ch 2 human sexuality

Psychoanalytic theory was proposed by _____. A. Sigmund Freud B. B. F. Skinner C. Ivan Pavlov D. Edward Thorndike

A. Sigmund Freud

According to Freud, the id, ego, and superego A. develop sequentially. B. develop simultaneously. C. are functional from birth. D. are present only in males

A. develop sequentially

According to Freud, which component of the human personality operates on the reality principle? A. ego B. id C. superego D. thanatos

A. ego

The Oedipus complex A. is resolved at the end of the phallic stage. B. occurs before the oral stage. C. is resolved at the end of the oral stage. D. occurs during the oral stage.

A. is resolved at the end of the phallic stage

Which of the following is a shortcoming of sociobiology? A. It rests on an outmoded model of evolutionary theory. B. It includes the survival of the group in its analysis. C. It fails to value the importance of reproduction in survival. D. It does not consider the mating preferences of females.

A. it rests on an outmoded model of evolutionary theory

Freud believed that the two major forces of motivating human behavior are A. libido and thanatos. B. id and ego. C. ego and superego. D. Oedipus and Electra complex.

A. libido and thanatos

_____ is a specific type of selection identified by Darwin that creates differences between males and females. A. Sexual selection B. Individual selection C. Survival selection D. Ecological selection

A. sexual selection

Sexual scripts A. tell us the meaning we should attach to a particular sexual event. B. have no significant impact upon the sexual expressions of people. C. do not shape the sexual behavior of people. D. suggest that human sexual behavior is unpredictable and spontaneous.

A. tell us the meaning we should attach to a particular sexual event

Freud's term for the death instinct is _____. A. thanatos B. fatalism C. determinism D. anima

A. thanatos

Which of the following is true of erogenous zones? A. They are areas of the body that are completely insensate. B. They are areas of the body that give pleasure when touched. C. They are present only in males but not in females. D. They are present only in females but not in males.

B. They are areas of the body that give pleasure when touched

One of Freud's major contributions to the study of sexuality was A. his discovery that boys experienced womb envy during the phallic stage. B. his recognition that humans pass through stages of psychological development. C. his discovery that children displayed no sexual curiosity until puberty. D. his assertion that the environment influenced people more than biological determinants.

B. his recognition that humans pass through stages of psychological development

According to Freud, which component of human personality operates on the pleasure principle? A. ego B. id C. superego D. libido

B. id

According to the social learning theory, the two processes which are useful in explaining the development of gender identity or one's sense of maleness or femaleness are A. idealism and realism. B. imitation and identification. C. existentialism and determinism. D. positivism and negativism.

B. imitation and identification

Evolutionary psychology has been criticized because A. it does not give weight to the fact that emotional structures have evolved like human behavior. B. it assumes that every characteristic that we observe must have some adaptive significance. C. it allows for the fact that some traits displayed by humans may be simply "design flaws." D. it believes that men and women are identical when it comes to their mating preferences.

B. it assumes that every characteristic that we observe must have some adaptive significance

Sociobiology has been criticized because A. it ignores the competition among members of one gender for mating access to members of the other gender. B. it assumes that reproduction is the central function of sex. C. it believes that humans are ruled by their unconscious minds. D. it does not study the mating preferences of females.

B. it assumes that reproduction is the central function of sex

Which of the following is true of the attachment between an infant and a parent? A. It has no significance in contemporary societies. B. It is a biological mechanism that reduces infant vulnerability. C. It applies only to parents belonging to Western cultures. D. It has no impact upon the infant's chances of survival.

B. it is biological mechanism that reduces infant vulerability

According to Freud, which of the following is true of the phallic stage? A. It is the stage during which a child is focused on elimination. B. It is the stage during which a boy feels castration anxiety. C. It is the stage during which a girl displays hostility toward her father. D. It is the stage during which a boy displays hostility toward his mother.

B. it is the stage during which a boy feels castration anxiety

2. Which of the following is true of sociobiology? A. It is based on the assumption that human sexuality is the result of culture alone. B. It tries to explain why certain patterns of behavior have evolved in humans. C. It assumes that people are entirely free and responsible for developing their own potential. D. It creates a framework within which the economic stratification of society can be studied.

B. it tries to explain why certain patterns of behavior have evolved in humans

Which of the following is true of the ego according to Freud? A. It operates on the pleasure principle. B. It tries to keep the id in line. C. It prevents people from being rational. D. It is a reservoir of psychic energy

B. it tries to keep the id in line

According to the psychoanalytic theory, after the resolution of the Oedipus or Electra complex, children pass into a prolonged stage known as _____. A. cadency B. latency C. potency D. exigency

B. latency

A _____ is a site populated with people with erotic dispositions that they project on the space and each other, creating a system of sexual stratification. A. sexual interaction B. sexual field C. sexual script D. sexual intersection

B. sexual field

_____ theorists believe that sexual behavior can be changed at any time in one's lifespan. A. Psychoanalytic B. Sociobiological C. Learning D. Deterministic

C. Learning `

According to research analyzing waist-to-hip ratios across a large number of cultures, which of the following is true? A. The preference for a .70 hip-to-waist ratio by men is hardwired into their brains by evolution. B. The preference for a .70 hip-to-waist ratio by men has been proven to exist across all cultures. C. The .70 hip-to-waist ratio is most common in societies where women are economically dependent on men. D. The .70 hip-to-waist ratio is most common in societies where women are financially independent.

C. The .70 hip to waist ratio is most common in societies where women ae economically dependent on meen

Which of the following is true of evolutionary psychology? A. It does not recognize that every observable human characteristic has adaptive significance. B. It allows for the fact that some traits displayed by humans may be simply "design flaws." C. It believes that human cognitive structures evolved over the years just as human behavior did. D. It believes that men and women are identical when it comes to their mating preferences.

C. believes that human cognitive structures evolved over the years just as human behavior did

_____ is a theory that all living things have acquired their present forms through gradual changes in their genetic endowment over successive generations. A. Existentialism B. Positivism C. Evolution D. Structuralism

C. evolution

Sociobiology is defined as the application of _____ biology to understanding the social behavior of animals, including humans. A. sociocultural B. normative C. evolutionary D. quantum

C. evolutionary

_____ is the study of the psychological mechanisms that have been shaped by natural selection. A. Environmental psychology B. Structural functionalism C. Evolutionary psychology D. Cultural relativism

C. evolutionary psychology

The phallic stage A. occurs before the oral stage. B. is experienced only by girls. C. is marked by the Oedipus complex. D. is marked by oral fixation.

C. is marked by the Oedipus complex

According to Freud's psychoanalytic theory, the first stage of psychosexual development a child goes through is the _____ stage. A. phallic B. anal C. oral D. genital

C. oral

According to Freud, which component of the human personality operates on idealism? A. ego B. id C. superego D. thanatos

C. superego

Mary is on a business trip and meets an old friend she dated in college. She finds that she is still attracted to him, and something inside her tells her, "Go ahead. Invite him to your room and kiss him." However, Mary is happily married with two young and adorable children. Mary and her old friend end up chatting for a while and then go their separate ways. According to the Freudian framework, which of the following parts of Mary's personality is most likely to have prevailed in this situation? A. id B. thanatos C. superego D. libido

C. superego

Which of the following is true of sexual scripts? A. Sexual scripts suggest that most human sexual behavior occurs spontaneously. B. Sexual scripts are enacted by all couples in exactly the same way. C. Sexual scripts help us function independent of social norms. D. Sexual scripts teach us an etiquette of sexual behavior.

D. Sexual scripts teach us an etiquette of sexual behavior

Which of the following statements is true of parental investment? A. It is rarely beneficial to infants raised in Western societies. B. It damages an infant's chances of survival in contemporary societies. C. It refers to the number of offspring that parents can produce each year. D. It refers to the behavior and resources invested in offspring to ensure their survival.

D. it refers to the beavhior and resources invested in offspring to ensure their survival

Freud's term for sex drive or sex energy is _____. A. thanatos B. superego C. id D. libido

D. libido

Evolution occurs via _____, the process by which the animals that are best adapted to their environment are more likely to survive, reproduce, and pass on their genes to the next generation. A. existentialism B. cultural relativism C. communal integration D. natural selection

D. natural selection

Sociobiologists suggest that the characteristics used to judge a person's attractiveness are indicative of the health and vigor of an individual, which in turn are probably related to the person's _____. A. social status B. superego C. extrinsic values D. reproductive potential

D. reproductive potential