ch 18 history 309

Russo-Japanese War

(1904-1905) War between Russia and Japan over imperial possessions. Japan emerges victorious.

Kinjikitile Ngwale

(1905) An African man who began to move among various ethnic groups in German East Africa, spreading a message of opposition to German authority. -He claimed that by anointing his followers with blessed water, he could protect them from bullets and drive out the Germans. Executed before the Maji-Maji Revolution.

Boxer Protocol

- 20,000 foreign troops from United States, Japan, Russia, Britain , and Germany crushed the Boxers forcing the Chinese to sign the Boxer Protocol - required them to pay compensation of gold and for damages of foreign life and poverty - protocol also stationed troops in beijing

Progressive reformers

- Members of the U.S. reform movement in the early twentieth century that aimed to eliminate political corruption, - improve working conditions, - regulate the power of large industrial and financial enterprises. - also attacked other vices, such as gambling, drinking, and prostitution—all associated with industrialized, urban settings.

Factors that challenged "separate spheres"

- Urbanization and advancing capitalizm - New Opportunity for Women - Women found ways to limit the amount of children they had -Declining birthrates, along with improved medicine, also meant that fewer women died in childbirth and more would see their children reach adulthood. -Even in the first years of the twentieth century, these demographic changes, together with urbanization, resulted in much greater changes in women's lives than did political movements.

Mexican Revolution

- against General Porfirio Díaz - lead by Mexican peasants , workers, and Farmers - In the name of providing land for farmers and ending oligarchic rule, peasant armies defeated Díaz's troops and then proceeded to destroy many large estates. The fighting lasted for ten brutal years, during which almost 10 percent of the country's population perished.

popular culture

- emerged from the change in consumption of art, books, music and sports -change derived mainly from new urban settings, technological innovations, and increased leisure time. -As education (especially in America and Europe) became nearly universal, there were many more readers and museum goers.

Federal Meat Inspection Act

- enforced some federal inspection and mandated sanitary conditions in all companies selling meat in interstate commerce; - helped restore public confidence in meat packing industry and raise profits; - hurt smaller companies somewhat

Boxers United

- in 1897 Chinese residents killed two German Missionaries - German government demanded the construction of three cathedrals to remove local officials, and to seize Jiaouzhou - martial art groups began to attack German missionaries calling for an end to christians privileges - these groups were called Boxers United "Support the Qing, Destroy the Foreign " - strongly opposed foreign christianity - would harass and sometimes kill Chinese christians - would attack owners of foreign objects such as lamps and clocks

results from popular culture

- kind of culture one consumed had become a reflection of one's real (or desired) status in society, a central part of one's identity. - community of cultural consumers broadened and as ideas from across the globe flooded in, writers, artists, and scholars struggled to adapt.

Maji-Maji Revolt

- sometimes called the Maji Maji War, was a violent African resistance to colonial rule in the German colony of Tanganyika, -an uprising by several African indigenous communities in German East Africa against the German rule -in response to a German policy designed to force African peoples to grow cotton for export, lasting from 1905 to 1907

zaibatsu

- zaibatsu—large companies with banking subsidiaries for finance and industrial wings dominating different sectors of the market —like Sumitomo, Mitsui, and Mitsubishi were the engine of Japan's extraordinary economic growth.

Boxer Uprising/Rebellion vs the Taiping Rebellion

-Boxers violently resisted European meddling in their communities. -like the Taiping Rebellion, the story of the Boxers was tied to missionary activities. Whereas in earlier centuries Jesuit missionaries had sought to convert the court and the elites, -by the mid-nineteenth century the missionary goal was to convert commoners. -After the Taiping Rebellion, Christian missionaries had streamed into China, impatient to make new converts in the hinterlands and confident of their governments' backing.

Anarchism

-Many groups including the socialists and Marxists of the 19th century often opposed the idea of a state. -They believed society would function better without a government and that governments do nothing but promote exploitation.

Aftermath of Mexican Revolution

-Revolutionaries gave trade unions sweeping rights to organize, paving the way for nationalizing the country's mines and oil industries. -"ejidos": rural communes for Mexico's peasantry. These communal village holdings, called ejidos, sought to revive a precolonial way of life.

Womens right to Vote

1868: women received the right to vote in local elections in Britain. Within a few years, Finland, Sweden, and some American states allowed single, property-owning women the right to cast ballots—again, only in local elections. -Women obtained the right to vote in national elections in New Zealand in 1893, in Australia in 1902, in Finland in 1906, and in Norway in 1913.

Open Door Policy

A policy proposed by the US in 1899, under which ALL nations would have equal opportunities to trade in China.

Cecil Rhodes

Born in 1853, played a major political and economic role in colonial South Africa. He was a financier, statesman, and empire builder with a philosophy of mystical imperialism.

Joseph Chamberlain

British imperialist; argued that welfare of Britain depended upon preservation and extension of empire; duty to carry Christianity to colonies

Labour Party

British working-class political party established in the 1890s and dedicated to reforms and a peaceful transition to socialism, in time providing a viable alternative to the revolutionary emphasis of Marxism.

Emigration between 1840's and 1940's

South Asians migrated into the Malay Peninsula and Burma (British colonies), the Dutch Indies (Indonesia), East Africa, and the Caribbean. Most were recruited to labor on plantations, railways, and mines in British-controlled territories. ;

American Railway Union

launched a strike that spread across the nation. Spawned by wage cuts and firings following an economic downturn, -the Pullman Strike (directed against the maker of railway sleeping cars, George Pullman) involved approximately 3 million workers. -The strike's conclusion, however, revealed the enduring power of the status quo. -After hiring replacement workers to break the strike, Pullman requested federal troops to protect his operation. When the troops arrived, infuriated strikers reacted with violence—which led to a further crackdown by the government against the union. After its leaders were jailed, the strike collapsed.

Qiu Jin

left her husband and headed to Japan to study. There she befriended other radicals and made a name for herself by dressing in men's clothing, carrying a sword, and trying her hand at bomb making. Returning to China in 1906, she founded the Chinese Women's Journal (Zhongguo nübao) and wrote articles urging women to fight for their rights and to leave home if necessary.

Muckrakers

portrayed the captains of finance like J. P. Morgan and John D. Rockefeller as bent on amassing private power at the expense of working families and public authorities.

Herero and San peoples

resisted against German settlers attempt to seize there land

Anglo-Boer War

• The British sent a large contingent of troops to South Africa to deal with the resistance of the two Boer republics—the Orange Free State and the Transvaal. • 1899-1902 • South Africa • Bloodiest conflict in colonial times. Boers won the first time. British won the second time. Brought about the first concentration camp ever. - The was orgins was based off the discovery of gold

Syndicalism

Economic and political system based on the organization of labor; imported in Latin America from European political movements; militant force in Latin American politics

Red Lanterns

Female supporters of the Chinese Boxers who rebelled against foreign intrusions in China at the turn of the twentieth century. Most were teenage girls and unmarried women and dressed entirely in red garments. - practiced martial arts at separate boxing grounds

Separate Spheres

Nineteenth-century idea in Western societies that men and women, especially of the middle class, should have different roles in society: -women as wives, mothers, and homemakers; - men as breadwinners and participants in business and politics

Socialism

a political theory advocating state ownership of industry

New opportunities for women

as teachers, secretaries, typists, department store clerks, social workers, and telephone operators.

Napoleonic Wars

had been a major source of capital for international borrowers.