CH 15

What steps did the United States take to increase its role in the postwar world?

- the U.S. was instrumental in the creation of The United Nations - The Truman Doctrine was a policy which implied that America had an obligation to assist nations subject to communist aggression--after Congressional funding it was known as the 'Containment Policy' - to stabilize the European economy and strengthen nations vulnerable to communist aggression Congress passed The European Recovery Act to the tune of 12 billion dollars, later referred to as The Marshall Plan - The Marshall Plan made it possible for several projects in Western Europe; European Coal and Steel Community, European Economic Community, European Parliment, and the European Union. - N.A.T.O.- The North Atlantic Treaty Organization was an American effort created to unite the nations of Western Europe with the United States and Canada against any aggression from the Soviet Union.

How did the war create new opportunities for African Americans?

African American leaders initiated the "Double V" campaign to defeat fascism abroad and discrimination at home; labor leaders such as A. Philip Randolph fought for fair treatment; and FDR issued Executive Order 8802, which assured fair hiring practices in government-funded jobs.

Why was the island-hopping campaign in the Pacific so deadly to both sides?

It was so deadly to both sides because it resulted in 3,000 Japanese pilots dying, a shortage of planes, 83,000 Japanese casualties, and 50,000 allies casualties.

How did Hitler enforce anti-Semitism as chancellor of Germany?

Blamed Jews for all the ills of Germany, and as soon as he came into power. He started to systematically take them out, starting off economically; having German peoples boycott Jewish-owned businesses. Then in 1935 established the Nuremburg Laws, and eventually, he decided to take his "final solution" into effect

What actions did the Nazis take to carry out Hitler's "Final Solution"?

Denied Jews rights to citizenship, committed acts of violence against them, building the concentration camps. And eventually going on to create the death camps

How did the U.S. government respond to the German campaign against European Jews?

Early U.S. response was weak due to tight immigration laws. However by the end of 1942, allies issued a statement that the Jews were being taken to Poland and executed. 1943: American and British officials discussed the possibility of saving Jewish refugees from Europe, but no concrete action was taken until 1944 when FDR established the War Refugee Board

How did the federal government control resources needed for the war effort?

FDR set up the Office of Price Administration, which controlled prices and wages and the government instituted a system of rationing essential resources.

>>How did the Holocaust develop and what were its results?

Hitler became the dictator of Germany, began his persecution of Jews by opening the first concentration camp. Created the Nuremburg laws, Night of Broken glass triggers more violent action, Jews are systematically executed in death camps. Knowledge of the holocaust increases demand and support for a Jewish Homeland. Holocaust grew from the Nazi belief in the superiority of Aryans and their anti-Semitic feelings. They started with economic restrictions and the Nuremberg Laws on Jews, continued with violent attacks against Jews and their property, and finally decided to place Jews in concentration camps or death camps. Allied response to this was slow but eventually they would liberate the camps.

>>How did the Allies turn the tide against the Axis?

In Europe, the Allies stopped German progress at Stalingrad, in the Atlantic and in North Africa, and put Germany on the defensive. In the pacific, the Americans defeated the Japanese at the Battle of Midway, putting Japan on the defensive. U.S. produced millions of tons of war supplies and were able to transport them to Allies by using radar to locate Allied ships. The battle of Stalingrad led to the surrender of German troops and a turning point of the war in Europe. Allies were also able to drive the Germans out of North African under the command of Dwight Eisenhower and George S. Patton. The British and American bombing of Germany helped pave the way for Allied offensive. Also, at the Battle of Midway, the Allied took advantage of the Pacific.

>>How did the war change America at home?

Labor shortages, separation of families, increase in marriages, job opportunities, and patriotism, increased poverty, increase in divorce, food rationing, and conservation and recycling items. Women found new positions in the industry sector as well as in the white-collar settings. Through their involvement in the war effort, African Americans began to demand fair employment practices. Migrants began to move to the north in hopes of finding better jobs which led to race riots. 'Enemy aliens' including Japanese Americans were placed into internment camps. The government also began to impose wage and price controls through rationing to ensure maximum war production.

How did the war affect Americans at home?

Men were drafted, economic shift toward the production of war goods. Civil liberties were curtailed. New job opportunities became available to women, African Americans, and Mexican Americans.

How did the war affect the location of industries and workers in the United States?

People flocked to cities that offered industrial jobs and had built up industries for war production. The south and southwest, in particular, saw a huge growth in population.

Why were Japanese Americans interned during World War II?

People were afraid of them attacking the United States and a fear of communism.

>>What were the major immediate and long-term effects of World War II?

Short: reduced the number of effective empires in the world to two: the US and the Soviet Union. The war bankrupted the British and occupied the French, with of course, Germany and Japan being completely defeated. The American economy boomed both during and after the war, as the jobs and wealth it created took us out of the Great Depression and heavily industrialized the country. Long: the economy remained healthy in the US and the middle class greatly expanded, but the Cold War struggle between the two remaining superpowers would dominate world affairs for half a century, divide countries in Europe and Asia, launch civil wars in dozens of places around the world and begin a very expensive nuclear and conventional arms race. The atomic bomb invented during World War II could not be "uninvented," and in the modern day nuclear proliferation is still a problematic leftover from World War II. The Allied leaders met at Yalta and Potsdam to discuss final strategies and make postwar decisions. Europe, especially Germany, divided between Communist and non-Communist areas. Imperialism and colonialism declined and U.S. became the superpower. International cooperation led to GATT, UN, and Universal Declaration of Human Rights.

Why did the Allies decide to concentrate first on the war in Europe?

The Allies believed that Germany posed the greater long-term threat than did Japan in the pacific

How did World War II foster support for civil rights?

The atrocities of the holocaust made people hyper aware about whether human rights were being violated.

4. What impact did the Battle of Midway have on Japanese expansion in the Pacific?

The battle of Midway halted the Japanese from expanding their control in the Pacific, and prevented their ever dominating the region again.

What were the consequences of the decision to bomb Hiroshima and Nagasaki?

The consequences of the decision to bomb Hiroshima and Nagasaki were that it killed many people and destroyed the cities completely. It also resulted in the end of WWII.

Why was the Battle of Stalingrad a turning point in World War II?

The defeat of the Germans by the Soviets ended Hitler's plans to dominate Europe

What was the primary objective of the D-Day invasion at Normandy?

The primary objective was to destroy German communication and transportation networks and soften Nazi beach defenses.

What were the results of the Battle of the Bulge?

The results of the Battle of the Bulge were that it crippled Germany by using its reverses and demoralizing troops.

What impact did World War II have on the relative roles of the United States and Britain in the world?

They became more powerful in the world and had large reaches into other countries.

On what issues did Stalin, Roosevelt, and Churchill disagree?

They disagreed on when and how to defeat Germany. Stalin and Roosevelt agreed that the US and Britain should attack Germany in the west and force them to divide their troops, but Churchill thought they needed more equipment, better trained soldiers and more landing craft before attacking the East, West, and South.

>>How did the Allies defeat the Axis Powers?

They invaded Normandy and dropped the atom bombs. D-day invasion of Normandy and the Battle of the Bulge ensured the initial liberation of France and then ultimately the whole Europe. Allies used island-hopping and bombing of key islands in Japan to gain advantage in the Pacific area. America dropped two bombs in Japan to strike a final blow so that Japan would surrender.

What were the goals of British and American bombing runs over Germany?

To destroy Germany's capacity to make war

What goals did the Allies set for Eastern Europe at the Yalta Conference?

that Germany will be divided into sections monitored by France, England, America, and Russia. This will later be called west, (France, England, America) and east (Russia) Germany.