CH 2 - Biological Beginnings

Differentiate mitosis, meiosis, and fertilization. MITOSIS: An egg and sperm fuse to create a single cell A cell's nucleus, including the chromosomes, duplicates itself and the cell divides This is a specialized form of cell division involving eggs and sperm

A cell's nucleus, including the chromosomes, duplicates itself and the cell divides

Which of these is a recent research finding regarding gene expression? Radiation, contrary to what many researchers expected, does not affect gene expression. Human development and behavior is affected by a far greater number of genes than previously thought. Gene expression is determined at the moment of conception. A gene can sometimes be turned "on" or "off" due to external variables such as stress.

A gene can sometimes be turned "on" or "off" due to external variables such as stress.

What is formed when fertilization occurs? DNA helix Gamete Zygote Ovum

zygote

Recent analysis studies have now been able to identify the gender of a baby as early as ______ weeks into the pregnancy. 11 7 9 13

7

___ is the social and legal process by which a parent-child relationship is established between persons not related by birth.

Adoption

Which of the following statements is NOT an idea held by evolutionary developmental psychologists? All evolved mechanisms are adaptive in contemporary society. Many evolved psychological mechanisms are domain-specific. The mind has specialized modules adapted to process specific types of information. Many aspects of childhood function as preparations for adulthood.

All evolved mechanisms are adaptive in contemporary society.

Which procedure involves withdrawing amniotic fluid between the 15th and 18th weeks of pregnancy? Triple amniotic fluid CVS Maternal blood work Amniocentesis

Amniocentesis

Differentiate mitosis, meiosis, and fertilization. FERTILIZATION: An egg and sperm fuse to create a single cell A cell's nucleus, including the chromosomes, duplicates itself and the cell divides This is a specialized form of cell division involving eggs and sperm

An egg and sperm fuse to create a single cell

______ try to figure out what is responsible for the differences among people: genes, environment, or a combination of these. Environmental geneticists Behavior geneticists Scientific geneticists Biological geneticists

Behavior geneticists

Which field seeks to discover the influence of environment and heredity on individual differences in human development? Environment genetics Behavior genetics Culture genetics Biological genetics

Behavior genetics

Which of the following malformations can be detected by fetal MRI? Central nervous system malformations Maternal blood malformations Genital/urinary malformations Chest malformations

Central nervous system malformations Genital/urinary malformations Chest malformations

Which of the following factors represent sources of variability in the population? (Select all that apply.) A single zygote can split in two to create genetically identical replicas that develop into fraternal twins. Chance, a mistake by cellular machinery, or damage from an environmental agent can cause gene mutation. It is a matter of chance as to which chromosome in a pair goes to the gamete. Before the pairs separate, pieces of the two chromosomes in each pair are exchanged.

Chance, a mistake by cellular machinery, or damage from an environmental agent can cause gene mutation. It is a matter of chance as to which chromosome in a pair goes to the gamete. Before the pairs separate, pieces of the two chromosomes in each pair are exchanged.

______ is a prenatal medical procedure in which a small sample of the placenta is removed. Chorionic villus sampling Fetal MRI Amniocentesis Noninvasive prenatal diagnosis

Chorionic villus sampling

______ are threadlike structures made up of strands of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA). Genes Marker genes Chromosomes Proteins

Chromosomes

Which of the following is a double-helix shaped molecule that contains genetic information? DNA Genotype Phenotype Genome

DNA

___ syndrome results when a person inherits an extra copy of chromosome 21.

Down

In terms of biological beginnings, which of the following processes occurs during fertilization? Egg and sperm fuse to create zygote Cells replicate Cells reproduce Cells divide via meiosis

Egg and sperm fuse to create zygote

Which psychological approach emphasizes the importance of adaption, reproduction, and survival of the fittest in shaping behaviors? Social psychology Evolutionary psychology Cognitive psychology Adaption psychology

Evolutionary psychology

What unit of hereditary information is composed of short segments of DNA? Proteins RNA Genes Chromosomes

Genes

____ control the reproduction of cells and the assembly of proteins.

Genes

Which statement is best supported by the results of current research? Genes shape predispositions for behaviors or traits, but we need to also take context into account. Of the different types of genotype-environment correlations, evocative ones are the most powerful. Most human behavior can be explained by looking at natural selection in our species' past. Genes have a far lesser influence on human development than previously thought

Genes shape predispositions for behaviors or traits, but we need to also take context into account.

The Human ______ Project is the complete set of developmental instructions for creating proteins that initiate the making of a human organism. Chromosome Gene DNA Genome

Genome

What is it called when individuals' genes may influence the types of environments to which they are exposed? Epigenetics Environmental influences Genotype-environment correlations Heredity-environment correlations

Heredity-environment correlations

Which of these are trends in adoption in the US within the last 30-40 years? Select all that apply: Adopted children are more likely to be White and non-Latino. Adoption agencies are less willing to allow single parents to adopt. International adoption is more common. A greater number of adoptive parents are in same-sex relationships.

International adoption is more common. A greater number of adoptive parents are in same-sex relationships.

Which of these are trends in adoption in the US within the last 30-40 years? Select all that apply: Interracial adoption is more common. More children are adopted through the foster care system. A greater number of adoptive parents are single. Adoption agencies have stricter income requirements for adoptive parents.

Interracial adoption is more common. More children are adopted through the foster care system. A greater number of adoptive parents are single. Adoption agencies have stricter income

Which of the following statements is true of behavior genetics? It attempts to determine the extent to which genetics, but not environment, is responsible for differences among people. It attempts to determine the extent to which genetics and environment affect an individual's traits. It attempts to identify differences in genes, the environment, or a combination of these factors lead to differences among people. It attempts to determine the extent to which the environment, but not genetics, is responsible for differences among people.

It attempts to identify differences in genes, the environment, or a combination of these factors lead to differences among people.

Which of the following statements is true about meiosis? It is also called fertilization. It is the process by which muscle cells grow. It is a type of cell. It produces cells with unpaired chromosomes.

It produces cells with unpaired chromosomes.

A fetal ____ may be able to detect certain placental abnormalities better than ultrasound sonography.

MRI

______ is a specialized form of cell division that occurs to form eggs and sperm. Meiosis Fertilization Osmosis Mitosis

Meiosis

Regarding genetic defects, which of the following statements are true? Genetic disorders will never be curable. Defective genes are often compensated for by other genes. Genetic defects inevitably lead to a disorder. Most genetic disorders are rare.

Most genetic disorders are rare.

Environmental influences include which of the following? Neighborhood Behavioral adaptation Birth complications Parenting Schooling Viruses

Neighborhood Birth complications Parenting Schooling Viruses

Which genetic disorder results in the inability to properly metabolize a particular amino acid? Tay-Sachs disease Sickle-cell anemia Hemophilia Phenylketonuria (PKU)

PKU

Which statement regarding genotype-environment correlations is true? Passive genotype-environment correlations occur when the biological parents provide a rearing environment for the child. Passive genotype-environment correlations occur when the child is raised away from the biological parents. Active genotype-environment correlations occur when the biological parents provide a rearing environment for the child. Environment has nothing to do with genotype.

Passive genotype-environment correlations occur when the child is raised away from the biological parents.

Which genetic disorder occurs primarily in African Americans? Phenylketonuria (PKU) Sickle cell anemia Down syndrome Turner syndrome

Sickle cell anemia

Which of the following are risk factors for Down syndrome? (Select all that apply.) The mother is over age 34. The mother is African American. The mother is under age 16. The child is male.

The mother is over age 34. The mother is under age 16.

Differentiate mitosis, meiosis, and fertilization. MEOSIS: An egg and sperm fuse to create a single cell A cell's nucleus, including the chromosomes, duplicates itself and the cell divides This is a specialized form of cell division involving eggs and sperm

This is a specialized form of cell division involving eggs and sperm

True or false: An X-linked disease is more likely to harm men than women.

True

Which test can be performed earliest in the prenatal period? Amniocentesis sampling X-rays Chorionic villus sampling Ultrasound sonography

Ultrasound sonography

Chorionic villus sampling is a prenatal medical procedure in which _______. the mother's blood is tested for genetic markers linked to certain diseases an ultrasound is used to evaluate fetal development a small amount of amniotic fluid is withdrawn for testing a small sample of the placenta is removed

a small sample of the placenta is removed

The majority of adopted children ______ well to life, and their parents report ______ with their decision to adopt. do not adjust; satisfaction do not adjust; dissatisfaction adjust; dissatisfaction adjust; satisfaction

adjust; satisfaction

______ is a familial relationship that is established through a social and legal process. Apprenticeship Mentorship Adoption Socialization

adoption

Natalie is 40 years old and in her 15th week of pregnancy. She is concerned that her baby might have Down syndrome. Her doctor performs an ,___ which involves withdrawing and testing a sample of amniotic fluid.

amniocentesis

Evocative genotype-environment correlations occur because a child's ______ elicit certain types of environments. characteristics biological parents genetic mutations adoptive parents

characteristics

The growth of the human brain and gaining the experiences necessary to master the complexities of our human society takes place in the extended ________ period of the life span. toddler conceptive childhood infancy

childhood

Which of the following prenatal diagnostic tests pose a potential risk of fetal deformity or miscarriage? Select all that apply: chorionic villus sampling amniocentesis maternal blood screening ultrasound sonography fetal MRI

chorionic villus sampling amniocentesis

Which genetic disorder occurs more often in the children of mothers who are pregnant when younger than 16 and older than 34? Down syndrome Sickle cell anemia Phenylketonuria (PKU) Turner syndrome

down syndrome

______ is a chromosome-transmitted form of intellectual disability caused by the presence of an extra copy of chromosome 21. Turner syndrome Fragile 21 chromosome Genetic mutation Down syndrome

down syndrome

When couples experience infertility, the problem may lie with ______. either the woman or the man the man the woman

either the woman or the man

The ______ view states that development is the result of an ongoing, bidirectional interchange between heredity and the environment. evocative experiential epigenetic nonshared environment heredity-environment correlation

epigenetic

___ genotype-environment correlations occur because a child's characteristics elicit certain types of environments.

evocative

___ psychology is the newest approach to psychology. It emphasizes the importance of adaptation, reproduction, and survival of the fittest in shaping behaviors.

evolutionary

Research has shown adopted children are at higher risk than non-adopted children for ______. cognitive delays externalizing aggression attention problems internalizing anxiety and depression

externalizing aggression attention problems internalizing anxiety and depression

Conditions such as phenylketonuria or sickle cell anemia are produced by ______. gamete abnormalities sex-linked abnormalities gene-linked abnormalities arterial abnormalities

gene-linked abnormalities

One possible reason for the evolution of longevity is having ______ to help care for children, thereby enabling parents to hunt and gather food. grandparents babysitters cousins aunts

grandparents

Interpreting the results of adoption and twin studies is difficult because of the complexities of ______. childhood propensities environmental genetics passive-parental interference heredity-environment correlations

heredity-environment correlations

The complete set of developmental instructions for creating proteins that initiate the making of a human organism is the nerve outline. chromosome. human genome. synapse.

human genome.

If phenylketonuria (PKU) is not properly treated, it will lead to ______. buildup of mucus in the lungs joint swelling and heart failure intellectual disability central nervous system deterioration

intellectual disability

According to the epigenetic view, development ______. reflects our species' evolutionary heritage is due to heredity and environment each affecting the other is influenced more by genetics at earlier ages, and environment at later ages is due primarily to heredity

is due to heredity and environment each affecting the other

All cells in our bodies, other than eggs and sperm, reproduce through a process called ______. meiosis fertilization osmosis mitosis

mitosis

The process that allows cells other than eggs and sperm to duplicate and divide is known as ____.

mitosis

During _____, the cell's nucleus duplicates itself and the cell divides. During ____, a specialized form of cell division occurs to form an egg and sperm cell. During ____, an egg and a sperm fuse to create a single cell.

mitosis, meiosis, fertilization

A(n) ______ gene is marked by cellular damage from an environmental agent such as radiation. twinned mutated segmented X-linked

mutated

Environmental agents such as radiation, errors in the cellular machinery, and chance can all lead to a ___ gene.

mutated

The evolutionary process by which the best-adapted individuals of a species survive and reproduce is called ______ selection. natural adaptive adapted dominant

natural

As the environment changes, some species adapt in a way that helps them survive and reproduce, while other species do not adapt well and die. This process is called ______. sociobiology cannibalization genetic inheritance natural selection

natural selection

Sickle-cell anemia, in which the red blood cells cannot carry ______ properly and die quickly, occurs most often in African Americans. oxygen calcium blood protein

oxygen

______ genotype-environment correlations occur because biological parents, who are genetically related to the child, provide a rearing environment for the child. Niche-picking Evocative Passive Active

passive

Genes direct cells to reproduce themselves, whereas ______ are the building blocks of cells. genetics proteins DNA chromosomes

proteins

Genes help cells reproduce themselves and assemble ____, which are the building blocks of cells.

proteins

A dominant gene will override the potential influence of a ___ gene.

recessive

A ______ gene will only be expressed if a person does NOT have the ______ gene on the other half of a chromosome pair. dominant; recessive polygenic; monogenic recessive; dominant monogenic; polygenic

recessive; dominant

In evolutionary theory, what matters is that individuals live long enough to ______ and ______ their characteristics. reproduce; pass on mutate; adapt adapt; pass on reproduce; mutate

reproduce; pass on

Recent studies have confirmed being able to identify the sex of a baby as early as __ weeks into the pregnancy.

seven (7)

Ultrasound ____ uses high-frequency sound waves directed toward the pregnant woman's abdomen to produce a visual representation of the fetus.

sonography

Recent research has shown gene expression may be influenced by which of the following? Select all that apply: Radiation Temperature Stress Phenotypes

stress radiation temperature

Which of the following are potential causes of infertility? Select all that apply: the woman does not ovulate ova lack motility blocked fallopian tubes low sperm production

the woman does not ovulate blocked fallopian tubes low sperm production

Normally conducted seven weeks into the pregnancy, ______ is used to detect structural abnormalities in the fetus and when used later in the pregnancy can help determine whether the baby is a boy or a girl. ultrasound sonography fetal MRI chorionic villus sampling amniocentesis

ultrasound sonography

The human genetic process creates several important sources of ______. variability phenotype genotype similarity

variability

X-linked diseases are more likely to affect men than women because ______. mutations tend to be more severe on the Y chromosome than on the X chromosome women have an extra copy of the X chromosome, which usually has the non-mutated gene women do not have X chromosomes men have two X chromosomes, where women have only one

women have an extra copy of the X chromosome, which usually has the non-mutated gene

When a sperm and egg fuse, they create a single cell called a(n) ___.

zygote