Ch 14 Autonomic Nervous System, chapter 14, chapter 15

28) A patient who experienced head trauma has lost the ability to taste spicy food. You should expect damage to cranial nerve A) VII. B) III. C) IX. D) V. E) XIII.

V

27) Taste buds are monitored by cranial nerves A) IX, X, and XI. B) VII, VIII, and IX. C) VII, IX, and X. D) V, VII, and IX. E) IX, XI, and XII.

VII, IX, and X.

Preganglionic fibers of parasympathetic neurons are present in all of the following cranial nerves except

XII

25) Preganglionic fibers of parasympathetic neurons are present in all of the following cranial nerves except A) III. B) VII. C) IX. D) X. E) XII.

XII.

Injury to the cervical sympathetic ganglia would not affect the function of the

Xpupils --> lacrimal glands. ->Xsaliva -->Xheart-->Xlungs-->

68) In which of the following cases would the focal distance be greater? A) a round lens B) a flat lens C) It doesnʹt matter, focus distance doesnʹt change with the shape of the lens.

a flat lens

51) Most sympathetic effector junctions release norepinephrine but a significant number release acetylcholine instead. Which of these is an example of an organ of the cholinergic type? A) the heart B) a blood vessel in the skin C) a sweat gland D) the liver E) the salivary glands

a sweat gland

In which of the following organs are both chemoreceptors and baroreceptors associated with respiratory autonomic reflexes?

aorta and carotid arteries

44) Sympathetic nerves A) provoke feelings of sympathy. B) allow us to relax, rest, and recover. C) are bundles of postganglionic fibers that innervate organs within the thoracic cavity. D) control swallowing. E) stimulate gastric secretion.

are bundles of postganglionic fibers that innervate organs within the thoracic cavity.

56) Muscarinic receptors A) are normally activated by acetylcholine. B) are found mostly in autonomic ganglia. C) always produce an excitatory response. D) control sodium channels in the affected membrane. E) are blocked by norepinephrine.

are normally activated by acetylcholine.

3) Ganglionic neurons usually synapse with preganglionic neurons in the ________ and have axons that innervate ________. A) brain; visceral effectors B) autonomic ganglia; visceral effectors C) visceral effectors; autonomic ganglia

autonomic ganglia; visceral effectors

Which type of receptor is sensitive to changes in blood pH?

baroreceptors -->chemoreceptors

123) Which of the following descriptions best matches the term stereocilia? A) move up and down when the stapes moves back and forth B) transmit movement of the tympanic membrane to the inner ear C) bending these produces receptor potential in hair cells

bending these produces receptor potential in hair cells

63) A certain drug decreases heart rate by blocking a receptor on cardiac pacemaker cells. This drug probably binds to ________ receptors. A) nicotinic cholinergic B) muscarinic cholinergic C) alpha-1 adrenergic D) alpha-2 adrenergic E) beta-1 adrenergic

beta-1 adrenergic

A certain drug decreases heart rate by blocking a receptor on cardiac pacemaker cells. This drug probably binds to ________ receptors

beta-1 adrenergic

Which of the following would lead to increased heart rate?

both increased sympathetic input and decreased parasympathetic input

Which of the following is not a parasympathetic ganglion?

celiac

9) Olfactory information is first received by which part of the brain? A) frontal lobe B) cerebellum C) parietal lobe D) cerebrum E) medulla oblongata

cerebrum

36) The ________ covers most of the exposed surface of the eye. A) conjunctiva B) cornea C) iris D) anterior chamber E) canthus

conjunctiva

Splanchnic nerves

connect chain ganglia-->consist of axons that synapse in collateral ganglia.

52) An area of the retina that contains only cones and is the site of sharpest vision is the A) outer segment. B) inner segment. C) fovea centralis. D) optic disc. E) tapetum lucidum.

fovea centralis.

Parasympathetic functions include all of the following except

dilation of airways

15) Gustatory receptors are found in the taste buds of all the following papillae except A) vallate. B) foliate. C) fungiform. D) filiform.

filiform.

112) What brain structure is considered to be the headquarters for the ANS? (Module 14.11A) A) thalamus B) hypothalamus C) midbrain D) pons E) medulla oblongata

hypothalamus

The integrative centers for autonomic activity are located in the

hypothalamus

What brain structure is considered to be the headquarters for the ANS?

hypothalamus

Which brain area is considered to be the headquarters of the ANS?

hypothalamus

82) The integrative centers for autonomic activity are located in the A) cerebrum. B) pons. C) thalamus. D) hypothalamus. E) medulla oblongata.

hypothalamus.

40) The gap that separates the free margins of the upper and lower eyelids is the A) cornea. B) palpebral fissure. C) conjunctiva. D) lacrimal punctum. E) medial angle of the eye.

palpebral fissure

37) As the result of an accident, the white rami of spinal nerves T1 and T2 on the left side of Bradʹs body are severed. What organ(s) would you expect might be affected by this injury? A) left pupil B) right pupil C) heart D) left and right pupil E) left pupil and heart

left pupil and heart

13) The ________ division of the autonomic nervous system is known as the ʺrest and digestʺ division. A) sympathetic B) parasympathetic C) thoracolumbar D) visceral E) somatomotor

parasympathetic

128) The hair cells of the cochlear duct are located in the A) semicircular canal. B) utricle. C) saccule. D) organ of Corti. E) spiral ganglion.

organ of Corti.

98) The ________ ear collects sounds waves and transmits them to the ________ ear, which contains auditory ossicles. A) inner; middle B) outer; middle

outer; middle

113) What brain structure relays somatosensory information? (Module 14.11B) A) thalamus B) hypothalamus C) midbrain D) pons E) medulla oblongata

thalamus

What brain structure relays somatosensory information?

thalamus

91) All of the following descriptions applies/apply to the term myopia except A) nearsightedness. B) corrected with diverging lens. C) image focused in front of retina. D) the eyeball is elongated. E) the eyeball is too shallow.

the eyeball is too shallow.

118) Perception of gravity and linear acceleration depends on A) changes in the pressure exerted by the cupula on hair cells. B) vibrations of the tectorial membrane striking hair cells. C) the force exerted by otoliths on hair cells of the maculae in the utricle or saccule.

the force exerted by otoliths on hair cells of the maculae in the utricle or saccule.

Stimulation of the beta receptors on heart muscle cells does not result in

the formation of cAMP. --> increased metabolism --> nactivation of G proteins

17) A typical gustatory cell survives for only about ________ days before it is replaced. A) 1 B) 3 C) 5 D) 10 E) 20

10

102) What neurotransmitter is released by all parasympathetic neurons? (Module 14.5B) A) acetylcholine B) epinephrine C) norepinephrine D) dopamine

102: acetylcholine

106) Sound waves are converted into mechanical movements by the A) auditory ossicles. B) cochlea. C) oval window. D) round window. E) tympanic membrane.

106: tympanic membrane

107) The vibrations received by the tympanic membrane are transferred to the oval window by the A) auditory ossicles. B) cochlea. C) oval window. D) tensor tympani. E) stapedius muscle.

107: auditory ossicles.

121) The elevated ridges within the ampullae of the semicircular canals that support the hair cells are known as a A) concha. B) cupula. C) crista ampullaris.

121: crista ampullaris.

125) The structure that overlies the organ of Corti is the A) basilar membrane. B) tectorial membrane. C) stapedius. D) perilymph. E) endolymph.

125: tectorial membrane.

126) The structure that supports the organ of Corti is the A) tectorial membrane. B) basilar membrane. C) membranous labyrinth. D) vestibular duct. E) tympanic membrane.

126: basilar membrane.

12) The olfactory organ consists of the ________ and the lamina propria. A) olfactory bulb B) olfactory nerve C) olfactory epithelium D) cribriform plate E) olfactory tract

12: olfactory epithelium

159) Light passing through the eye along the visual axis strikes what part of the retina? (Module 15.8C) A) optic nerve B) optic disc C) fovea centralis D) ganglion cells E) bipolar cells

159: fovea centralis

131) The following is a list of the steps that occur in the production of an auditory sensation. 1. The pressure wave distorts the basilar membrane on its way to the round window. 2. Movement of the tympanic membrane causes displacement of the malleus. 3. Displacement of the stereocilia stimulates sensory neurons of the cochlear nerve. 4. Movement of the malleus causes movement of the incus and stapes. 5. Distortion of the basilar membrane forces the hair cells of the organ of Corti toward or away from the tectorial membrane. 6. Movement of the oval window establishes pressure waves in the perilymph of the vestibular duct.

2, 4, 6, 1, 5, 3.

8) Axons leaving the olfactory epithelium collect into ________ or more bundles that penetrate the cribriform plate of the ethmoid. A) 4 B) 8 C) 12 D) 15 E) 20

20

21) The statement ʺIt initiates contraction of urinary bladder smooth muscleʺ is A) true only for the parasympathetic nervous system. B) true only for the sympathetic nervous system. C) true for both the parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous systems.

21: true only for the parasympathetic nervous system.

25) The function of gustatory receptors parallels that of A) light receptors in the eye. B) mechanoreceptors in the ear. C) olfactory receptors. D) lamellar corpuscles. E) Meissner corpuscles.

25: olfactory receptors.

1. Ganglia cells detect changes in bipolar cell activity. 2. Neurotransmitter release changes. 3. Retinal changes to a more linear form. 4. Rhodopsin breaks down (bleaches). 5. Opsin changes the membrane permeability of the outer segment to Na+. 6. Opsin activation occurs. What is the proper sequence for these steps?

3, 6, 5, 2, 1, 4

31) What type of neuron of the parasympathetic division exits the brain stem? A) somatic motor neuron B) preganglionic neuron C) sensory neuron D) ganglionic neuron E) astrocyte

31: preganglionic neuron

13) The olfactory receptor cell can be activated by as few as ________ odorant molecules. A) 1 B) 2 C) 3 D) 4 E) 5

4

41) ________, or pinkeye, results from damage to or irritation of the conjunctival surface. A) Cataract B) Conjunctivitis C) Myopia D) Hyperopia E) Emmetropia

41: Conjunctivitis

45) The statement ʺIts postganglionic axons always use acetylcholine as the neurotransmitterʺ is A) true only for the parasympathetic nervous system. B) true only for the sympathetic nervous system. C) true for both the parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous systems. D) not true for either the parasympathetic or sympathetic nervous systems.

45: true only for the parasympathetic nervous system.

48) The statement ʺPreganglionic axon terminals release acetylcholineʺ is A) true only for the parasympathetic nervous system. B) true only for the sympathetic nervous system. C) true for both the parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous systems. D) not true for either the parasympathetic or sympathetic nervous systems. E) true only for the somatic nervous system.

48: true for both the parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous systems.

20) An adult has approximately ________ taste buds, each of which contains ________ different receptor cells. A) 50; 10,000 B) 5,000; 40-100 C) 500,000; 4 D) 500; 40-100 E) 50,000; 10,000

5,000; 40-100

65) Dual innervation refers to an organ receiving A) two nerves from the spinal cord. B) both autonomic and somatomotor nerves. C) both sympathetic and parasympathetic innervation.

65: both sympathetic and parasympathetic innervation

66) Control of the diameter of the respiratory passages depends upon A) sympathetic stimulation only. B) parasympathetic stimulation only. C) somatomotor stimulation only. D) both parasympathetic and sympathetic levels of stimulation.

66: both parasympathetic and sympathetic levels of stimulation.

68) The statement ʺIt controls the diameter of the pupilʺ is A) true only for the parasympathetic nervous system. B) true only for the sympathetic nervous system. C) true for both the parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous systems. D) not true for either the parasympathetic or sympathetic nervous systems. E) true only for the somatic nervous system.

68: true for both the parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous systems.

74) The visible spectrum for humans extends between a wavelength of 400 nm and ________ nm. A) 100 B) 500 C) 600 D) 700 E) 900

700

75) Which of the following would lead to increased heart rate? A) increased sympathetic input B) decreased sympathetic input C) increased parasympathetic input D) decreased parasympathetic input E) both increased sympathetic input and decreased parasympathetic input

75: both increased sympathetic input and decreased parasympathetic input

7) All of the following are visceral effectors except A) smooth muscles. B) cardiac muscle. C) adipocytes. D) skeletal muscles. E) glands.

7: skeletal muscles.

81) A pigment synthesized from vitamin A is A) retinal. B) opsin. C) rhodopsin. D) transducin. E) cGMP.

81: retinal.

81) Visceral reflex arcs can bypass CNS neurons in ________ reflexes. A) short B) long C) both short and long D) neither short nor long

81: short

88) Which brain area is considered to be the headquarters of the ANS? A) cerebral cortex B) thalamus C) limbic system D) hypothalamus E) brain stem

88: hypothalamus

93) Identify two major divisions of the ANS. (Module 14.2A) A) somatic division and sympathetic division B) somatic division and parasympathetic division C) enteric division and the central division D) central division and sympathetic division E) sympathetic division and parasympathetic division

93: sympathetic division and parasympathetic division

99) The external acoustic meatus includes all of the following except the A) tympanic membrane. B) eardrum. C) tympanon. D) ceruminous glands. E) auditory tube

99: auditory tube

139) What is a generator potential? (Module 15.1B) A) A generator potential is an action potential produced by sensory neurons. B) A generator potential is the depolarization of sensory neurons capable of generating an action potential. C) A generator potential is the repolarization of sensory neurons capable of generating ac action potential.

A generator potential is the depolarization of sensory neurons capable of generating an action potential.

107) Define visceral reflex. (Module 14.9A) A) A visceral reflex is a slow, calculated response of the spinal cord following exposure to a single specific somatic stimulus. B) A visceral reflex is a slow, calculated response of the spinal cord following repeated exposure to specific somatic stimuli. C) A visceral reflex is an autonomic reflex initiated in the viscera. It can be modified, facilitated, or inhibited by higher centers, especially those in the hypothalamus.

A visceral reflex is an autonomic reflex initiated in the viscera. It can be modified, facilitated, or inhibited by higher centers, especially those in the hypothalamus.

Define visceral reflex.

A visceral reflex is an autonomic reflex initiated in the viscera. It can be modified, facilitated, or inhibited by higher centers, especially those in the hypothalamus.

85) All of the following occur when a rod is stimulated by light, except A) ganglion cells pick up changes in activity in the bipolar cells. B) the retinal changes to a more linear shape. C) neurotransmitter release changes. D) Na+ permeability changes. E) ATP is hydrolyzed.

ATP is hydrolyzed.

26) Taste receptors are distributed in which of the following places? A) surface of the epiglottis B) surface of the tongue C) portions of the pharynx D) All of the answers are correct.

All of the answers are correct.

58) Which of the following statements about adrenergic receptors is true? A) They are proteins in the plasma membrane. B) When activated, cAMP levels are affected. C) Epinephrine activates both alpha and beta types. D) Norepinephrine activates mainly the alpha type. E) All of the answers are correct.

All of the answers are correct.

86) All of the following are true regarding the retina except A) Ganglion cells send axons to the brain as cranial nerve II. B) Axons carrying its output synapse in the lateral geniculate bodies in the thalamus. C) It has photoreceptors that do not respond to dim light. D) It has photoreceptors that do not respond to red light. E) All of the information from the retina goes directly to the occipital cortex.

All of the information from the retina goes directly to the occipital cortex.

98) Describe an intramural ganglion. (Module 14.3B) A) An intramural ganglion is a group of neurons located near the brainstem. B) An intramural ganglion is a group of neurons located near the spinal cord. C) An intramural ganglion is a group of neurons located near the target organ. D) An intramural ganglion is a group of neurons embedded in the tissues of the target organ.

An intramural ganglion is a group of neurons embedded in the tissues of the target organ.

Describe an intramural ganglion.

An intramural ganglion is a group of neurons located near the target organ. --> An intramural ganglion is a group of neurons embedded in the tissues of the target organ.

142) Trace the olfactory pathway, beginning at the olfactory epithelium. (Module 15.2B)

Axons from the olfactory epithelium bundle together and synapse at the olfactory bulb. Axons from the olfactory bulb travel along the olfactory tract to the olfactory cortex, hypothalamus, and portions of the limbic system.

110) Define baroreceptors. Where are baroreceptors located within the body? (Module 14.10A) A) Baroreceptors are thermoreceptors that detect changes in temperature. They are primarily located in the skin and hypothalamus. B) Baroreceptors are stretch receptors that detect changes in pressure. They are located along the digestive tract, within the walls of the urinary bladder, in the carotid and aortic sinuses, and in the lungs. C) Baroreceptors are chemoreceptors that detect changes in oxygen and carbon dioxide concentrations. They are located within the medulla oblongata and in the carotid and aortic bodies.

Baroreceptors are stretch receptors that detect changes in pressure. They are located along the digestive tract, within the walls of the urinary bladder, in the carotid and aortic sinuses, and in the lungs

Define baroreceptors. Where are baroreceptors located within the body?

Baroreceptors are stretch receptors that detect changes in pressure. They are located along the digestive tract, within the walls of the urinary bladder, in the carotid and aortic sinuses, and in the lungs.

70) ________ cells connect photoreceptors to ganglion cells. A) Rod B) Cone C) Bipolar

Bipolar

109) ________ glands produce a secretion commonly called earwax. A) Sudoriferous B) Ceruminous C) Mammary

Ceruminous

186) Which cranial nerves are involved with eye, head, and neck movements? (Module 15.21B) A) Cranial nerves III, IV, VI, and XI. B) Cranial nerves I, II, and III. C) Cranial nerves II, III, IV, V, and VI. D) Cranial nerves III, VII, IX, X, XII. E) Cranial nerves VI, VII, IX, XI.

Cranial nerves III, IV, VI, and XI.

184) Define decibel. (Module 15.20A) A) Decibels are units of force. B) Decibels are units of pressure. C) Decibels are units of the intensity of sound.

Decibels are units of the intensity of sound.

The parasympathetic nervous system is especially active during which physiological state(s)?

Digestion

106) Define dual innervation. (Module 14.8A) A) Dual innervation means that a given body system sends both sensory impulses and receives motor commands. B) Dual innervation means that a given body system receives instructions from both the central and peripheral nervous systems. C) Dual innervation means that sensory neurons and motor neurons are present in the tissue. D) Dual innervation means that a given body system has twice the amount of neural stimulation needed to produce an action. E) Dual innervation means that a given body system receives instructions from both the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions of the ANS.

Dual innervation means that a given body system receives instructions from both the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions of the ANS.

Define dual innervation

Dual innervation means that a given body system receives instructions from both the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions of the ANS.

162) Why does the near point of vision typically increase with age? (Module 15.9C) A) Elasticity of the lens decreases with age. B) Elasticity of the lens increases with age. C) The number of photoreceptors decreases with age. D) The amount of refraction changes because the liquid inside the eye decreases with age. E) The amount of refraction changes because the liquid inside the eye increases with age.

Elasticity of the lens decreases with age.

113) ________ fills the membranous labyrinth. A) Interstitial fluid B) Perilymph C) Endolymph D) CSF E) Plasma

Endolymph

144) Describe filiform papillae. (Module 15.3B)

Filiform papillae are epithelial projections that are slender and conical. They provide friction for the tongue to move objects in the mouth, but they do not contain taste buds.

160) Define focal point. (Module 15.9A) A) Focal point is when all light rays entering the pupil are entering parallel. B) Focal point is the distance between the lens and the retina. C) Focal point is when light is refracted as it passes from the air into the corneal tissues. D) Focal point is the point at which the light rays from an object intersect on the retina. E) Focal point is the point at which the light rays from an object intersect on the lens.

Focal point is the point at which the light rays from an object intersect on the retina.

94) Compare the anatomy of the sympathetic division with that of the parasympathetic division. (Module 14.2B) A) In the SNS, axons emerge from the thoracic and lumbar segments of the spinal cord and innervate ganglia relatively close to the spinal cord. In the PNS, axons emerge from the brainstem and sacral segments of the spinal cord and innervate ganglia very close to or within the target organs. B) In the SNS, axons emerge from the brainstem and sacral segments of the spinal cord and innervate ganglia relatively close to the spinal cord. In the PNS, axons emerge from the thoracic and lumbar segments of the spinal cord and innervate ganglia very close to or within the target organs.

In the SNS, axons emerge from the thoracic and lumbar segments of the spinal cord and innervate ganglia relatively close to the spinal cord. In the PNS, axons emerge from the brainstem and sacral segments of the spinal cord and innervate ganglia very close to or within the target organs.

Which of the following is true for the craniosacral division?

It is a division of the visceral sensory nervous system.-->It is referred to the "fight or flight" division.-->It is also called the sympathetic division of the ANS-->It is also called the parasympathetic division of the ANS.

9) Which of the following is true for the craniosacral division? A) It is also called the sympathetic division of the ANS. B) It is also called the parasympathetic division of the ANS. C) It is referred to the ʺfight or flightʺ division. D) It is a division of the visceral sensory nervous system. E) It is included solely in the peripheral nervous system.

It is also called the parasympathetic division of the ANS.

10) How would a molecule that mimics cAMP not affect an olfactory receptor? A) It would increase sodium permeability. B) It would open chemically gated sodium channels. C) It would depolarize the olfactory receptor. D) It could trigger an afferent action potential. E) It would decrease sodium permeability.

It would decrease sodium permeability.

Compare nicotinic receptors and muscarinic receptors.

Nicotinic receptors are acetylcholine G protein-coupled receptors located at all parasympathetic neuromuscular and neuroglandular junctions, and at a few sympathetic neuromuscular and neuroglandular junctions. Muscarinic receptors are acetylcholine receptors on the surface of sympathetic and parasympathetic ganglionic cells. Nicotinic receptors binds epinephrine on the membrane of sympathetic target cells. Muscarinic receptors binds norepinephrine on the membrane of sympathetic target cells. x Nicotinic receptors are acetylcholine receptors on the surface of sympathetic and parasympathetic ganglionic cells. Muscarinic receptors are acetylcholine G protein-coupled receptors located at all parasympathetic neuromuscular and neuroglandular junctions, and at a few sympathetic neuromuscular and neuroglandular junctions. Nicotinic receptors binds norepinephrine and epinephrine on the membrane of sympathetic target cells. Muscarinic receptors are acetylcholine receptors on the surface of sympathetic and parasympathetic ganglionic cells. Nicotinic receptors binds norepinephrine on the membrane of sympathetic target cells. Muscarinic receptors binds epinephrine on the membrane of sympathetic target cells.

103) Compare nicotinic receptors and muscarinic receptors. (Module 14.6B) A) Nicotinic receptors are acetylcholine receptors on the surface of sympathetic and parasympathetic ganglionic cells. Muscarinic receptors are acetylcholine G protein-coupled receptors located at all parasympathetic neuromuscular and neuroglandular junctions, and at a few sympathetic neuromuscular and neuroglandular junctions. B) Nicotinic receptors are acetylcholine G protein-coupled receptors located at all parasympathetic neuromuscular and neuroglandular junctions, and at a few sympathetic neuromuscular and neuroglandular junctions. Muscarinic receptors are acetylcholine receptors on the surface of sympathetic and parasympathetic ganglionic cells.

Nicotinic receptors are acetylcholine receptors on the surface of sympathetic and parasympathetic ganglionic cells. Muscarinic receptors are acetylcholine G protein-coupled receptors located at all parasympathetic neuromuscular and neuroglandular junctions, and at a few sympathetic neuromuscular and neuroglandular junctions.

170) Define optic radiation.

Optic radiation refers to bundles of projection fibers linking the lateral geniculate bodies of the thalamus with the visual cortex in each cerebral hemisphere.

The ________ division of the autonomic nervous system is known as the "rest and digest" division.

PNS

182) Name the fluids found within the scala vestibuli, scala tympani, and cochlear duct. (Module 15.19B) A) Perilymph fills the scala vestibuli. Endolymph fills the scala tympani and cochlear duct. B) Perilymph fills the scala vestibuli and the scala tympani. Endolymph fills the cochlear duct.

Perilymph fills the scala vestibuli and the scala tympani. Endolymph fills the cochlear duct.

49) Which of the following statements concerning the parasympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system is false? A) Preganglionic neurons are located in the brainstem and sacral region of the spinal cord. B) Ganglionic neurons are located in ganglia within or near to effectors. C) Preganglionic fibers are relatively short and postganglionic fibers are relatively long.

Preganglionic fibers are relatively short and postganglionic fibers are relatively long.

Which of the following statements concerning the parasympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system is false?

Preganglionic fibers are relatively short and postganglionic fibers are relatively long.

66) Why do things look blurry underwater without dive goggles or a mask? A) The water magnifies the image because it is denser than the lens of the eye. B) Light moves more slowly through the water, causing images to appear larger and closer. C) Rather than air, light is moving from water into the cornea and is thus refracted too little for a sharp focus.

Rather than air, light is moving from water into the cornea and is thus refracted too little for a sharp focus.

108) Compare short reflexes with long reflexes. (Module 14.9B) A) Short reflexes are autonomic responses that bypass the CNS, whereas long reflexes involve interneurons within the CNS and autonomic delivery of motor commands to the effectors. B) Short reflexes involve interneurons within the CNS and autonomic delivery of motor commands to the effectors, whereas long reflexes are autonomic responses that bypass the CNS.

Short reflexes are autonomic responses that bypass the CNS, whereas long reflexes involve interneurons within the CNS and autonomic delivery of motor commands to the effectors.

Compare short reflexes with long reflexes.

Short reflexes involve processing in the brainstem, whereas long reflexes involve processing in the cerebrum. Short reflexes involve interneurons within the CNS and autonomic delivery of motor commands to the effectors, whereas long reflexes are autonomic responses that bypass the CNS. Short reflexes predominantly coordinate the activities of an entire organ, whereas long reflexes predominantly control very simple motor responses in one small part of a target organ. x Short reflexes are autonomic responses that bypass the CNS, whereas long reflexes involve interneurons within the CNS and autonomic delivery of motor commands to the effectors. x Short reflexes control many different peripheral effectors, whereas long reflexes predominate in the enteric nervous system. -->

105) Identify somatic effectors and visceral effectors. (Module 14.7C) A) Somatic effectors are skeletal muscle, cardiac muscle, and smooth muscle. Visceral effectors are glands and adipose tissue. B) Somatic effectors are glands and adipose tissue. Visceral effectors are skeletal muscle, cardiac muscle, and smooth muscle. C) Somatic effectors are smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, glands, and adipose tissue. Visceral effectors are skeletal muscle. D) Somatic effectors are skeletal muscle. Visceral effectors are smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, glands, and adipose tissue.

Somatic effectors are skeletal muscle. Visceral effectors are smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, glands, and adipose tissue.

99) Define splanchnic nerves. (Module 14.4A) C) Splanchnic nerves carry sacral parasympathetic output. D) Splanchnic nerves form a collection of three cervical sympathetic ganglia (superior, middle, and inferior). E) Splanchnic nerves are three groups of nerves — cardiopulmonary, abdominopelvic (greater, lesser, and lumbar), and pelvic (sacral) — that supply the viscera.

Splanchnic nerves are three groups of nerves — cardiopulmonary, abdominopelvic (greater, lesser, and lumbar), and pelvic (sacral) — that supply the viscera.

39) ________ glands are modified sebaceous glands located along the margin of the eyelid that secrete a lipid-rich product. A) Tarsal B) Lacrimal C) Mucous D) Palpebral E) Conjunctival

Tarsal

95) Describe the ENS. (Module 14.2C) C) The ENS is a division of the nervous system that involves the voluntary movements of the skeletal muscle. D) The ENS is a division of the nervous system that uses spinal reflexes to mediate changes in the effectors. E) The ENS is a division of the nervous system consisting of a network of neurons and nerve networks in the walls of the digestive tract that primarily operates locally, without instructions from the CNS.

The ENS is a division of the nervous system consisting of a network of neurons and nerve networks in the walls of the digestive tract that primarily operates locally, without instructions from the CNS.

Describe the ENS.

The ENS is a division of the nervous system consisting of a network of neurons and nerve networks in the walls of the digestive tract that primarily operates locally, without instructions from the CNS.

Compare the SNS with the ANS.

The SNS consists of the brain and spinal cord. The ANS provides conscious and subconscious control over skeletal muscles. The SNS provides conscious and subconscious control over skeletal muscles. The ANS consists of the brain and spinal cord. x The SNS provides conscious and subconscious control over skeletal muscles. The ANS controls the visceral effectors: smooth muscle, glands, cardiac muscle, and adipocytes. x The SNS controls the visceral effectors: smooth muscle, glands, cardiac muscle, and adipocytes. The ANS provides conscious and subconscious control over skeletal muscles. -> The SNS controls the muscular visceral effectors: smooth muscle and cardiac muscle. The ANS controls the other visceral effectors: glands and adipocytes.

90) Compare the SNS with the ANS. (Module 14.1A) A) The SNS consists of the brain and spinal cord. The ANS provides conscious and subconscious control over skeletal muscles. B) The SNS provides conscious and subconscious control over skeletal muscles. The ANS consists of the brain and spinal cord. C) The SNS provides conscious and subconscious control over skeletal muscles. The ANS controls the visceral effectors: smooth muscle, glands, cardiac muscle, and adipocytes.

The SNS provides conscious and subconscious control over skeletal muscles. The ANS controls the visceral effectors: smooth muscle, glands, cardiac muscle, and adipocytes.

87) Which of the following statements concerning vision is false? A) Approximately half of the fibers in each optic nerve cross to opposite sides of the brain at the optic chiasm. B) Fibers of the optic nerve synapse at the lateral geniculates of the thalamus. C) The image that is formed on the retina is inverted. D) The entire retina receives equal representation in the visual cortex.

The entire retina receives equal representation in the visual cortex.

179) Define otoliths. (Module 15.18A) A) They are tiny auditory bones that propagate sound waves to the internal ear. B) They are small cellular extensions that detect changes in the flow of endolymph. C) They are flexible, gelatinous structures that are found in each ampulla of the semicircular ducts. D) They are the extensions of hair cells embedded in the ampullary cupula. E) They are densely packed calcium carbonate crystals that sit upon the gelatinous otolithic membrane in the maculae.

They are densely packed calcium carbonate crystals that sit upon the gelatinous otolithic membrane in the maculae.

92) Explain the function of autonomic ganglia. (Module 14.1C) A) They are part of visceral reflex arcs, and most of their activity is a direct reflex response, rather than responses to commands from the hypothalamus. B) They are part of the visceral motor neurons in peripheral ganglia. C) They are ganglionic neurons that innervate visceral effectors.

They are ganglionic neurons that innervate visceral effectors.

109) Describe the solitary nuclei. (Module 14.9C) A) They are large tracts of white matter that link the brain with the spinal cord. B) They are large tracts of white matter that relay sensory information to the cerebellum. C) They are large masses of gray matter in the pons that control respiratory rhythmicity centers. D) They are large masses of gray matter on each side of the medulla oblongata that serve as processing sorting centers for visceral sensory information.

They are large masses of gray matter on each side of the medulla oblongata that serve as processing sorting centers for visceral sensory information.

Describe the solitary nuclei

They are large tracts of white matter that relay sensory information to the cerebellum. --> They are large tracts of white matter that link the brain with the spinal cord. --> They are large masses of gray matter on each side of the medulla oblongata that serve as processing sorting centers for visceral sensory information.

91) Describe the role of preganglionic neurons. (Module 14.1B) A) They are part of visceral reflex arcs, and most of their activity is a direct reflex response, rather than responses to commands from the hypothalamus. B) They are part of the visceral motor neurons in peripheral ganglia.

They are part of visceral reflex arcs, and most of their activity is a direct reflex response, rather than responses to commands from the hypothalamus.

12) Collateral ganglia contain neurons that innervate tissues and organs in which cavity? A) thoracic B) lumbar C) abdominopelvic D) vertebral E) cranial

abdominopelvic

Collateral ganglia contain neurons that innervate tissues and organs in which cavity?

abdominopelvic

82) The first step in the process of photoreception is A) the bleaching of rods. B) the bleaching of cones. C) absorption of a photon by a visual pigment.

absorption of a photon by a visual pigment.

Which neurotransmitter is released at the sympathetic chain ganglia?

acetycholine

42) Which neurotransmitter is released at the sympathetic chain ganglia? A) norepinephrine B) dopamine C) acetylcholine D) endorphin E) All of the answers are correct.

acetylcholine

What neurotransmitter is released by all parasympathetic neurons?

acetylcholine

43) Postganglionic sympathetic axons release the neurotransmitter ________ at their effector junctions. A) acetylcholine B) nitric oxide C) norepinephrine D) acetylcholine or nitric oxide or norepinephrine E) None of the answers is correct.

acetylcholine or nitric oxide or norepinephrine

Postganglionic sympathetic axons release the neurotransmitter ________ at their effector junctions.

acetylcholine or nitric oxide or norepinephrine

83) Which of the following is not true about rhodopsin? A) called visual purple B) bleached during photoreception C) is the visual pigment in rods D) consists of opsin + retinal E) activates transducin

activates transducin

An inhaler used to treat airway constriction in asthma or allergy might contain a drug that

activates β2 adrenergic receptors -->activates β2 adrenergic receptors or blocks muscarinic cholinergic receptors

62) An inhaler used to treat airway constriction in asthma or allergy might contain a drug that A) activates β1 adrenergic receptors. B) activates β2 adrenergic receptors. C) blocks muscarinic cholinergic receptors. D) activates β1 or β2 adrenergic receptors. E) activates β2 adrenergic receptors or blocks muscarinic cholinergic receptors.

activates β2 adrenergic receptors or blocks muscarinic cholinergic receptors.

A neuron with nicotinic receptors is exposed to acetylcholine. This will not lead to

activation of muscarinic receptors.-->entry of sodium ion -->activation of chemically gated ion channels.--> binding of the nicotine to the channel.

168) Visual pigments undergo which three changes during photoreception? (Module 15.12B) A) activation, bleaching, and reassembly B) activation, bleaching, and deactivation C) depolarization, repolarization, and hyperpolarization D) activation, denaturation, and reassembly E) detection, bleaching, and absorption

activation, bleaching, and reassembly

48) The space between the cornea and the iris is the A) anterior chamber. B) posterior chamber. C) canal of Schlemm. D) aqueous humor. E) pupil.

anterior chamber.

62) The ciliary muscle contracts to A) control the amount of light reaching the retina. B) adjust the shape of the lens for distant vision. C) adjust the shape of the lens for close vision. D) control the production of aqueous humor.

adjust the shape of the lens for close vision.

16) Specialized ganglionic sympathetic neurons that release hormones into the bloodstream are found within the A) intramural ganglia. B) collateral ganglia. C) chain ganglia. D) brainstem. E) adrenal glands.

adrenal glands

Specialized ganglionic sympathetic neurons that release hormones into the bloodstream are found within the

adrenal glands.

52) Neurons that use norepinephrine as a transmitter are called A) cholinergic. B) adrenergic. C) nicotinic. D) muscarinic.

adrenergic

Neurons that use norepinephrine as a transmitter are called

adrenergic

Which of the following statements about adrenergic receptors is true?

all correct

77) Autonomic tone is an important aspect of ANS function because it A) allows ANS neurons to be silent under normal conditions. B) allows ANS neurons to increase activity on demand but not decrease their activity. C) allows ANS neurons to decrease their activity on demand but not increase their activity. D) allows ANS neurons to increase or decrease their activity, providing a range of control options.

allows ANS neurons to increase or decrease their activity, providing a range of control options.

Autonomic tone is an important aspect of ANS function because it

allows ANS neurons to increase or decrease their activity, providing a range of control options.

115) The sensory receptors of the semicircular canals are located in the A) saccules. B) ampullae. C) perilymph.

ampullae.

67) In which of the following cases would the focal distance be greater? A) an object 10 inches away from your nose B) an object 20 feet away C) It doesnʹt matter, focal distance doesnʹt change with how far away an object is

an object 10 inches away from your nose

3) Before an olfactory receptor can detect an odorant, it has to A) contact a specialized olfactory cell. B) bind to receptors in olfactory dendrites. C) gate open ion channels.

bind to receptors in olfactory dendrites.

59) A neuron with nicotinic receptors is exposed to acetylcholine. This will not lead to A) activation of chemically gated ion channels. B) excitation of the neuron. C) entry of sodium ion. D) binding of the nicotine to the channel.

binding of the nicotine to the channel.

69) The neural layer contains all of the following except A) ganglion cells. B) photoreceptor cones. C) supporting cells. D) photoreceptor rods. E) blood vessels.

blood vessels.

111) The ________ is a region of dense bone that surrounds and protects the membranous labyrinth. A) bony callus B) bony labyrinth C) membranous callus

bony labyrinth

80) A decrease in the autonomic tone of the smooth muscle in a blood vessel would result in A) an increase in vessel diameter. B) a decrease in vessel diameter. C) oscillation in vessel diameter. D) an increase in blood flow through the vessel. E) both an increase in vessel diameter and an increase in blood flow through the vessel.

both an increase in vessel diameter and an increase in blood flow through the vessel.

87) In which of the following organs are both chemoreceptors and baroreceptors associated with respiratory autonomic reflexes? A) only lungs B) only aorta C) only carotid arteries D) both lungs and aorta E) both aorta and carotid arteries

both aorta and carotid arteries

41) The adrenal medullae secrete A) medullin. B) epinephrine. C) norepinephrine. D) renin. E) both epinephrine and norepinephrine.

both epinephrine and norepinephrine.

The adrenal medullae secrete

both epinephrine and norepinephrine.

10) Cell bodies of preganglionic neurons of the autonomic nervous system are located A) only in the brain stem. B) only in the lateral gray horns of the spinal cord. C) only in the posterior gray horns of the spinal cord. D) both in the brain stem and in the lateral gray horns of the spinal cord.

both in the brain stem and in the lateral gray horns of the spinal cord.

Dual innervation refers to an organ receiving

both sympathetic and parasympathetic innervation.

Sympathetic and parasympathetic fibers that innervate the heart pass through the

cardiac plexus

30) Sympathetic and parasympathetic fibers that innervate the heart pass through the A) celiac plexus. B) hypogastric plexus. C) cardiac plexus. D) pterygopalatine ganglia. E) otic ganglia.

cardiac plexus.

100) Name the plexuses innervated by the vagus nerve. (Module 14.4B) A) brachial, lumbar, and sacral plexuses B) sacral and pelvic plexuses C) cardiac, celiac, inferior mesenteric, and hypogastric plexuses

cardiac, celiac, inferior mesenteric, and hypogastric plexuses

Name the plexuses innervated by the vagus nerve.

cardiac, celiac, inferior mesenteric, and hypogastric plexuses

Which of the following is an example of a parasympathetic visceral reflex?

cardioacceleratory reflex-->pupillary-->defecation

27) Which of the following is not a parasympathetic ganglion? A) ciliary B) pterygopalatine C) submandibular D) otic E) celiac

celiac

14) Clusters of ganglionic sympathetic neurons lying along either side of the spinal cord are called sympathetic ________ ganglia. A) intramural B) collateral C) chain D) prevertebral E) suprarenal

chain

Clusters of ganglionic sympathetic neurons lying along either side of the spinal cord are called sympathetic ________ ganglia.

chain

63) The human lens focuses light on the photoreceptor cells by A) moving up and down. B) moving in and out. C) changing shape.

changing shape.

1) The sensory neurons within the olfactory organ are stimulated by ________ in the air. A) pressure B) chemicals C) proteins

chemicals

111) Which type of receptor is sensitive to changes in blood pH? (Module 14.10B) A) baroreceptors B) proprioceptors C) photoreceptors D) chemoreceptors E) mechanoreceptors

chemoreceptors

Preganglionic fibers of parasympathetic pelvic nerves synapse on neurons located within ________ ganglia.

ciliary -->intramural

59) What structure changes the shape of the lens for far and near vision? A) aqueous humor B) ciliary body C) iris D) extrinsic eye muscles E) none, because the lens is rigid

ciliary body

24) The largest numbers of taste buds in adults are associated with the A) pharynx. B) larynx. C) filiform papillae. D) fungiform papillae. E) circumvallate papillae.

circumvallate papillae.

2) Olfactory glands A) house the sense of smell. B) support the olfactory epithelium. C) react to aromatic molecules. D) coat the olfactory epithelium with a pigmented mucus. E) group as olfactory bulbs.

coat the olfactory epithelium with a pigmented mucus.

15) Clusters of ganglionic sympathetic neurons that innervate organs in the abdominopelvic region are called ________ ganglia. A) intramural B) collateral C) chain

collateral

Clusters of ganglionic sympathetic neurons that innervate organs in the abdominopelvic region are called ________ ganglia.

collateral

6) Autonomic motor neurons A) cause general relaxation. B) cause general excitation. C) conduct impulses from sensory receptors. D) conduct impulses to skeletal muscles. E) conduct impulses to smooth and cardiac muscles and glands.

conduct impulses to smooth and cardiac muscles and glands.

72) ________ are photoreceptors that convey our ability to see color. A) Rods B) Cones

cones

22) Splanchnic nerves A) originate from first-order neurons located in the upper five thoracic segments of the spinal cord. B) consist of axons that synapse in collateral ganglia. C) control sympathetic function of structures in the thorax.

consist of axons that synapse in collateral ganglia.

50) Which of the following descriptions best matches the term aqueous humor? A) gelatinous fluid that fills posterior chamber B) secreted in bright light C) constantly produced and recycled D) produced by lacrimal glands E) surround the retina

constantly produced and recycled

73) During sympathetic activation, which of the following would not occur? A) elevated heart rate B) elevated blood pressure C) increased sweating D) elevated blood glucose E) constriction of pupil

constriction of pupil

During sympathetic activation, which of the following would not occur?

constriction of pupil

58) Pupillary muscle groups are controlled by the ANS. Parasympathetic activation causes pupillary ________, and sympathetic activation causes ________. A) dilation; constriction B) dilation; dilation C) constriction; dilation D) constriction; constriction E) vasoconstriction; vasoconstriction

constriction; dilation

44) Which of the following is not true of the vascular layer of the eye? A) provides a route for blood vessels and lymphatics that supply tissues of the eye B) regulates the amount of light entering the eye C) secretes and reabsorbs the aqueous humor D) controls the shape of the lens E) contains photoreceptors

contains photoreceptors

60) A sudden rise of room brightness would cause A) contraction of the pupillary constrictor muscles. B) contraction of the pupillary dilator muscles. C) conversion of 11-trans to 11-cis retinal.

contraction of the pupillary constrictor muscles.

173) Which type of lens would correct hyperopia? (Module 15.14B) A) diverging lens (with at least one concave surface) B) converging lens (with at least one convex surface)

converging lens (with at least one convex surface)

61) A ray of light entering the eye will encounter these structures in which order? A) cornea - aqueous humor - lens - vitreous body - retina - choroid B) vitreous body - retina - choroids - aqueous humor - lens - cornea C) cornea - aqueous humor - vitreous body - lens - choroids - retina

cornea - aqueous humor - lens - vitreous body - retina - choroid

46) The transparent portion of the fibrous layer is the A) conjunctiva. B) cornea. C) iris. D) pupil. E) canthus.

cornea.

65) In the human eye, most refraction occurs when light passes through the A) iris. B) cornea. C) lens. D) aqueous humor. E) vitreous humor.

cornea.

11) Olfactory organs are located in the nasal cavity inferior to the perforated bony structure known as the A) superior nasal concha. B) sphenoid bone. C) cribriform plate. D) nasal septum. E) frontal bone.

cribriform plate.

50) Each of the following effects is associated with the action of postganglionic sympathetic fibers except A) increased sweat secretion. B) reduced circulation to the skin. C) decreased heart rate. D) dilation of the pupils. E) increased blood flow to skeletal muscles.

decreased heart rate.

Each of the following effects is associated with the action of postganglionic sympathetic fibers except

decreased heart rate.

83) Which of the following is an example of a parasympathetic visceral reflex? A) defecation reflex B) cardioacceleratory reflex C) pupillary reflex D) ejaculation (in males) in response to tactile stimuli E) vasomotor reflex

defecation reflex

71) The parasympathetic nervous system is especially active during which physiological state(s)? A) exertion B) trauma C) digestion D) stress E) All of the answers are correct.

digestion

Injury to the neurons of a collateral ganglion would affect the function of the

digestive tract

20) Injury to the neurons of a collateral ganglion would affect the function of the A) heart. B) pupils. C) sweat glands. D) digestive tract. E) arrector pili muscles.

digestive tract.

39) Damage to the ventral roots of the first five thoracic spinal nerves on the right side of the body would interfere with the ability to A) dilate the right pupil. B) constrict the right pupil. C) dilate the left pupil. D) constrict the left pupil. E) smile and frown.

dilate the right pupil

Damage to the ventral roots of the first five thoracic spinal nerves on the right side of the body would interfere with the ability to

dilate the right pupil

74) Parasympathetic functions include all of the following except A) reduction in the rate of cardiac contraction. B) constriction of the pupils. C) dilation of the airways. D) stimulation of urination. E) stimulation of defecation.

dilation of the airways.

79) Most vital organs receive ________ innervation. That is, they receive input from both sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions. A) opposing B) complementary C) dual

dual

Most vital organs receive ________ innervation. That is, they receive input from both sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions.

dual

151) Which cells develop into the photoreceptors? (Module 15.5C) A) optic vesicles B) cornea C) ependymal cells of the inner layer of the optic cup D) ependymal cells of the outer layer of the optic cup E) nervous tissue of the outer layer of the optic cup

ependymal cells of the outer layer of the optic cup

Drugs known as beta-blockers may be useful for treating

excessive heart rate

60) Drugs known as beta-blockers may be useful for treating A) constipation. B) diarrhea. C) excessive salivation. D) excessive heart rate. E) depressed heart rate.

excessive heart rate.

drugs known as beta-blockers may be useful for treating

excessive heart rate.

108) Sound travels directly to the eardrum through the A) pinna. B) external auditory canal. C) cochlea. D) vestibule. E) ear ossicles.

external auditory canal.

61) Mary accidentally ate poisonous mushrooms that contain muscarine. What would not occur? A) constriction of the pupils B) constriction of respiratory passageways C) diarrhea D) reduction in heart rate E) feeling of euphoria and increased energy

feeling of euphoria and increased energy

Mary accidentally ate poisonous mushrooms that contain muscarine. What would not occur?

feeling of euphoria and increased energy

42) The cornea is part of the A) fibrous layer. B) iris. C) neural layer. D) uvea. E) fibrous layer and the neural layer

fibrous layer.

Preganglionic fibers leave the CNS and then synapse on

ganglionic neurons

4) Preganglionic fibers leave the CNS and then synapse on A) postganglionic fibers. B) visceral reflex responses. C) motor neurons. D) ganglionic neurons. E) sensory neuron neurons

ganglionic neurons.

Ganglionic neurons innervate as all of the following except

glands --> adipose tissue --> cardiac -->skeletal muscle

32) Which structure carries postganglionic fibers for distribution in the body wall and limbs? A) gray ramus B) dorsal ramus C) spinal nerve

gray ramus

Which structure carries postganglionic fibers for distribution in the body wall and limbs?

gray ramus

18) The sense of taste is also known as A) gustation. B) olfaction. C) equilibrium. D) proprioception. E) interoception.

gustation

21) All of the following compose the epithelial projections found on the tongue except A) fungiform papillae. B) circumvallate papillae. C) filiform papillae. D) gustatory papillae. E) None of the answers is correct.

gustatory papillae.

30) The membrane proteins that respond to chemical stimuli to produce sweet, bitter, and umami sensations are called A) photoreceptors. B) proprioceptors. C) nociceptors. D) transducins. E) gustducins.

gustducins.

45) The vitreous body A) fills the anterior cavity. B) helps to stabilize the eye and give physical support to the retina. C) is removed and recycled every few hours.

helps to stabilize the eye and give physical support to the retina

132) A sound with a frequency of 12,000 hertz would be A) very loud. B) barely audible. C) high-pitched. D) low-pitched. E) barely audible and low-pitched.

high-pitched.

Stimulation of the neurons in the celiac ganglion would lead to

hydrolysis of liver glycogen reserves

76) Stimulation of the neurons in the celiac ganglion would lead to A) relaxation of the urinary sphincter. B) increased heart rate. C) hydrolysis of liver glycogen reserves. D) activation of ventral sweat glands. E) increased gastric motility.

hydrolysis of liver glycogen reserves.

90) A person suffering from ________ can see distant objects more clearly than those that are close. A) myopia B) hyperopia C) cataracts

hyperopia

54) Stimulation of the beta receptors on heart muscle cells does not result in A) the formation of cAMP. B) increased heart rate. C) increased force of contraction. D) increased metabolism. E) inactivation of G proteins.

inactivation of G proteins.

A decrease in the autonomic tone of the smooth muscle in a blood vessel would result in

increase of blood flow through the vessel --> both an increase in vessel diameter and an increase in blood flow through the vessel.

89) Which of the following would be an example of higher-level control of autonomic function? A) gagging on food that does not appeal to you B) a violent coughing attack in response to an irritant C) increased heart rate when you see a person you fear D) dilation of the pupils when you enter a dark room E) increased salivation when you smell food that appeals to you

increased heart rate when you see a person you fear

Which of the following would be an example of higher-level control of autonomic function?

increased heart rate when you see a person you fear

A person is confronted by a dangerous dog. His heart begins to race and beat strongly, his pupils dilate, and his hairs stand up. These signs are not the result of

increased levels of epinephrine in the blood.-> stimulation of the pancreas to release insulin.

72) Sympathetic activation leads to all of the following except A) vasoconstriction to digestive organs. B) vasodilation to skeletal muscle. C) increased heart rate. D) increased release of insulin. E) increase in alertness.

increased release of insulin.

parasympathetic stimulation

increases gas motility

69) Parasympathetic stimulation A) increases heart rate. B) increases gastric motility. C) causes sweat glands to secrete. D) causes blood vessels in the skin to dilate. E) causes the pupils to dilate.

increases gastric motility.

23) Sympathetic innervation of the urinary bladder is by way of the ________ ganglion. A) celiac B) superior mesenteric C) inferior mesenteric

inferior mesenteric

150) Which structures develop into the retina? (Module 15.5B) A) optic vesicles B) cornea C) optic nerve D) inner and outer layers of the optic cup E) lacrimal apparatus

inner and outer layers of the optic cup

92) The senses of equilibrium and hearing are provided by receptors of the A) membranous endolymph. B) organ of Schlemm. C) internal ear. D) bony labyrinth. E) perilymph.

internal ear.

19) The celiac ganglia do not innervate the A) liver. B) spleen. C) stomach. D) pancreas. E) intestines.

intestines.

38) Preganglionic fibers of parasympathetic pelvic nerves synapse on neurons located within ________ ganglia. A) pterygopalatine B) ciliary C) coccygeal D) inferior mesenteric E) intramural

intramural

47) The part of the eye that determines eye color is the A) lens B) cornea. C) iris. D) pupil. E) retina

iris.

124) The quantity of neurotransmitter that is released by a hair cell corresponds to all of the following except A) responds to almost any mechanical stimulation of the hair cell. B) is sensitive to which way stereocilia are bent with respect to the kinocilium. C) determines if a sensory neuron will be excited. D) is greatest when the hair cell is at a neutral position.

is greatest when the hair cell is at a neutral position.

34) A structure that is located at the medial angle of the eye and contains glands that contribute to a gritty deposit is the A) palpebra. B) lacrimal caruncle. C) lacrimal gland. D) Meibomian gland. E) conjunctiva.

lacrimal caruncle

36) Injury to the cervical sympathetic ganglia would not affect the function of the A) heart. B) pupils. C) salivary glands. D) lungs. E) lacrimal glands.

lacrimal glands.

33) The palpebrae are connected at the A) eyelids. B) lateral and medial angles of the eye. C) lacrimal caruncle. D) medial canthus only. E) conjunctiva.

lateral and medial angles of the eye.

40) Preganglionic neurons of the sympathetic nervous system are located in the A) lateral gray horns of the cervical cord. B) anterior gray horns of the cervical and thoracic spinal cord. C) lateral gray horns of segments T1 to L2 of the spinal cord.

lateral gray horns of segments T1 to L2 of the spinal cord.

Preganglionic neurons of the sympathetic nervous system are located in the

lateral gray horns of segments T1 to L2 of the spinal cord.

As the result of an accident, the white rami of spinal nerves T1 and T2 on the left side of Brad's body are severed. What organ(s) would you expect might be affected by this injury?

left pupil and heart

47) In general, parasympathetic preganglionic fibers are ________ and postganglionic fibers are ________. A) long; short B) short; long C) long; long D) short; short

long; short

In general, parasympathetic preganglionic fibers are ________ and postganglionic fibers are ________.

long; short

24) The sympathetic collateral ganglia include all of the following except the A) celiac. B) superior mesenteric. C) inferior mesenteric. D) lumbar

lumbar

The sympathetic collateral ganglia include all of the following except the

lumbar

117) The hair cells of the utricle and saccule are clustered in A) ampullae. B) cristae. C) cupulae. D) maculae. E) otoconia.

maculae.

37) All of the following is a function of tears except A) lubricates the eye. B) washes away debris. C) provides oxygen. D) nourishes the cornea and conjunctiva. E) maintains acidic environment.

maintains acidic environment.

16) Each gustatory cell extends ________ (or taste hairs) into the surrounding fluids through a narrow taste pore. A) papillae B) flagella C) cilia D) microvilli

microvilli

127) Which of the following descriptions best matches the term basilar membrane? A) moves up and down when the stapes moves back and forth B) separates the cochlear duct from the scala vestibuli

moves up and down when the stapes moves back and forth

64) Sweat glands contain ________ receptors. A) nicotinic cholinergic B) muscarinic cholinergic C) alpha D) beta E) both muscarinic cholinergic and beta

muscarinic cholinergic

Sweat glands contain ________ receptors.

muscarinic cholinergic

89) A person suffering from ________ can see objects that are close, but distant objects appear blurred. A) myopia B) hyperopia C) cataracts

myopia

14) The olfactory receptors are highly modified A) neurons. B) epithelial cells. C) goblet or mucous cells. D) olfactory glands. E) areolar connective tissue cells

neurons.

Which nerve carries most of the parasympathetic outflow?

occulomotor nerve--->vagus

5) Some neural tissues retain stem cells and thus the capacity to divide and replace lost neurons. Which of these special senses can replace its damaged neural receptors? A) olfaction B) hearing C) equilibrium

olfaction

6) Olfactory receptors send axons through the cribriform plate. They synapse on neurons in the A) medulla oblongata. B) medial geniculate. C) cerebral cortex. D) olfactory bulb.

olfactory bulb.

7) Which of the following is not a component of the lamina propria of the olfactory organ? A) areolar tissue B) blood vessels C) nerves D) olfactory glands E) olfactory epithelium

olfactory epithelium

19) Gustatory receptors are not located A) on the inferior surface of the tongue. B) in the epiglottis. C) on the superior surface of the tongue. D) in the larynx. E) in the pharynx.

on the inferior surface of the tongue.

Cell bodies of preganglionic neurons of the autonomic nervous system are located

only in the brain stem. x only in the lateral gray horns of the spinal cord. --> x both in the brain stem and in the lateral gray horns of the spinal cord. only in the anterior gray horns of the spinal cord. only in the posterior gray horns of the spinal cord.

55) Nicotinic receptors A) respond to epinephrine. B) respond to norepinephrine. C) open chemically gated sodium ion channels. D) are found at neuroeffector junctions of the autonomic nervous system. E) open chemically gated calcium ion channels.

open chemically gated sodium ion channels.

149) What are the first structures that form during eye development? (Module 15.5A) A) optic nerve B) retina C) optic vesicles D) cornea E) optic cups

optic vesicles

85) Baroreceptors are not found in the A) digestive tract. B) lungs. C) colon. D) aorta. E) oral cavity.

oral cavity.

The statement "It initiates contraction of urinary bladder smooth muscle" is

parasympathetic system

28) Intramural ganglia in the large intestine, urinary bladder, and reproductive organs are innervated by the ________ nerves. A) spinal B) splanchnic C) ciliary D) pelvic E) collateral

pelvic

Intramural ganglia in the large intestine, urinary bladder, and reproductive organs are innervated by the ________ nerves

pelvic

22) Which of the following is not one of the six primary taste sensations? A) sweet B) peppery C) sour D) salty E) umami

peppery

29) Stimulation of nociceptive receptors within the trigeminal nerve might produce a perception of A) intensely sweet. B) intensely sour. C) quite salty. D) peppery hot. E) decidedly bitter.

peppery hot.

96) The middle ear communicates with the nasopharynx through the A) auricle. B) membranous labyrinth. C) bony labyrinth. D) pharyngotympanic tube

pharyngotympanic tube

76) A ________ is a basic unit or packet of light energy. A) wavelength B) color C) photon D) rhodopsin E) vibration

photon

73) An elongate outer layer containing membranous discs and a narrow connecting stalk that attaches the outer segment to the middle layer describes a(n) A) bipolar cell. B) photoreceptor. C) ganglion cell.

photoreceptor.

77) The visual receptors of the retina are called A) photoreceptors. B) ganglion cells. C) bipolar cells.

photoreceptors.

49) The space between the iris and ciliary body and the lens is the A) anterior chamber. B) posterior chamber. C) pupil. D) canal of Schlemm. E) vitreous body.

posterior chamber.

2) A visceral motor neuron whose cell body is within the CNS is called a(n) ________ neuron. A) upper motor B) lower motor C) preganglionic D) postganglionic E) somatomotor

preganglionic

A visceral motor neuron whose cell body is within the CNS is called a(n) ________ neuron.

preganglionic

What type of neuron of the parasympathetic division exits the brain stem?

preganglionic neuron

Starting in the spinal cord, trace the path of a nerve impulse through the sympathetic ANS to its target organ in the abdominal cavity.

preganglionic neurons (S2-S4) — collateral ganglia — ganglionic neurons — visceral effectors in abdominopelvic cavity collateral ganglia — preganglionic neurons (T1-L2) — ganglionic neurons — visceral effectors in abdominopelvic cavity collateral ganglia — preganglionic neurons (S2-S4) — ganglionic neurons — visceral effectors in abdominopelvic cavity ganglionic neurons — preganglionic neurons ((T1-L2) — collateral ganglia — visceral effectors in abdominopelvic cavity x preganglionic neurons (T1-L2) — collateral ganglia — ganglionic neurons — visceral effectors in abdominopelvic cavity

97) Starting in the spinal cord, trace the path of a nerve impulse through the sympathetic ANS to its target organ in the abdominal cavity. (Module 14.3A) A) preganglionic neurons (T1-L2) — collateral ganglia — ganglionic neurons — visceral effectors in abdominopelvic cavity B) preganglionic neurons (S2-S4) — collateral ganglia — ganglionic neurons — visceral effectors in abdominopelvic cavity C) collateral ganglia — preganglionic neurons (T1-L2) — ganglionic neurons — visceral effectors in abdominopelvic cavity

preganglionic neurons (T1-L2) — collateral ganglia — ganglionic neurons — visceral effectors in abdominopelvic cavity

Starting in the spinal cord, trace the path of a nerve impulse through the sympathetic ANS to its target organ in the abdominal cavity.

preganglionic neurons (T1-L2) — collateral ganglia — ganglionic neurons — visceral effectors in abdominopelvic cavity

31) All of the following are true of the lacrimal glands except that they A) produce a strongly hypertonic fluid. B) produce most of the volume of tears. C) produce lysozyme. D) produce watery, slightly alkaline secretions. E) are located in recesses in the frontal bones.

produce a strongly hypertonic fluid.

32) The palpebrae do not A) remove dust and debris. B) contain tarsal glands. C) cover and protect the eye. D) keep the eye lubricated. E) produce tears.

produce tears.

43) All of the following are true of the fibrous layer of the eye except that it A) consists of the sclera, limbus, and cornea. B) provides mechanical support and some protection for the eye. C) produces aqueous humor. D) contributes substantial focusing power. E) is where extrinsic eye muscles insert.

produces aqueous humor.

67) Ganglionic neurons in the adrenal gland A) are located in the adrenal cortex. B) release acetylcholine into blood capillaries. C) release epinephrine into blood capillaries.

release epinephrine into blood capillaries.

Sympathetic nerves

provoke feelings of sympathy--> are bundles of postganglionic fibers that innervate organs within the thoracic cavity

Sympathetic innervation of the urinary bladder is by way of the ________ ganglion.

pudendal superior mesenteric x inferior mesenteric pelvic celiac

38) The opening in the iris through which light passes is the A) conjunctiva. B) cornea. C) pupil. D) anterior chamber. E) posterior chamber

pupil.

Which of the following visceral reflexes is not coordinated by the medulla oblongata?

pupillary

84) Which of the following visceral reflexes is not coordinated by the medulla oblongata? A) swallowing reflex B) baroreceptor reflex C) coughing reflex D) cardioacceleratory reflex E) pupillary reflex

pupillary reflex

75) There are three different types of cones, each one sensitive to different light energies. These cones are designated A) red, yellow, and blue. B) red, green, and blue.

red, green, and blue.

64) When light encounters a medium of different density, it is bent or A) reflected. B) refracted. C) absorbed.

refracted.

The stimulation of beta-adrenergic receptors does not lead to

relaxation of airway smooth muscle.-->release of calcium from the ER.

Ganglionic neurons in the adrenal gland

release epinephrine into blood capillaries.

57) The stimulation of beta-adrenergic receptors does not lead to A) an increase in metabolic activity. B) relaxation of airway smooth muscle. C) the breakdown of triglycerides within adipocytes. D) cardiac muscle stimulation. E) release of calcium from the ER.

release of calcium from the ER.

53) Stimulation of α1 adrenergic receptors by norepinephrine results in A) an increase in the amount of intracellular cAMP. B) a decrease in the amount of intracellular cAMP. C) decreased membrane permeability to sodium ion. D) release of calcium ions from intracellular stores. E) increased membrane permeability to potassium ions.

release of calcium ions from intracellular stores.

Stimulation of α1 adrenergic receptors by norepinephrine results in

release of calcium ions from intracellular stores.

Nicotinic receptors

respond to norepinephrine.-->respond to epinephrine.-->

80) Visual pigments are derivatives of the compound A) retinal. B) opsin. C) rhodopsin. D) transducin. E) cGMP.

rhodopsin.

88) In the retina, the correct sequence of neural wiring is A) rod - bipolar cell - ganglion cell - thalamus. B) cone - bipolar cell - pigmented cell - inferior colliculus.

rod - bipolar cell - ganglion cell - thalamus.

71) ________ are photoreceptor cells that are most useful in dim light. A) Rods B) Cones

rods

114) Gravity and linear acceleration are sensed in the A) semicircular canals. B) cochlea. C) statoconia. D) saccule and utricle. E) organ of Corti.

saccule and utricle.

97) Which of the following descriptions best matches the term stapes? A) moves up and down when the stapedius muscle contracts B) auditory ossicle attached to tympanic membrane C) bending it produces receptor potential in hair cells D) necessary for the static sense of equilibrium E) seals the oval window

seals the oval window

122) When you spin quickly, you may feel dizzy. Which component of the inner ear generates the sensations that can lead to this feeling? A) semicircular canal B) utricle C) saccule

semicircular canal

Control of the diameter of the respiratory passages depends upon

sensory receptors sensitive to changes in lung ventilation. somatomotor stimulation only. sympathetic stimulation only. parasympathetic stimulation only. x both parasympathetic and sympathetic levels of stimulation.

Visceral reflex arcs can bypass CNS neurons in ________ reflexes

short

33) Which of the following is exclusive to the sympathetic division of the ANS? A) ventral roots B) dorsal rami C) spinal nerves D) ventral rami E) short pre-ganglionic fibers

short pre-ganglionic fibers

46) In general, sympathetic preganglionic fibers are ________ and postganglionic fibers are ________. A) long; short B) short; long C) long; long D) short; short

short; long

In general, sympathetic preganglionic fibers are ________ and postganglionic fibers are ________.

short; long

116) Movement of the endolymph in the semicircular canals A) produces a rushing sound. B) allows us to hear low tones. C) signals rotational movements.

signals rotational movements.

5) Ganglionic neurons innervate as all of the following except A) smooth muscle. B) cardiac muscle. C) adipose tissue. D) glands. E) skeletal muscle.

skeletal muscle

All of the following are visceral effectors except

skeletal muscles

86) Chemoreceptors that play an important role in reflexive control of respiratory function are not affected by A) pH. B) PO2. C) PCO2. D) hydrogen ion concentration. E) sodium ion concentration.

sodium ion concentration.

104) Name the two types of motor pathways. (Module 14.7B) A) sympathetic and parasympathetic B) sensory and somatosensory C) somatic and visceral D) peripheral and visceral E) external and internal

somatic and visceral

name the two types of motor pathways

somatic and visceral

Preganglionic fibers that innervate the collateral ganglia form the

sphlancic nerves

129) The cell bodies of sensory neurons that innervate the hair cells of the cochlea form the ________ ganglion. A) vestibular B) spiral C) cochlear D) acoustic E) auditory

spiral

34) Two terms that both refer to internal organs are A) sympathetic and parasympathetic. B) viscera and somatic. C) splanchnic and ganglionic. D) splanchnic and viscera. E) somatic and preganglionic.

splanchnic and viscera.

29) Preganglionic fibers that innervate the collateral ganglia form the A) suprarenal medulla. B) celiac ganglia. C) sympathetic chain ganglia. D) inferior mesenteric ganglia. E) splanchnic nerves.

splanchnic nerves.

The celiac ganglia do not innervate the

spleen-->liver-->pancreas-->stomach-->instestines

78) A person is confronted by a dangerous dog. His heart begins to race and beat strongly, his pupils dilate, and his hairs stand up. These signs are not the result of A) sympathetic activation. B) increased levels of epinephrine in the blood. C) increased activity of autonomic centers in the hypothalamus. D) stimulation of the cardioacceleratory reflex. E) stimulation of the pancreas to release insulin.

stimulation of the pancreas to release insulin.

Most sympathetic effector junctions release norepinephrine but a significant number release acetylcholine instead. Which of these is an example of an organ of the cholinergic type?

sweat gland

Which division of the ANS is responsible for the physiological changes you experience when startled by a loud noise?

sympathetic

17) Postganglionic fibers that innervate targets in the body wall or thoracic cavity originate on neurons within A) intramural ganglia. B) collateral ganglia. C) sympathetic chain ganglia. D) suprarenal ganglia. E) white rami.

sympathetic chain ganglia.

Postganglionic fibers that innervate targets in the body wall or thoracic cavity originate on neurons within

sympathetic chain ganglia.

Identify two major divisions of the ANS.

sympathetic division and parasympathetic division

96) Which division of the ANS is responsible for the physiological changes you experience when startled by a loud noise? (Module 14.2D) A) enteric division of the ANS B) sympathetic division of the ANS C) parasympathetic division of the ANS D) central division of the ANS E) effector division of the ANS

sympathetic division of the ANS

70) In general, autonomic tone of peripheral blood vessels increases when A) sympathetic stimulation is increased. B) sympathetic stimulation is decreased. C) parasympathetic stimulation is increased. D) parasympathetic stimulation is decreased. E) somatomotor stimulation is increased.

sympathetic stimulation is increased.

In general, autonomic tone of peripheral blood vessels increases when

sympathetic stimulation is increased.

35) Which of the following produces a lipid-rich secretion that prevents the upper and lower eyelids from sticking together at their edges? A) palpebra B) lacrimal caruncle C) chalazion D) tarsal gland

tarsal gland

133) A loud noise does not cause A) a large movement of the tympanic membrane. B) an alerting reaction leading to sympathetic activation. C) a large number of hair cells to be stimulated. D) a big pressure pulse entering the cochlear duct at that oval window. E) the generation of a wave with a high frequency.

the generation of a wave with a high frequency.

93) When an external force bends the stereocilia of the inner ear hair cells, A) the force is converted into mechanical energy. B) the hair cells are temporarily damaged. C) there is a change in the transmembrane potential of the hair cells.

there is a change in the transmembrane potential of the hair cells.

4) All of the following are true of olfactory pathways except A) they project first to the mammillary bodies and then to the thalamus. B) the first synapse is in the olfactory bulb. C) information flows to the olfactory cortex, hypothalamus, and limbic system.

they project first to the mammillary bodies and then to the thalamus.

8) The sympathetic division of the ANS is also known as which of the following? A) somatic division B) craniosacral division C) resting division D) thoracolumbar division

thoracolumbar division

The sympathetic division of the ANS is also known as which of the following

thoracolumbar division

119) Which of the following descriptions best matches the term otoliths? A) move up and down when the stapes moves back and forth B) transmit movement of the tympanic membrane to the inner ear C) bending these produces receptor potential in hair cells D) tiny weights necessary for the static sense of equilibrium

tiny weights necessary for the static sense of equilibrium

176) What is the function of the auditory tube? (Module 15.16B) A) to house the adenoids B) to resonate sounds C) to amplify sounds before they enter the inner ear D) to drain excess perilymph if it builds up in the inner ear E) to allow pressure equalization on both sides of the tympanic membrane

to allow pressure equalization on both sides of the tympanic membrane

101) Which of the following descriptions best matches the term ossicles? A) move up and down when the stapes moves back and forth B) transmit movement of the tympanic membrane to the inner ear C) bending these produces receptor potential in hair cells

transmit movement of the tympanic membrane to the inner ear

The statement "Preganglionic axon terminals release acetylcholine" is

true for both the parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous systems

1) The statement ʺThere is always a synapse in a peripheral ganglion between the CNS and the effector organʺ is A) true only for the parasympathetic nervous system. B) true only for the sympathetic nervous system. C) true for both the parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous systems.

true for both the parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous systems.

The statement "It controls the diameter of the pupil" is

true for both the parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous systems.

The statement "There is always a synapse in a peripheral ganglion between the CNS and the effector organ" is

true for both the parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous systems.

11) The statement ʺIt sends its preganglionic fibers to terminal or intramural gangliaʺ is A) true only for the parasympathetic nervous system. B) true only for the sympathetic nervous system.

true only for the parasympathetic nervous system.

18) The statement ʺIts ganglia are usually near or within the end organʺ is A) true only for the parasympathetic nervous system. B) true only for the sympathetic nervous system. C) true for both the parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous systems.

true only for the parasympathetic nervous system.

The statement "It sends its preganglionic fibers to terminal or intramural ganglia" is

true only for the parasympathetic nervous system.

The statement "Its postganglionic axons always use acetylcholine as the neurotransmitter" is

true only for the parasympathetic nervous system.

The statement "Its ganglia are usually near or within the end organ" is

true only for the sympathetic nervous system. x true only for the parasympathetic nervous system. true for both the parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous systems. true only for the somatic nervous system. not true for either the parasympathetic or sympathetic nervous systems.

95) The auditory ossicles connect the A) tympanic membrane to the oval window. B) tympanic membrane to the round window. C) oval window to the round window.

tympanic membrane to the oval window.

94) The external ear ends at the A) vestibule. B) cochlea. C) ossicles. D) tympanic membrane.

tympanic membrane.

100) Which of the following anatomical sequences is correct? A) tympanum - incus - malleus - stapes - oval window - round window B) tympanum - incus - malleus - stapes - round window - oval window C) tympanum - malleus - incus - stapes - oval window - round window

tympanum - malleus - incus - stapes - oval window - round window

23) The taste sensation that is triggered by the amino acids and small peptides is known as A) sweet. B) umami. C) salty. D) peppery. E) sour.

umami.

120) The ________ convey(s) information about head position with respect to gravity. A) cochlea B) utricle C) ampulla D) saccule E) utricle and saccule

utricle and saccule

26) Almost 75 percent of all parasympathetic outflow travels along the ________ nerve(s). A) splanchnic B) facial C) vagus D) glossopharyngeal E) trigeminal

vagus

Almost 75 percent of all parasympathetic outflow travels along the

vagus

Which of the following provides preganglionic parasympathetic innervation to structures in the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities?

vagus

101) Which nerve carries most of the parasympathetic outflow? (Module 14.4C) A) occulomotor nerve B) facial nerve C) glossopharyngeal nerve D) vagus nerve E) abducens nerve

vagus nerve

35) Which of the following provides preganglionic parasympathetic innervation to structures in the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities? A) vagus nerves B) sciatic nerves C) glossopharyngeal nerves

vagus nerves

Ganglionic neurons usually synapse with preganglionic neurons in the ________ and have axons that innervate ________.

visceral effectors; autonomic ganglia brain; visceral effectors brain; spinal cord x autonomic ganglia; visceral effectors visceral effectors; brain

51) The gelatinous material found in the posterior cavity is the A) vitreous humor. B) aqueous humor. C) ora serrata. D) perilymph. E) tears.

vitreous humor.

130) The frequency of a perceived sound depends on A) the frequency of kinocilia vibration. B) the number of hair cells that are stimulated. C) which part of the cochlear duct is stimulated. D) the amplitude of the wave. E) the frequency of vibration of the tectorial membrane.

which part of the cochlear duct is stimulated.

79) When all three cone populations are stimulated equally, we perceive A) red. B) blue. C) green. D) white. E) blackness.

white.

Compare the anatomy of the sympathetic division with that of the parasympathetic division.

x In the SNS, axons emerge from the thoracic and lumbar segments of the spinal cord and innervate ganglia relatively close to the spinal cord. In the PNS, axons emerge from the brainstem and sacral segments of the spinal cord and innervate ganglia very close to or within the target organs. x In the SNS, axons emerge from the brainstem and sacral segments of the spinal cord and innervate ganglia relatively close to the spinal cord. In the PNS, axons emerge from the thoracic and lumbar segments of the spinal cord and innervate ganglia very close to or within the target organs. --> x In the SNS, axons emerge from the thoracic and lumbar segments of the spinal cord and innervate ganglia relatively close to or within the target organs. In the PNS, axons emerge from the brainstem and sacral segments of the spinal cord and innervate ganglia very close to the spinal cord. --> x In the SNS, axons emerge from the cervical and thoracic segments of the spinal cord and innervate ganglia relatively close to or within the target organs. In the PNS, axons emerge from the lumbar and sacral segments of the spinal cord and innervate ganglia very close to the spinal cord. --> x In the SNS, axons emerge from the brainstem and sacral segments of the spinal cord and innervate ganglia relatively close to or within the target organs. In the PNS, axons emerge from the thoracic and lumbar segments of the spinal cord and innervate ganglia very close to the spinal cord. -->

Identify somatic effectors and visceral effectors.

x Somatic effectors are smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, glands, and adipose tissue. Visceral effectors are skeletal muscle.--> x Somatic effectors are skeletal muscle, cardiac muscle, and smooth muscle. Visceral effectors are glands and adipose tissue. --> x Somatic effectors are skeletal muscle, smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands. Visceral effectors are adipose tissue. --> x Somatic effectors are skeletal muscle. Visceral effectors are smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, glands, and adipose tissue. x Somatic effectors are glands and adipose tissue. Visceral effectors are skeletal muscle, cardiac muscle, and smooth muscle.-->

Define splanchnic nerves

x Splanchnic nerves are three groups of nerves — cardiopulmonary, abdominopelvic (greater, lesser, and lumbar), and pelvic (sacral) — that supply the viscera. Splanchnic nerves are nerves that innervate intramural ganglia in the walls of the kidneys, urinary bladder, terminal portions of the large intestine, and sex organs. Splanchnic nerves carry sacral parasympathetic output. Splanchnic nerves form nerve plexuses when they intermingle with branches of the vagus nerve similar to the nerve plexuses formed by spinal nerves innervating the limbs. Splanchnic nerves form a collection of three cervical sympathetic ganglia (superior, middle, and inferior).

Describe the role of preganglionic neurons.

x They are motor neurons within the central nervous system that are controlled by reflexes based in the spinal cord or brain. --> They are upper motor neurons whose cell bodies lie within nuclei of the brain or the primary motor cortex. They are ganglionic neurons that innervate visceral effectors.--> x They are part of visceral reflex arcs, and most of their activity is a direct reflex response, rather than responses to commands from the hypothalamus. They are part of the visceral motor neurons in peripheral ganglia.

Explain the function of autonomic ganglia.

x They are upper motor neurons whose cell bodies lie within nuclei of the brain or the primary motor cortex. --> x They are part of the visceral motor neurons in peripheral ganglia.--> x They are ganglionic neurons that innervate visceral effectors. x They are motor neurons within the central nervous system that are controlled by reflexes based in the spinal cord or brain.----> x They are part of visceral reflex arcs, and most of their activity is a direct reflex response, rather than responses to commands from the hypothalamus. -->

Muscarinic receptors

x are normally activated by acetylcholine. are found mostly in autonomic ganglia. always produce an excitatory response. are blocked by norepinephrine. control sodium channels in the affected membrane.

Autonomic motor neurons

x conduct impulses to smooth and cardiac muscles and glands. cause general excitation. conduct impulses to skeletal muscles. x conduct impulses from sensory receptors.-> cause general relaxation.

Baroreceptors are not found in the

x oral cavity. lungs. x digestive tract. --> aorta. x colon. -->

Which of the following is exclusive to the sympathetic division of the ANS?

x short pre-ganglionic fibers spinal nerves ventral roots ventral rami dorsal rami

Chemoreceptors that play an important role in reflexive control of respiratory function are not affected by

x sodium ion concentration. PCO2. hydrogen ion concentration. PO2. pH.

Two terms that both refer to internal organs are

x somatic and preganglionic.--> x viscera and somatic. --> x sympathetic and parasympathetic. --> splanchnic and ganglionic. x splanchnic and viscera.

Sympathetic activation leads to all of the following except

x vasodilation to skeletal muscle.--> x increased release of insulin. increased heart rate. x vasoconstriction to digestive organs. --> increase in alertness.

78) Considering the wavelengths of light received and abundance of various photoreceptors, which color is best received by the retina? A) purple B) yellow C) bright red

yellow