Ch. 12: The Reach of Imperialism

Who was Rabindranath Tagore?

most famous Indian author and winner of the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1913; also a social reformer, singer, painter, and international spokesperson for the moral concerns of his age; he set up a school at his estate that became an international university; his life mission was to promote pride in national Indian consciousness in the face of British domination; he wrote a novel about the love-hate relationship of India toward its colonial mentor; his life's work was one long prayer for human dignity, world peace, and the mutual undertsanding and union of the East and West.

Lord Thomas Macaulay

responsible for introducing an educational system into India -- decided the schools would use the English language NOT Arabic or Sanskrit - he felt that the most valuable books were written in the English language.

protectorate

a political unit that depends on another government for its protection

dollar diplomacy

the diplomacy that seeks to strengthen the power of a country or effect its purposes in foreign relations by the use of its financial resources

viceroy

a governor who ruled as a representative of a monarch

What kind of comic system did colonial ruers establish?

- A plantation agriculture was set up to grow cash crops to export to Mother Countries - A money system replaced the original barter system - Peasants were given low wages to the land and heavily taxed; leading to poverty and starvation

In what was were the Western nations hypocritical in their treatment of their colonies?

- gap in theory/practice in colonial policy - Westerners justified imperialism with democracy, political freedom, equality, and denied them almost all

What was the source of conflict between the British and the Indian people?

- religious laws not respected - Hindus mostly vegetarian, kill life --> bad karma, especially sacred cow - Muslims - no pork, can't load gun rifle, had to bite cartridges - Indian princes upset about land

What was the impact of U.S. involvement in Latin America?

-Panama Canal -Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine-Roosevelt claimed that the US could intervene in any Latin American nation guilty of "chronic misconduct" -US took control of debt in the Dominican Republic -Dollar diploacy U.S. became more powerful and dominated in Latin America and extended their power.

How did colonial powers govern their colonies?

-Some administered colonies by indirect rule in which they left cooperative, local leaders in place - Others administered colonies directly and installed western officials even at the local level.

How did the British rule and "improve" India in their control?

1. After the Great Rebellion, they ruled India directly with a viceroy, and a British civil service assisting him. The staff of 3,500 ruled about 300 million. 2. It brought order and stability into many states with different political systems. It also led to a fairly honest, efficient government. 3. Through the British administrator and historian Lord Thomas Macaulay, a new school system was set up teaching English. However, only elites received this and the majority was uneducated. 4. They hired Indians and built roads, canals, universities, and medical centers. A postal service and India's first. rail network soon followed. Health anesanitaion were also improved.

How did the British rule in India effect in badly?

1. British entrepreneurs and a small number of Indians reaped financial benefits from British rule, bringing hardship to millions of others. 2. British manufactured goods destroyed local industries. 3. British textiles put thousands of women out of work and severely damaged this Indian industry. 4. In rural areas, British sent the zamindars to collect taxes. The zamindars took advantage of their new authority and increased. taxed that forced the less fortunate peasants to become tenant or lose their land entirely. Peasant unrest grew. 5. The British also encouraged many Indian farmers to switch. form growing food to cotton, causing the population to not have enough food. 6. British rule was degrading, as the best jobs and houses were reserved for Britons. Though many British colonial officials sincerely tried to improve the lot of people in India, British arrogance and racial attunes cut deep.

How did prosperity change Latin America after 1870?

1. Latin America increased their own industrialization. They built factories for textiles, food, and construction materials. But it remained economically dependent on its foreign neighbors. 2. However, Latin America was still undeveloped and had old patterns. and rural elites dominated their estates and workers. Slavery had been abolished in 1888, but former slaves were at the bottom of society. Indigenous people were poverty stricken. 3. Growth in the middle sectors of Latin America. 4. The working class grew and the labor unions. Radical unions often advocated the use of general strike as an important instrument for change. 5. The need for industrial workers led Latin America to seek immigrants from Europe. 6. As in Europe and the U.S., in Latin America industrialization led to urbanization.

What were the effects of the Great Rebellion in India?

1. The British Parliament transferred the powers of the East India Company directly to British gov.. 2. Queen Victoria in 1876 took the title of Empress of India, and Indians were now her subjects. 3. It fueled Indian nationalism and marked the first significant attempt by the people of South Asia to throw off British rule.

How did British rule influence Indian culture?

1. The love-hate tension in India that arose from British domination led to a cultural awakening. This revival began in the early 1800s with the creation of a British college in Calcutta. A local publishing house was opened and issued textbooks on Indian subjects. 2. The revival soon spread to t other parts of India as well and led to the search for a new national identity and a modern literary expression. They proffered to use their own regional tongues. 3. Newspapers were a common medium used to arouse the lower-middle class support for nationalist causes. In the newspaper, Kesari, by Balwantrao Gangadhar Tilak, he convened negative feelings about the British. 4. Rabindranath Tagore also helped spread nationalism and reform India from British rule.

What is Dollar Diplomacy?

A U.S. policy where the government guarantees loans made to foreign countries by American business people

What was the Boer war?

A conflict, lasting from 1899 to 1902, in which the Boers and the British fought for control of territory in South Africa. The British won and a peace treaty was signed in 1902.

How did nations rule under indirect rule and what was the problem?

A country would cooperate with the local elites, like the Dutch East India Company in the Dutch East Indies. Under indirect rule, local rulers were allowed to keep their authority and status. This made access to the region's natural resources easier. It was also cheaper, and affected local culture less. It was not always possible. Some local elites resisted fought conquest. Then, they would be replaced with Western officials.

What was the price Indians had to pay for the increased stability of British rule?

A huge economic price- only the few rich profited, and most Indians didn't have jobs because they were taken by the British, and it brought many hardships

Balwantrao Gangadhar Tilak?

A journalist who used innuendo (suggestion) to convey the negative feelings Indians had for the British without saying anything disloyal. He wrote the newspaper Kesari ("the lion").

Who was Ghandi?

A leader in South Asia, who lead India to independence from British through peaceful protests. He was educated in London and became a lawyer who wanted to improve the lot of the poor and to grant independence to India.

What was the rise of African nationalism?

A new class of leaders emerged in the 1900s. Educated in colonial schools or in Western nations, they were the first generation of Africans to know a great deal about the West. They sometimes disliked rage ways of their own countries and wanted to Westernize them. Still many new leaders came to resent the foreigners and their arrogant contempt for African leaders. These leaders saw the gap between theory and practice in colonial society. (Westerners wanted democracy and political freedom but didn't apply them) There were few democratic institutions, colonials could only have low-paying jobs, and had segregated clubs, schools, and churches, and Europeans address colonials by their first names. This caused members of the urban educated middle class to feel confusion taped colonial rulers and the civilization the colonists represented. The educated. Africans found many aspects of Western culture superior. However, they hated conceal rule and were determined to assert their own nationality. During the 1st quarter of the 1900s, resentment turned to action. Africans began to form political parties and movement seeking the end of fright rule; they wanted to be independent and self-governing.

How did the U.S. expand to the Philippines? What happened?

After U.S. naval forces under Commodore George Dewey defatted the Spanish fleet in the Spanish-American War, President William McKinley believed it was his moral obligation to "civilize" other parts of the world. He turned the Philippines, formerly under Spanish control, into an American colony. However, many Filipinos didn't want American control. Aguinaldo was a leader of a movement of independence there. He began a revolution against the Spanish and went into exile. When the U.S. came, he continued to revolt and set himself up as president of the Republic of the Philippines. Led by him, the guerrilla forces fought tithe U.S. forces. However, the U.S. won and had its setting-stone to the rich markets of China.

How did Europeans justify imperialism?

Americans and Europeans both claimed that it was their responsibility as superior races to uplift, civilize and Christianize native peoples. This was known as the White Mans Burden and was based upon the ideas of social Darwinism.

Why were European countries interested in West Africa and North Africa?

Both regions were sought because of their raw materials and products: peanuts, timber hides, and palm oil. As well as valuable trade routed and colonies to be claimed.

How did Europe begin to colonize North Africa?

Britain: In 1875, Britain bought Egypt's share in the Suez Canal, and suppressed the revolts. Egypt became a British protectorate in 1914. They also wanted to control Sudan, south of Egypt, tp protect their interests in Egypt. In 1881 Muslim cleric Muhammad Ahmad launched a revolt that brought much of Sudan under his control. Britain then sent military force, but their army under Gordon was beaten. Although, Gorgon died in the battle and Britain didn't have Sudan until 1898. France: In 1879, after about 150,000 French people settled in Algeria, the French gov. established control there. Then, established. a protectorate on neighboring Tunisia and Morocco. Italy: They attempted to take over Ethiopia but were defeated in a humiliating loss. They tried again in 1911 and invaded Turkish Tripoli, which it renamed Libya.

What were the causes and effects of the Mexican Revolution?

Causes: 1. Large land holders began to take a more direct interest in national politics and even in governing. In Argentina and Chile, land holding elites controlled gov.. They adopted contritions similar to the U.S. and European democracies. They limited voting rights. 2. In some countries, large landowners supported dictators who looked out for the ruling elite. Portiro Diaz, who ruled Mexico, created a conservative gov.. HOWVER, GROWING FORCEF FOR CHANGE LED TO A REVOLUTION. 3. During Diaz's doctoral reign, the wages of workers declined. 4. 95% of the real pop. had no land. Aliberla landowner, Franciso Madero, forced Diaz from power and a wider revoltiionwas opened. Effects: 1. Damaged Mexican economy. 2. Created a new constitution in 1917 that set down many goals of the revolution. (For leaders - political reform, for peasants - land reform). It set up a gov. led by a president and elected by universal male suffrage. 3. Helped bring a more democratic and politically stable Mexico. 4. Led to an outpouring of patriotism throughout Mexico.

indirect rule

Colonial government in which local rulers are allowed to maintain their positions of authority and status

How did Diaz, Madero, Villa, and Zapata help incite or prolong the Mexican Revolution?

Diaz created a dictatorship. The others raised armies from rural poor continue to fight for land reform

Porfirio Diaz

Dictator in Mexico from 1876 to 1911. Overthrown by the Mexican Revolution of 1910.

Before British control, what was Egypt like, and how did it change?

Egypt had been part of the Ottoman Empire and in 1805, an officer of the Ottoman army named Muhammad Ali sized power and made Egypt asseverate state. He introduced a series of reforms to Egypt to modernize it.

What was the British East India Company?

Established in 1600s to trade directly with India; gradually expanded its power in India. It had its own soldiers and forts and hired Indian soldiers, known as septs, to. protect the company's interests in the region.

Why did European countries compete for colonies in central Africa and East Africa?

European countries competed for colonies in central and East Africa because the amount of colonize-able land was limited, because there was fierce competition amongst the European powers, and because they sought to gain access to the raw resources and trade routes in/near these regions.

How did European governance lead to African nationalism?

European governance, which exposed many young Africans to European ideals and methods while preventing them from gaining power and position in the colonial political system, created a great deal of discontent amongst educated Africans and uneducated Africans alike. This discontent and inability to advance in society would combine with the ideas of African nationalism to form new nationalisms that advocated decolonization and self-governance.

What were the motivations for the new imperialism?

European nations began an intense scramble for oversees territory and new lands to control for industrial raw materials and market for Western manufactured goods. They sought direct control over vast territories. There was strong economic motive. Capitalists states in the West were looking for both markets and raw materials for industries. Also, European nation-states were involved in heated rivalries; they acquired land in order to gain and advantage. Colonies were also a source pf national power. Social Darwinism added to it, for in the struggle between nations, this Darwinism stated the fit are victorious. Racism added to it for it was the belief that race determines traits and capabilities. Racists believed they were superior. Some Europeans took a more religious and humanitarian approach to imperialism. They believed Europeans had a moral responsibility to civilize primitive people. This was called the "white man's burden." To some, it meant bringing Christian messages to the "heathen masses", and to others it meant. bringing western benefits into these societies.

How did Europeans rule West Africa? What was there? How did that rule change?

Europeans had a keen interest in West Africa's peanuts, timber, hides, and palm oil. Earlier in the 1800s, they also benefited from the slave trade. As this slave trade denied, Europe's interest in other forms of trade increased. Europe's growing presence in West Africa led to tensions with African gov.. For along time, most African states were able to maintain independence. However in 1874 Great Britain annexed the west coastal states into the Gold Coast. France also added a huge area of French West Africa to its colonial empire. Germany also controlled many states.

What led to Western dominance in Southeast Asia?

Firstly, Great Britain set out to obtain Singapore and Burma , crushing the Burmese monarchy and establishing control of that region. Next, France, forced the Vietnamese to accept French protection in fear of British movement into Vietnam. France ended up spanning its control over several countries in the general area of Vietnam as a protectorate.

What is imperialism? What did it lead to in the late 19nth century?

Imperialism is the extension of one nation's power over other lands. It led Europeans to control vast territories directly in order to take those countries' raw materials and sell them finished goods.

How did France continue European advance into Southeast Asia?

France, who had some missionaries operating in Vietnam, nervously watched the British takeover of Burma. While, in Vietnam, they viewed Christianity as a threat to Confucian doctrine, and persecuted the French missionaries. However, they failed to do that with the Christian missionaries. Vietnamese internal rivalries divided the country into two: the north and the south. France, alarmed with British power, stopped British advance into Vietnam, by forcing the Vietnamese to accept French protection. The French began forcing the Vietnamese to give up territories, and over the next 30 years, establish control over the rest of the country. In 1883, France sized the city of Hanoi and later made the Vietnamese empire. a French protectorate. In the 1880s, France expanded control to neighboring Cambodia, Annam, Tonkin, and Laos. By 1887, France included all its new possessions in a new Union of French Indochina.

How did Britain and Germany become chief rivals in East Africa and what happened?

Germany came late to the ranks of the imperialist powers. At first Otto von Bismarck downplayed the role of colonies, but at the people's demand, converted to colonialism. In addition the West Africa holdings, Germany tried to develop cloned in East Africa. However, the British were also interested in the area because control of East Africa would connect the empire from east to south. To settle this, European countries meat the Berlin Conference in 1884 and 1885. This conference officially recognized British and German territory in East Africa.

What were the events leading to an Indian rebellion?

Growing distrust of British people led to a revolt. It was called Sepoy Mutiny by the British, and First War of Independence by Indians. Neutral observers call it the Great Rebellion. 1. Growing distrust 2. Immediate cause was a rumor that the troops' new rifle cartridges were greased with cow and pig fat. These were sacred animals. 3. The sepoys would have to bite the cartridge which would mean it's polluted; thus they couldn't fire. A group. of them refused to load their rifles. The British humiliated them, and put them in prison. This enraged other sepoys who went on rampage. 4. Other sepoys went on rampage and killed 50 Europeans, and other people, like princes, joined.

Who was Henry Stanley and what did he do?

He found Livingstone and decided to carry on the great explorers work. Although he detested Africa. He explored the Congo River in Central Africa ailed down the Atlantic Ocean. After the British denied to explore the Congo River basin, he turned to King Leopold II of Belgium.

What role did Cecil Rhodes play in promoting British imperialism in the south of Africa?

He secretly backed a raid that was meant to spark an uprising of British people against the Transvaal gov..

Who was David Livingstone and what did he do?

He was an explorer who explored central Africa, beginning as a 27-year-old medical missionary. He tricked through uncharted regions and made detailed notes of his discoveries. He sent these back to London, made detailed maps, and attempted to find a navigable river that would open Central Africa to European commerce and Christianity. When he disappeared, the New York Herald hired Henry Stanley to find him. He found him, saying "Dr. Livingstone, I presume?"

Who was King Leopold II of Belgium and what did he do?

He was the real driving force behind the colonization of Central Africa. After Stanley's suggestion of a colony, he rushed enthusiastically at the idea of an empire in Africa. He also wanted profit. He hired Stanley to set up Belgium's settlements in Congo. This caused concern for other European states who also wanted power.

How did Britain lead the dominance in Southeast Asia?

In 1819, Great Britain sent Sir. Thomas Stamford Raffles to found a new colony on a small island on the tip of the Malay Peninsula. Called Singapore, in a new age of steamships, it soon became a major stopping point for traffic traveling to or from China. During the next few decades, the British continued their advance. Next, was the kingdom of Burma. Britain wanted it to protect its possessions in India and for a land route through Burma not southern China. Though this effort failed, British activities in Burma led to the collapse of the Burmese monarchy. Soon, Britain controlled the entire country.

What was the Indian National Congress? (INC)

In 1885, the Indians created this organization to help them plan and organize ways to convince Britain to give them their independence. It urged patience for the reforms.

How did the U.S. involve itself in Latin America?

In 1895 exile Jode Marti returned to Cuba tp lead a revolt against Spanish rule, and the brutality with which th Americans crushed the rebellion shocked Americans and began a series of events that led the U.S. to declare war against Spain in 1898. As a result of the Spanish-American War, Cuba effectively became a protectorate of the U.S., and Puerto Rico was annexed. Then, Theodore Roosevelt supported a rebellion that allowed Panama to separate from Columbia. Then, the U.S. built the Panama Canal. Roosevelt then expanded involvement. After Europeans threatened to send warships to Santo Domingo to collect debts, Roosevelt, in the Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine. In the 1900s, the U.S. began to pursue "dollar diplomacy " - extending its influence by investing in Latin America. The U.S. soon replaced Europe as the source of loans and investments. As American investments grew, so did the resolve to protect them; they sent military force to protect their interests.

How was European dominance different in South Africa?

In South Africa, the British had to contend not only with a native population, but with a significant population of Boers who felt that the land was theirs Competition between white groups over land and over rich mineral resources led to war.

What happened with the Boer Republics?

In the 1830s, disgusted with the British rule, the Boers moved from the coastal lands and headed northward on the Great Trek. They settled in the region between the Orange and Vaal Rivers. They formed 2 independent republics: the Orange Free State and the Transvaal. They believed white superiority was ordained by God and denied non-Europeans any place in their society. As they settled, the Boers put many of the indigenous peoples, in these areas on reservations. They frequently battled indigenous Zulu people who had carved out their own empire, but were defeated by the British.

Who was Cecil Rhodes?

In the 1880s, British policy in South Africa was influenced by Cecil Rhodes. He had formed diamond and gold mining companies that made him rich. He was a great champion of British expansion. One of Rhode's goals was to create a series of British colonies. linked by a railroad. When gold and diamonds were discovered in the Transvaal, the Boer residents greatly despised British rule. Rhodes then secretly backed a raid that was meant tp spark an upraising among British settlers against the Transvaal. It failed, and the gov. forced Rhodes to resign as head of Cape Colony.

How did the Great Rebellion end?

Indian troops loyal to British and new British troops crushed the rebellion for the Indians weren't well organized. Rivalries between the Hindus and Muslims kept them from working together. Atrocities were terrible on both sides. Children and women like were killed in a defenseless building called House of the Ladies by Indians.

What provisions did the Mexican Constitution of 1917 include?

It gave the vote to all men; created a minimum wage, limits on hours worked, and unions; redistributed land; and limited foreign investments.

How did an increase in exports change Latin America after 1870?

It helped lead to prosperity, which in turn fostered growth in the middle sectors of Latin American society.

What was the Mexican constitution of 1917?

It set up a gov. led by a president and elected by universal male suffrage. It created land-reform politics, established limits on foreign investors,and set up an agenda for workers. This included the rights to form unions, set a minimum wage, and limited woking hours.

How did Latin America's age of prosperity begin?

It was based on the export of a few basic items: wheat and beef from Argentina, coffee from Brazil, coffee and bananas from Central America, and sugar and silver from Peru. These foodstuffs and raw materials were largely exchanged for finished goods- textiles, machines, and luxury items.

How did Leopold's aggression promote Western imperialism in Africa?

Leopold's, Belgium, successfully imperialized the Congo, so other European nations were inspired to speed up their imperialistic goals because Belgium was small and taking up valuable land.

What happened during the Mexican Revolution?

Madero: Made an effort to handle the revolutionary forces. He put his best officials in administration, and sought balance in handling foreign interests. These were ineffective, however. 1. The northern states were near anarchy as Pancho Villa'a armed bandits swept the countryside. People found fault with Madero for not solving this problem. 2. Madero's ineffectiveness created a demand for agrarian reform, led by Zapata.

How did indigenous people in Southeast Asia respond to colonial rule?

Many individuals resented colonization. First, it came from the existing ruling class. However, like in Vietnam when the emperor gave up his land to France, the gov. officials set up an organization called Can Vuong - "Save the King". Sometimes, resistance took the form of peasant revolts. They vented their anger on foreign invaders. Early resistance movements failed. However, in the early 1900s, a new resistance movement based on nationalism emerged. The leaders were often from a new class that the colonial rule create: Westernized intellectuals in the cities. At first, they simply tried to defend the economic interests or religious beliefs of the native peoples. For example, in Burma, students at the university of Rangoon formed an organization to protest against official persecution of the Buddhist religion and British lack of respect for religious traditions. Not until the 1930s, did they begin to demand national independence.

Pancho Villa

Mexican revolutionary leader (1877-1923) Did many good things, but killed a lot of people. Wanted to take money from the rich and give it to the poor.

What was some of colonial rule in Africa like?

Most European governments ruled their territories with as little effort and cost as possible. British: Relied on indirect rule and sometimes simply asked a local ruler to accept British authority and to fly the British flag. French: relied on direct rule. and had an official known as a governor-general. The French idea was to assimilate Africa subjects into French culture water then preserve native traditions. African cauldron for office and a few were even appointed to high-powerd positions in the colonial administration.

indigenous

Native to a region

How did newspapers and literature help shape the nationalist movement?

Newspapers helped reach lower-middle-class people. Literature helped form a national identity. Also, Writers used innuendo to suggest that the British were disloyal.

Why didn't the British set up universal public education in India?

One reason is that it would have been very expensive to serve the entire population. Also, the British probably saw education for the masses as a dangerous tool that might inspire them to demand their rights.

Emiliano Zapata

Revolutionary and leader of peasants in the Mexican Revolution. He mobilized landless peasants in south-central Mexico in an attempt to seize and divide the lands of the wealthy landowners. Though successful for a time, he was ultimately defeated and assassinated.

Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine

Roosevelt's 1904 extension of the Monroe Doctrine, stating that the United States has the right to protect its economic interests in South And Central America by using military force.

What prompted Britain to colonize Singapore and Burma?

Singapore and Burma were both important for providing access to China. Burma= protect India

What characterized the Indiana Independence movement?

The 1st Indian nationalists were upper-class English-educated and from urban areas and trained in British law and were member of the civil service. At first many preferred reform to revolution. The nationalists called the Indian National Congress which urged patience. The INC had difficulties because of religious beliefs. it sought independence for all, but late Muslims called for their own league. In 1914, the return of a young Hindu from South Africa brought new life to India's struggle. Gandhi became active in the independence movement and began. a movement based on nonviolent resistance. This movement led to Indian independce.

What did the British create in South Africa in 1910 which combined the old Cape Colony and the Boer Republics?

The Union of South Africa; it would be a self-governing state within the British Empire.

racism

The beleif that race determines a perosn's traits and capabilities

What were colonial economies like?

The colonial powers didn't want their conquests to develop their own industries. Thus, colonial policy stressed the export of raw materials. This policy led to plantation agriculture. Foreign planation owners kept wages low to increase profits. Nonetheless, some good benefits were brought to Southeast Asia: a modern economic system, railroads, highways, and the development of an export market created an experimental class in real areas. Though they received few profits.

Characteristics of middle-class Latin Americans:

They lived in cities and sought education and decent incomes. They saw the U.S. as a model, especially in regards to industrialization. They sought liberal reform, not revolution. After getting the tight to vote, they sided with the landholding elites.

What difficult did the Indian National Congress face?

The goal was to share power and work with the British government ; not to push for revolution -Indian nationalists were upper class/ English educated -Slow pace of law reforms to gain rights and self rule in India caused tension - Muslims broke away from the National Congress feeling their rights would not be met and formed the Muslim League

What motivated the British for control of Egypt?

The growing economic importance of the Nile Valley, along with the development of steamships, gave Europeans the desire. to build a canal Easton Cairo. to connect the Mediterranean and Red Seas. When the Suez Canal was finished in 1869, the British believed it was a "lifeline to India", and tried to gain as much control over the area as possible.

What caused the increase in the number of Latin American's in the middle class in the late nineteenth century?

The middle class grew due to the prosperity brought by exports of foodstuffs and raw materials like silver. As a group, most middle-class Latin Americans lived in cities, sought education and decent incomes, and supported liberal reform rather than revolution.

What new class did colonial rule create? How did this eventually lead to the end of colonialism?

The new class was an urban middle class of merchants, clerks, professionals, and students who had attended Western-style schools. Their resistance movements began to succeed because they had learned Western ideas about natural rights and democracy. Also they could speak European languages, and they had the skills to replace those Westerners.

Why were resistance movements often led by Southeast Asian people who had been educated in the West?

They fought for their peoples' religious beliefs and freedoms, not nationhood. They slid were educated with Western beliefs and understood the policy more.

What was the spark for India's cultural revival? What are some examples of it?

The spark was the British attitude of superiority and disdain toward India's culture. Examples of the revival include the creation of a college in Calcutta, publication of newspaper editorials, founding of the Triplicane Literary Society, and the work of Rabindranath Tagore, whose goal was to instill pride in a national Indian consciousness.

What was the goal of European missionaries to the rain forests of Central Africa?

Their goal was to help native Africans (as they saw it) by bringing them Christianity and "civilization." Their actual effect was to provide geographic information that the imperialists, especially King Leopold II of Belgium, used to take over the region and subjugate the people.

How did Western powers justify their conquests?

They spoke of bringing blessings of Western civilizations to their colonial subjects, including representative gov.. However, many Westerners came to fear the idea of native peoples being allowed political rights.

What raw materials did Europeans seize in West Africa?

They took peanuts, timber, animals hides, and palm oil. Great Britain annexed the west coastal states and Nigeria. France took over all of what became French West Africa, including much of the Niger River. Germany controlled only small parts of the region.

The new class that colonization created was Westernized intellectuals in cities. What was this?

They were often the leaders of a movement concerned with nationalism. They were the first generation to of Asians to embrace the institutions and values of the West. Many were educated on the West, spoke Western languages, and worked jobs connected with colonial regimes.

What happened when indirect rule was introduced to the Islamic state of Sokoto, in northern Nigeria, in 1903?

This system had one good feature: It didn't disrupt local customs and institutions. Some unfortunate consequences were: it was basically a fraud because British administrators made all major decisions, kept the old African elite in power, provided few opportunities for the ambitious and talented young outside of old elite, and sowed the seed for class and ethnic tensions.

How was Thailand the only remaining free state in Southeast Asia?

Two remarkable rulers prevented that from happening. One was King Mongkut (known as the king in The King and I) and the other, his son, King Chulalongkorn. Both promoted Western learning and maintained friendly relations with the major European powers. In 1896, Britain and France agreed to maintain Thailand as an independent buffer state between their possessions in Southeast Asia.

What were the roles viceroys and civil servants in India and whom did they represent?

Viceroys were governors who ruled as a representative of the monarch. They represented the queen. Civil servants were individuals who represented the public in the government of the monarch.

How did nations rule under direct rule?

When local elites rested, they would be replaced with Western officials. Great Britain administered Burma directly through its colonial gov. in India. In Indonesia, the French used both systems.

sepoy

an Indian soldier hired by the British East India Company to protect the company's interests in the region

direct rule

colonial government in which local elites were removed from power and replaced by a new set of officials brought from the colonizing country

Franciso Madero

dforced Diaz from power, but was ineffective as a leader

imperialism

the extension of a nation's power over other lands

annex

to incorporate into an existing political unit, such as a city or country