Ch. 2
The researcher must critically appraise evidence following a literature review. Which questions should the researcher pose in this appraisal? (Select all that apply.)
"What were the results of each study?" "Are the results of each study valid and reliable?" 'Will the results of each study improve client care?"
A parent has brought a 6-year-old child into the clinic. The parent is concerned that the child does not seem to skip as well as the other children in the child's class. In planning assessments and care for this child, the nurse would be best served by choosing which theory as a foundation for decision making?
Developmental theory
The nurse is preparing to submit a research project to the institutional review board (IRB). The nurse understands that which is the purpose of the IRB?
Ensure the ethical treatment of all participants
Which activity best helps the nurse apply theory to practice?
Evidence-based research
A nurse is planning to conduct a nursing research study and is seeking federal funding. Which institution would be most helpful for the nurse to contact regarding acquiring funding?
National Institute of Nursing Research
To ensure that a research study is ethical, a nurse researcher must observe which human rights for participants? Select all that apply.
Self-determinism Privacy Anonymity Fair treatment
A group of concepts and the relationships among them is what?
Theory
One of the primary reasons for conducting nursing research is to:
generate knowledge to guide practice.
A well-constructed problem statement formulated at the beginning of a nursing research study should:
indicate the population.
A nurse manager is attempting to switch the medical records in an orthopedic office to a computerized format. The nurse asks questions about the accuracy and efficiency of the current record keeping system by using the PICO format. Which statements illustrate the components of this process? Select all that apply.
P: The nurse chooses the population involved (orthopedic clients). I: The nurse considers interventions to make the plan work. C: The nurse compares the written records to the computerized records.
The focus of nursing is always on which of the four common concepts in nursing theory?
Person
Which are core concepts in nursing theory? (Select all that apply.)
Person (client) Environment Health Nursing
When following evidence-based practice, a nurse's actions are based on which sources of information? (Select all that apply.)
Published research National standards National guidelines Targeted literature
What type of research study would a hospital conduct to explore clients' and families' perceptions of receiving care?
Qualitative
Which skill is foundational for a nurse's participation in the evidence-based practice process?
Read and understand a research article.
Which is the best example of evidence-based nursing practice?
Recommending ginger to alleviate nausea and vomiting in obstetric clients based on a literature review
A nurse is planning to participate in a research project and is looking for information about what is already known about the topic. The nurse is involved in which step of the research process?
Scientific literature review
Following the identification of a researchable problem, what must the nurse do?
Select literature relevant to the problem.
Which statement best explains the importance of theoretic frameworks?
Theoretic frameworks advance nursing knowledge and practice.
A public health nurse is working with a large group of clients who require a variety of patient care, health teaching, and health promotion. Using Virginia Henderson's Basic Needs Theory, how should the nurse proceed in order to provide a variety of medical, health teaching, and health promotion interventions?
Determine general basic needs of the group and additional needs specific to each client.
The nurse is reading about nursing theorists for a class. The theory reveals the following, "Individuals who use self-care to sustain life and health, to recover from disease or injury, or to cope with its effects." Which individual developed this theory?
Dorothea Orem
Which is a focus of medical research rather than nursing research?
Drug metabolism
What nursing activity forms the bridge between theory and practice?
Evidence-based research
A nurse researcher is examining the cause-and-effect relationship between the consumption of tap water containing minimal amounts of bleach, and the incidence of cancer in rats. The research is taking place in a laboratory setting. What type of quantitative research is being used based upon this description?
Experimental research
Which types of knowledge are subjective? (Select all that apply.)
Traditional knowledge Authoritative knowledge
Evidence-based care emphasizes decision making based on the best available evidence and:
use of outcome studies to guide decisions.
A nurse observes that the past five clients referred from a community clinic have been treated for drug and/or alcohol overdose. Based on this information, the nurse assumes that the clinic specializes in the treatment of substance use. This is an example of what type of reasoning?
Inductive reasoning
Which type of quantitative research will examine cause-and-effect relationships between selected variables?
Quasi-experimental
Who is considered to be the first nursing theorist who conceptualized nursing in terms of manipulating the environment?
Florence Nightingale
In order for the nurse to be able to apply the knowledge that has been obtained in the formal education process, which theory would best break whole concepts into parts and then determine how the parts would work together as a whole?
General systems theory
A nurse working in a long-established hospital learned a specific approach to administering intravenous injections from the previous generation of nurses at the hospital. This is an example of which type of knowledge?
Traditional knowledge
What is a conceptual framework?
A group of interrelated objects that follow a pattern
A nurse is reviewing a qualitative research study. Which aspects of this type of study would the nurse need to keep in mind? Select all that apply.
Control or manipulation is rarely used. Reality is not viewed as a fixed entity. Intuition is used for analysis.
Which theory emphasizes the relationships between the whole and the parts, and describes how parts function and behave?
General systems theory
A nurse develops the following foreground question using the PICO format in preparation for a research study: "In overweight clients, how do chromium supplements compared to no supplements help with weight loss?" Which part of the question reflects the intervention?
Chromium supplements
A group of objects with relationships is which?
Concept
An abstract idea or object that relates to other abstract ideas or objects is which?
Concept
Which is true of concepts?
Concepts describe objects, properties, and events and the relationships among them.
Information is collected for analysis in both quantitative and qualitative research. What is the information called?
Data
A nurse wants to implement Sister Callista Roy's Adaptation Theory in the acute care setting. Which nursing action demonstrates proper use and implementation of this theory?
Assessing for factors interfering with healing
A nurse who works in a pediatric practice assesses the developmental level of children of various ages to determine their psychosocial development. These assessments are based on the work of:
Erikson.
When looking at a model for evidence-based practice, what is the final step of the process?
Evaluating practice change
A nursing theorist examines a hospital environment by studying each ward and how it works individually, and then relates this information to the hospital as a whole working entity. This is an example of the use of which theory?
General systems theory
A nurse is to participate as part of a team involved in nursing research and will be following the steps of the nursing research process. Place the steps below in the order in which the nurse and team will complete the process.
Identify the problem area. Review the scientific literature. Identify the theoretical framework. Formulate the problem statement. Develop the proposed research question. Identify the research design.
Which group of nurses would be least likely involved in direct research? Select all that apply.
Novice nurses Student nurses
What is the best explanation for the way evidence-based practice (EBP) has changed the way nursing care is delivered?
Nursing care now uses EBP as a means of ensuring quality care.
Which is most similar to a nursing model?
Nursing theory
Which theory describes, explains, predicts, and controls outcomes in nursing practice?
Nursing theory
A nurse researcher is collecting nominal data. What type of research is being conducted?
Quantitative research
A nurse researcher must decide on the method for conducting the research. The researcher that plans to emphasize collection of numerical data and analysis would select which method of research?
Quantitative research
A nurse is writing an article for a nursing journal describing a study of the emergency protocols in a hospital emergency department. Which statements accurately describe elements of this process? Select all that apply.
The introduction reviews the literature and states the purpose of the article. The method section provides details of how the study was conducted. The results are often presented in words, charts, tables, or graphs.
Which criterion is not used for critically evaluating websites when doing a literature review?
Accessibility
If a nurse describes a study of people and the nursing profession including studies of education, policy development, ethics, and nursing history, then what is the nurse defining?
Nursing research
Which activity systematically inquires about the problems encountered in nursing practice and into the modalities of client care?
Nursing research
A community health nurse has been visiting a diabetic client whose morning fasting glucose levels are constantly elevated. Upon further assessment, the nurse determines that the client's spouse does not understand how to prepare meals following the prescribed diabetic diet. Using Dorothea Orem's Self-Care Theory, how can the nurse help meet the needs of this client?
Arrange an evaluation appointment with a dietitian.
A nurse subscribes to the Basic Needs theory. Which action by the nurse exemplifies this theory?
Assisting the client to the bedside commode
The American Nurses Association's Commission on Nursing Education developed guidelines for the investigative function of nurses at different educational levels. Which guideline is for a nurse with an associate degree?
Assists in collection of data within an established, structured format
For which research activity is a phenomenological research method most appropriate?
Attempting to understand non-English speaking immigrants' experiences of being hospital clients
The nurse researcher is aware that the type of variable that can be manipulated in a study is which type of variable?
Independent
A nurse researcher is involved in an experimental research study. Which component would the nurse researcher manipulate?
Independent variable
Which represents the basic framework of the research process?
Nursing process
A group of nurses is planning to investigate the effectiveness of turning immobilized stroke clients more frequently in order to prevent skin breakdown. The team has begun by formulating a PICO question. Which element will the "O" in the team's PICO question refer to?
Preventing skin breakdown
What are the primary purposes for conducting research in nursing? Select all that apply.
Provide a basis for best practice guidelines Provide a resource for evaluating care Develop new ways to improve assessment and diagnostic skills
Nurse researchers use both quantitative and qualitative research in their practices. Which actions are examples of the use of qualitative research? Select all that apply.
The nurse examines nursing issues related to Native American/First Nation clients. The nurse investigates past nursing trends to understand the current profession. The nurse discovers how people describe the effect of illness in their lives.
Which theory describes how humans adjust to life with other living things and with the environment?
Adaptation theory
A nurse is discussing dietary issues with a Latino client in the clinic. The client states, "My nutritionist told me that I needed to include beans in my diet so that my muscles would grow." The information that the client is expressing is known as what?
Authoritative knowledge
A nurse manager is using the AACN PEARL tool as a resource in a hospital setting. Which statements describe examples of the chief focus of this resource? Select all that apply.
The nurse uses PEARL to plan change initiatives for the unit. The nurse uses PEARL to find tools to improve client outcomes. The nurse uses PEARL to share critical learning with staff.
Christine Grady is a nurse ethicist that proposed a framework for evaluating ethics. Grady suggested that a independent review is needed for ethical research. This principle is correctly defined as:
Informed consent means that "individuals should be informed about the research and provide their voluntary consent."
Which could be considered an example of a qualitative research project?
A PhD nursing student is collecting data on how Somali immigrants perceive the care they receive in one community clinic. The nursing student is taping and analyzing interviews with clients that have been in the country and community 2 years or less and who have sought care at least once at this clinic.
Which is the theory that describes the maturation of humans through stages?
Developmental theory
A nurse is developing a foreground question for nursing research using the PICO model. Which component would be represented by the statement, "a 45-year-old male with coronary heart disease and atrial fibrillation"?
P
The second step in implementation of evidence-based practice includes systematic review. To complete a systematic review of the literature, what must the nurse do?
Summarize findings from multiple studies that are related to a particular nursing practice.
The scientific process and nursing research have the same methodologies for investigating and solving problems. Place the steps of the scientific process and nursing research in order.
Identifying what one needs to know or is curious about Deciding the approach to seeking the answer Devising a plan Implementing the plan Assessing the outcomes
What is the process of considering a group of specific ideas and then drawing conclusions that relate to a general idea?
Inductive reasoning
Which aspect of the nursing research process addresses a client'Unds understanding of the potential risks and benefits of the study?
Undergoing the informed consent process with the client
The National Institute of Nursing Research (NINR) was established following a study in 1983. The center's purpose is to:
promote research for health promotion.
Research is included as an essential component of nursing by which of the following organizations? (Select all that apply.)
ANA International Council of Nurses Nursing specialty organizations
A nurse is reading a research article from a nursing journal. The nurse is aware that the opening paragraph summarizing the article and the research findings is a good place to start. What part of the article is the nurse reading?
Abstract
Knowledge gained from someone with a great deal of perceived experience is which type of knowledge?
Authoritative knowledge
A nursing theory differs from a theoretical framework in which way?
Concepts and propositions are more specific
A nurse researcher develops a foreground question in preparation for conducting a research study. The question is: "In clients with intravenous catheters, how does replacing administration sets every 72 hours (h) compared with other frequent intervals (24h, 48h, or 96h) decrease infection rates?" Applying the PICO framework, which part of the statement reflects the "O"?
Decrease infection rates
The process of considering an idea as a whole and then dividing it into smaller, more specific ideas is which?
Deductive reasoning
Who is considered to be the first nursing researcher?
Florence Nightingale
A nurse is completing a family assessment during a routine home health visit. The parents have a child with special needs, along with six other children, and the older siblings help out with the younger. Which theory would best help the nurse understand this family's functioning?
General Systems Theory
A nurse caring for clients in a hospital setting focuses on the ill person in the health care setting. The nurse also provides care based on helping clients to adapt to the health care environment. Whose nursing theory principle is the nurse following?
Myra E. Levine
What was the focus of nursing research during the first half of the twentieth century,?
Nursing education
Nurses in an ICU noticed that their clients required fewer interventions for pain when the ICU was quiet. They then asked a researcher to design a study about the effects of noise on the pain levels of hospitalized clients. How does this demonstrate the ultimate goal of expanding the nursing body of knowledge?
Nursing research helps improve ways to promote and maintain health.
Which are goals of nursing theory? (Select all that apply.)
Provide knowledge and a rationale for client interventions Provide a rationale for appropriate nursing actions in a given situation Identify and define concepts that are important to nursing Increase the nursing body of knowledge
The nurse is caring for a client who was recently diagnosed with diabetes mellitus. Which action demonstrates that the nurse is using the Basic Needs theory?
Providing foot care for the client
The nurse researcher would like to gather data about the attitudes of young adults on spirituality and health care. What is the most effective form of research on this topic?
Qualitative research
When a researcher begins to form plans for a research project, the researcher must decide on the method for conducting the research. The nurse researcher that plans to emphasize collection of narrative data and the analyses would select which of the following methods of research?
Qualitative research
A nurse is discussing dietary issues with a Latino client in the clinic. The client states, "I read a research article about the importance of beans in the Latino diet. The findings from the study suggested that inclusion of meat and beans in the diet would help in the development of muscles and bones." The information that the client is expressing is known as what?
Scientific knowledge
A nurse providing care has a personal philosophy that nursing interventions should be instituted for clients when the clients demonstrate ineffective adaptive responses. This nurse's philosophy is based on the theory of:
Sister Callista Roy
A nurse working on a busy acute care unit is planning care for a group of clients. Which nursing action best exemplifies the primary focus of the nurse's role?
The nurse comforts a client who received bad results from a diagnostic test.
The nurse is preparing to submit a research project to the institutional review board (IRB). The nurse understands that if the IRB were to reject the research project, it would most likely be for which reason?
The project lacks sufficient safeguards to protect human subjects.
A nurse is discussing dietary issues with a Latino client in the clinic. The client states, "My grandmother always told me that I needed to include beans in my diet so that my muscles would grow." The information that the client is expressing is known as what?
Traditional knowledge
A conceptual framework is defined as:
a set of concepts and propositions.
A nurse is preparing to conduct a research study and uses the PICO format to develop the foreground question which is: "In adults, does reducing salt intake, compared to no change in salt intake, lower blood pressure?" The nurse identifies the "P" as:
adults
When the nurse researcher informs the participant that the participant's identity will not be linked with the information that is collected, the researcher is ensuring the participant's:
confidentiality.
A nurse is searching the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews for information about evidence-based practice related to pain control measures. The nurse searches this database based on the understanding that these reviews reflect which type of research?
randomized, controlled trials
