Ch 2 theory and research
Which types of knowledge are subjective? 1.Authoritative knowledge 2. Evidence-based practice 3. Traditional knowledge
1&2 Scientific knowledge, the scientific method, and evidence based practice are all rooted in research and are unlikely to be subjective.
Which are core concepts in nursing theory? (Select all that apply.) 1.Person (client) 2. Society 3. Environment 4. Health 5. Nursing
1, 3-5
Steps in the qualitative research
1. state research problem 2. define purpose of study 3. review literature 4. formulate hypothesis 5. variables 6. select population and sample 7. collect the data 8. analyze the data 9. communicate findings and conclusions
A nurse researcher ensures that a research subject's privacy is protected by which method? Select all that apply. 1. Autonomy 2. Beneficence 3. Confidentiality 4. Anonymity
3&4
Step 2 in EBP Process
Collect the most relevant and best evidence
A nurse researcher is collecting nominal data. What type of research is being conducted? a.Quantitative research b.Experimental research
a quantitative=numeric=nominal
prescriptive theories
address nursing interventions and the consequences of those interventions; they are designed to control, promote, and change clinical nursing practice.
Adaption Theory
adjustment of living matter to other living things and environment conditions 1. self 2. social (others) 3. physical (biochemical reactions)
Step 1 in EBP Process
ask a question about clinical area of interest or an intervention by using PICOT
Nursing Knowledge
awareness of reality acquired through learning or investigation
A conceptual framework is defined as: a. a foundation for nursing skills and care. b.a set of concepts and propositions.
b
quanitive research
basic and applied research also called pratical research
C in PICOT
comparison of interest comparison to another treatment or the usual standard of care
descriptive theories
describe one event situation or relationship that further identify the circumstance which occurs
correlational relationship
examine the type of degree or relationship between two or more variables
intoduction
review literature statement of purpose
According to the NINR, the goals of nursing research are to:
scientific foundation for clinical practice prevent disease and disability manage and eliminate symptoms caused by illness enhance end of life and palliative care
Authoritative Knowledge
senior nurse teach new graduate nurse a more efficient way
descriptive research
to explore and describe events in real life situations
historical
understanding nursing profession today historical patterns
variable
what can be measured
A group of concepts and the relationships among them is what? a.Inductive reasoning b.Theory
b
What is the best explanation for the way evidence-based practice (EBP) has changed the way nursing care is delivered? a.Nursing care now incorporates research studies into client care. b.Nursing care now uses EBP as a means of ensuring quality care.
b
Which represents the basic framework of the research process? a.Quantitative data b.Nursing process
b. The nursing process (i.e., assessing, diagnosing, planning, implementing, and evaluating) represents the basic framework of the research process. Quantitative research is the systematic empirical investigation of observable phenomena via statistical, mathematical, or computational techniques
scientific knowledge
obtain through scientific method implying through research
T in PICOT
time the compromised is completed
A nurse is reviewing nursing theory for usefulness in a home healthcare setting. Which is the appropriate application of Dorothea Orem's Self-Care Model in a home healthcare setting? a.Match the client's self-care needs with appropriate supportive interventions. b.Assist the client to conserve and maintain principles of personal and social integrity.
a
The nurse is preparing to submit a research project to the institutional review board (IRB). The nurse understands that which is the purpose of the IRB? a.Determine the validity of the research project b.Ensure the ethical treatment of all participants
b
When the nurse researcher informs the participant that the participant's identity will not be linked with the information that is collected, the researcher is ensuring the participant's: a.anonymity. b.confidentiality.
b
Step 5 EBP Process
evaluate the practice decision or change is it effective
deductive reasoning
examines general idea and then considers specific actions or ideas
P in PICOT
Patient population of interest need for explicit description, may include setting, limiting subgroups
quasi-experimental research
To examine cause-and-effect relationships between selected variables effects of nursing interventions on patient outcomes
A nursing theory differs from a theoretical framework in which way? a.Concepts and propositions are more specific b. Cause and effect of nursing actions are described
a
Evidence-based care emphasizes decision making based on the best available evidence and: a.use of outcome studies to guide decisions. b.evaluation by experts to direct care in specialty areas.
a
The nurse is reading about nursing theorists for a class. The theory reveals the following, "Individuals who use self-care to sustain life and health, to recover from disease or injury, or to cope with its effects." Which individual developed this theory? a.Dorothea Orem b.Florence Nightingale
a
The second step in implementation of evidence-based practice includes systematic review. To complete a systematic review of the literature, what must the nurse do? a. Summarize findings from multiple studies that are related to a particular nursing practice. b.Provide a statical analysis for studies.
a
Which is true of concepts? a.Concepts describe objects, properties, and events and the relationships among them. b.Concepts are derived through deductive and inductive reasoning.
a
A nurse researcher is studying female clients who have survived breast cancer. The nurse asks each client to describe her experience and then analyzes the data for the meaning of the experience within each person's own reality. This nurse has used what type of qualitative research method? a. Phenomenology b. Ethnography
a the purpose of phenomenology is to describe experiences as they are lived by the subjects being studied. Studying a group of female clients who have survived breast cancer is an example of phenomenology. Ethnography research is based on examining issues of a culture that are of interest to nursing
Step 3 in EBP Process
ask 3 questions 1. what was the result of the study 2. are the results valid and reliable 3. will the results improve patient care
A nurse working in a long-established hospital learned a specific approach to administering intravenous injections from the previous generation of nurses at the hospital. This is an example of which type of knowledge? a.Authoritative knowledge b.Traditional knowledge
b
A nursing theorist studies health care systems in communities. Which statement accurately describes a characteristic of these systems? a.The system is independent of its subsystems in that a change in one element does not affect the whole b.Boundaries separate health care systems both from each other and from the environment.
b
An abstract idea or object that relates to other abstract ideas or objects is which? a.Deductive reasoning b.Concept
b
Nurses in an ICU noticed that their clients required fewer interventions for pain when the ICU was quiet. They then asked a researcher to design a study about the effects of noise on the pain levels of hospitalized clients. How does this demonstrate the ultimate goal of expanding the nursing body of knowledge? a.Nursing research draws conclusions about the quality of client care. b.Nursing research helps improve ways to promote and maintain health.
b
The American Nurses Association's Commission on Nursing Education developed guidelines for the investigative function of nurses at different educational levels. Which guideline is for a nurse with an associate degree? a.Reads, interprets, and evaluates research for applicability to nursing practice b.Assists in collection of data within an established, structured format
b The nurse with an associate degree assists in collection of data within an established, structured format. The nurse with a bachelor's degree reads, interprets, and evaluates research for applicability to nursing practice, identifies nursing problems that need to be investigated, and participates in implementation of scientific studies.
independent variable
caused or condition that are manipulated
results
charts, tables, and, graphs
developmental theory
continue process of development of humans as orderly and predictable, beginning with conception and ending with death
Phenomenology
describe experience as theory are lived by subject being studied provides info on meaning of the experience with in persons own reality ex. experience of having a heart attack
Benefinence
do what's best for the patient
Confidentiality
ensure that subjects identities will not be linked with information they provided
Ethnography
how people describe their own reality ex. coping with an ill child
General Systems Theory
how to break whole things into parts and then to learn how the parts work together in systems ex. molecules in chemistry or cultures in sociology
method
how was it conducted number of subjects
Step 4 in EBP Process
integrate the evidence with clinical expertise, patient preference, and values in making decision (keep pt involved)
I in PICOT
intervention of interest focused on literature may include exposure, treatment, patient perception diagnostic test
inductive reasoning
is the reto conclusions reverse process one builds from specific ideas or actions to conclusions about general ideas
informed consent
knowing that consent may withdraw anytime, refused care, right to confidentiality, right to protect from harm people should be informed about the research and provide voluntary consent
John Hopkins Nursing Evidence-Based Practice Model
make sure best practice are quickly appropriate into patient care
O in PICOT
outcome of interest search to find evidence that examined the same outcome perhaps in different ways
Traditional Knowledge
passed down from generation to generation "'we always done it this way"
Erik Erikson
psychosocial development
discussion
purpose of study and literature review
abstract
summarizes gives purpose, description data collection and data analysis
autonomy
the patient has the right to make his/her own decisions even if it is not his/her best interest
anoymity
the state of being unknown
dependent variable
the variable being studied
experimental research
to examine cause and effect relationships between variables under highley control conditions ex. lab
