ratio is an effective measure of which blood flow adaptation?
Increased number of muscle capillaries.
At max intensity, how long can glycolysis run anaerobically?
1-2 minutes
Given the increased mitochondrial size and number, what is the aerobic adaptation for enzymes?
Increased oxidative enzyme activity
Plama volume increases in response to increases in
2 of these
Plama volume increases in response to increases in ___________
2 of these
In previously untrained subjects, a chronic endurance training program would increase VO2 max by approximately
20%
How long can the ATP- PCr system sustain maximum ATP production?
3-15s
6 second and 30 second training bouts both increase strength. Which increases enzyme activity?
30 seconds
cross training
A triathlon athlete who is simultaneously training for the swim, bike, and run portions of the event is practicing
What is the key limiting factor to VO2 Max?
Ability of CV system to circulate
B-oxidation is the process to convert FFAs to (many) ________, so they can enter the krebs cycle.
Acetyl Coa
Which athletes benefit from improved aerobic endurance?
All of the above
Which of the following is FLASE regarding increased (a-v)O2 diff adaptation?
Arterial oxygenation increases
· Which of the following would be best way for Sally to train?
Begin at 600m and progressively add distance until reaching full 800m.
ability of muscles cells to tolerate lactic acid
Cardiorespiratory Endurance is dependent upon all of the following, EXCEPT
What impact does heredity/genetics have on VO2 Max?
Genetics set a range of VO2 attainable with (de)training
Anaerobic training in 30-second bouts increases all but which of the following enzymes?
Citrate synthase
Why might stroke volume decrease at near-max intensities?
Decreased cardiac output
How does heart rate recovery adapt to endurance training?
Decreased time to return to rest
· During glycolysis and krebs cycle ________ are produced, which "power" are electron transport chain.
H+, hydrogen ions, and protons
Which of the following DECREASES as a result of endurance training?
Hematocrit (RBC volume/blood volume)
Which of the following decreases as a result of endurance training?
Hematocrit (RBC volume/blood volume)
Given training specificity, how does a hockey player benefit from aerobic training?
Improved aerobic power
Which of the following is NOT an improvement caused by ANaerobic Training
Improved appetite
Why is Glycogen Sparing a positive aerobic adaptation?
Improved endurance at higher intensity
increased in size and number
In response to aerobic training, muscle fiber mitochondria
Which of the following would NOT lead to decrease in Q at rest and submax?
Increased SV and decreased HR
Which of the following is NOT a factor of enhanced blood flow to muscle after training?
Increased blood volume
Which of the following is MOST repsonsible for increased EDV?
Increased blood/plasma volume
Which of these statements is NOT true about myoglobin?
It increases by 40% after anaerobic training
Which of the following statements about Muscular Endurance is FALSE?
It is closely related to cardiorespiratory endurance
Which of the following is FALSE regarding Cardiac Hypertrophy?
It is typically accomanied by decreased ventricular volume
· Sally wants to move to 800m. her best 800 is 2:25. Sally "hits the wall" at about the 600m mark, an her second time is shorter. "hitting the wall" is a metabolic NEGATIVE FEEDBACK, which negative feedback leads to glycolysis shutting down?
Lactate Accumulation
Rob has been training for a 10 km race off and on over the last couple of years and has been keeping track of his postworkout heart rate recovery. When was he probably most aerobically fit?
Last December, when his HR decreased from 190 to 100 bpm after 1 minute.
Which of the following statements correctly describes the change in cardiac output in response to aerobic training?
Maximal cardiac output increases
ATP-PCr
Maximal training bouts of less than 6 seconds preferentially trains which energy system?
Which of the following is FALSE regarding aerobic endruance training adaptation?
Metabolic economy increases (decreased O2 at same speed)
false
Muscular and Cardiorespiratory endurance refer to the same thing.
How does increased Myoglobin improve aerobic capacity?
Myoglobin stores and transports oxygen from capillaries into mitochondria.
Which energy system is NOT a primary target of Anaerobic training?
Oxidative
Which of the following is NOT true about oxidative enzyme response to aerobic training?
Phosphorylase and PFK activities are too high
VO2 is the product of (Fick Equation):
Q x a-vo2 diff
Which of the following changes occur in maximal blood pressure after aerobic training?
Systolic BP increases, diastolic BP decreases
What is Lactate Threshold?
The intensity at which blood lactate begins to accumulate
Why does a-vO2 difference increase after aerobic training?
Tissue O2 extraction increases
Heart rate recovery is useful for tracking individual training progress?
True
Which of the following is FALSE regarding VO2 Max?
VO2 typically increases by ~50% with 6 month training
Left ventricle
Which chamber of the heart experiences the greatest amount of hypertrophy?
Arterial oxygenation increases
Which of the following is FALSE regarding increased (a-v)O2 diff adaptation?
VO2 max
Without a "gold standard", which of the following is NOT a measure of Anaerobic Performance?
A slower rate of glycogen utilization is
a beneficial adaptation conferred by aerobic training.
The changes in muscle function observed after aerobic training are due entirely to increased strength because enzymatic activity remains largely unchanged.
false
After aerobic training, more existing capillaries are now open in exercising muscle vasculature. This phenomenon is called
capillary recruitment
Because _____ is unchanged for submax work, increases SV and decreased HR have same effect.
cardiac output
Because _______ is unchanged for submax work, increased SV and decreased HR have same effect
cardiac output
VO2 Max is the BEST objective laboratory measure of ________
cardiorespiratory endurance
Which of the following factors is considered THE primary limiting determinant of VO2 max
central and peripheral cardiovascular function
Which of the following is TRUE regarding the affects of fatigue?
decreased muscular strength decreased reaction time decreased speed- agility and cooridnation
After aerobic training, submaximal pulmonary ventilation will be _________, and maximal pulmonary ventilation will be ___________.
decreased, increased
After chronic endurance training, RER during submaximal exercise indicates that the body is
depending more on fat and less on carbohydrate for fuel
The respiratory system is often the limiting factor in VO2 Max.
false
Which of the following sex differences is FALSE regarding VO2 in men and women?
elite females 25% lower VO2 max
A triathlon athlete who is simultaneously training for the swim, bike, and run portions of the event is practicing
false
At a given submaximal exercise intensity, HR will be higher after endurance training.
false
At rest, you burn less oxygen and have a slower metabolism
false
Heart enlargement as a result of endurance training is a medical risk and should be attended to immediately.
false
Heart rate recovery is useful for comparing individual fitness
false
High-intensity interval training is not as effective as chronic endurance training.
false
Mitochondrial enzyme activity is a major factor in limiting maximal oxygen consumption.
false
Muscular and cardiorespiratory endurance refer to the same thing.
false
Plasma volume decreases after endurance training (due to chronic sweating), but red blood cell production increases.
false
Specificty explains why football player don't need to bother with aerobic training
false
Cardiorespiratory endurance
important for all Muscular strength, concentration and alterness, agility and movement
Decreased RER at abosolute and relative intensity demonstrates _________.
improved fat metabolism
Reduced hematocrit causes reduced viscosity, which will help to _________.
increase capillary blood flow increase oxygen delivery to active tissue decrease submax blood pressure
Anaerobic training leads to all of the following changes EXCEPT
increased activity of ATP-PCr system enzymes
What off-sets the decrease in resistance due to increased capillaries to maintain flow?
increased blood volume
After aerobic training, increased capillary formation and capillary recruitment combine to lead to
increased capillary density.
Which of the following is NOT an improvement caused by Aerobic Training?
increased insulin
Anaerobic training ________ activity of key glycolytic enzyems - including PFK.
increases
Cardiorespiratory endurance
is the ability to sustain prolonged, dynamic, whole-body exercise?
Which chamber of the heart adapts most to chronic endurance training?
left ventricle
At which intensity is heart rate not impacted by aerobic endurance training?
maximal
VO2 max=
maximal cardiac output x maximal difference
Which of the following is FALSE regarding aerobic endurance training adaptation?
metabolic economy increases (decreased O2 at same speed)
VO2 Max will PEAK after 1-2 years of training. Which of the following is TRUE?
more performance increases require higher lactate threshold
Sport specific adaptations support the theory that adaptations are
muscle specific.
Cardiorespiratory endurance is important for
muscular strength concentration and altertness agility and movement
is substantially higher when athletes are tested using maximal-effort sport-specific activities compared to running on a treadmill.
true
Which of the following is TRUE for high and/or low responders?
training response is genetically determined
After endurance training, stroke volume increases due to changes in preload, contractility, and afterload.
trie
After aerobic training, blood flow through exercising muscles increases as the result of increased capillary formation and capillary recruitment.
true
After anaerobic training, the cross-sectional areas of type I, IIa, and IIx fibers increase.
true
After endurance training, stroke volume increases due to changes in preload, contractility, and afterload
true
Heart rate recovery is useful for tracking individual training progress.
true
If your postexercise heart rate returns to normal faster than it used to, this means that you are more aerobically fit than you used to be.
true
SV significantly increases at rest, submax AND max.
true
Specificity should be considered for test selection - cyclists should perform cycle VO2 tests.
true
Trained aerobic athletes can further improve by incorporating HIIT training in their reimens.
true
VO2 max is substantially higher when athletes are tested using maximal-effort sport-specific activities compared to running on a treadmill.
true
With aerobic training, the lactate threshold moves up to a higher % VOmax.
true
after anaerobic training, the cross-sectional areas of type I, IIa, and IIx fibers increase.
true
Chronic endurance training results in what change to muscle fibers?
type I fiber hypertrophy
Sprint training can cause a shift from ______ fibers
type I to type IIa
Which muscle fiber type is most impacted by anaerboic (sprint and resistance) training?
type II
High-intensity exercise such as resistance exercise leads to greater cross-sectional area in _______________fibers.
type IIx and type IIa
1. High-intensity exercise such as resistance exercise leads to greater cross-sectional area in
type IIx and type IIa fibers.
As VO2 Max increases, what happens to resting oxygen consumption?
unchanged
why is oxidative system used at rest?
· It makes a lot of ATP and uses oxygen, which is hopefully readily available
Which of the following is FALSE regarding aerobic endurance training adaption?
· Metabolic economy increases (decreases O2 at the same speed)
What is the rate limiting enzyme of glycolysis?
· Phosphofructokinase (PFK) o Rate limiting of krebs cycle: isocitrate dehydrogenase o Rate limiting of Phosphocreatine: creatine kinase (CK)
