Ch. 23

Which of the following was not a contributing factor behind the rise of the Cold War?

Churchill's call for the construction of a great wall between East and West Germany

Dixiecrats

Deep South delegates who walked out of the 1948 Democratic National Convention in protest of the party�s support for civil rights legislation and later formed the States� Rights Democratic (Dixiecrat) Party, which nominated Strom Thurmond of South Carolina for president.

The Fair Deal

Domestic reform proposals of the Truman administration; included civil rights legislation, national health insurance, and repeal of the Taft-Hartley Act, but only extensions of some New Deal programs were enacted.

The UN committee that drafted the Universal Declaration of Human Rights was led by

Eleanor Roosevelt

Who was the person who sent the Long Telegram from Moscow in 1946 that lay the foundation for what became known as the policy of "containment"?

George F. Kennan

Which of the following series of events is listed in proper sequence?

George Kennan's Long Telegram; unveiling of Truman Doctrine; start of Korean War; founding of Warsaw Pact

loyalty review system

In 1947, less than two weeks after announcing the Truman Doctrine, the president established a loyalty review system in which government employees were required to demonstrate their patriotism without being allowed to confront accusers or, in some cases, knowing the charges against them.

Soviet Atomic Bomb

In 1949, the Soviet Union tested its first atomic bomb, ending the American monopoly of the weapon.

To Secure These Rights

In October 1947, a Commission on Civil Rights appointed by the president issued To Secure These Rights, one of the most devastating indictments ever published of racial inequality in America.

In 1950, a serious challenge to the containment policy occurred with the

Invasion of South Korea

In the context of postwar Civil Rights, what major-league baseball player joined the Brooklyn Dodgers in 1947 and by so doing challenged the longstanding exclusion of black players from major-league baseball?

Jackie Robinson

The first hot war of the Cold War, beginning in June 1950, took place in

Korea.

The 1950 National Security Council manifesto that called for a permanent military build-up to enable the United States to pursue a global crusade against communism, describing the Cold War as an epic struggle between "the idea of freedom" and the "idea of slavery under the grim oligarchy of the Kremlin" was known as

NSC-68

The young California congressman who first gained national prominence through his membership on the House Un-American Activities Committee was

Nixon

What was the name of the AFL and CIO campaign to bring unionization to the South, by which more than 200 labor organizations entered the region in an effort to organize workers?

Operation Dixie

McCarran-Walter Act

Passed over President Harry S. Truman�s veto, the law required registration of American Communist Party members, denied them passports, and allowed them to be detained as suspected subversives.

Taft-Hartley Act

Passed over President Harry Truman�s veto, the law contained a number of provisions to weaken labor unions, including the banning of closed shops.

Which two were outspoken critics of the domestic anticommunist crusade?

Paul Robeson and W. E. B. Du Bois

Truman doctrine

President Harry S. Truman�s program announced in 1947 of aid to European countries�particularly Greece and Turkey�threatened by communism.

Which is not true of the Korean War (1950-1953)?

President Truman acknowledged and accepted General MacArthur's push toward the Chinese border and his threat to use nuclear weapons against the Chinese.

General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade

Proposed to stimulate freer trade among the participants, creating an enormous market for American goods and investment.

The "Dixiecrat" presidential ticket of 1948 was led by

Strom Thurmond.

Army-McCarthy hearings

Televised U.S. Senate hearings in 1954 on Senator Joseph McCarthy�s charges of disloyalty in the army; his tactics contributed to his censure by the Senate.

Hollywood Ten

Ten ''unfriendly witnesses'' who refused to answer questions at hearings questioning communist influence in Hollywood. They were charged with contempt of Congress and served jail terms of six months to a year.

President Harry S. Truman's program that focused on improving the social safety net and raising the standard of living of ordinary Americans—calling on Congress to increase the middle wage, enact a program of national health insurance, and expand public housing, social security, and aid to education—was called the

The Fair Deal

The June 1947 U.S. foreign-policy initiative that envisioned a New Deal for Europe, and pledged billions of dollars to finance European economic recovery was called

The Marshall Plan

Which was not a development of 1949?

The Soviets formalized their own eastern European alliance, the Warsaw Pact.

containment

The United States commitment to preventing any further expansion of Soviet power.

Which of the following was not a step toward racial equality in postwar America?

The defeat of Operation Dixie

MSC-68

This 1950 manifesto described the Cold War as an epic struggle between �the idea of freedom� and the �idea of slavery under the grim oligarchy of the Kremlin.� At stake in the world conflict, it insisted, was nothing less than �the survival of the free world.� One of the most important policy statements of the early Cold War, NSC-68 helped to spur a dramatic increase in American military spending.

Marshall Plan

U.S. program for the reconstruction of post�World War II Europe through massive aid to former enemy nations as well as allies; proposed by General George C. Marshall in 1947.

"millitant liberty"

Under the code name �Militant Liberty,� national security agencies encouraged Hollywood to produce anticommunist movies.

Which of the following was not a key provision of the 1947 Taft-Hartley Act?

Unions cannot discriminate on the basis of race

The 1948 United Nations-approved document that called for a range of rights to be enjoyed by people everywhere, including freedom of speech and religion and social and economic entitlements, including the right to an adequate standard of living and access to adequate housing, education, and medical care was called the

Universal Declaration of Human Rights

Anticommunism was used by the U.S. leaders to

all of the above

The Truman Doctrine, in March 1947,

asserted that the United States, as the leader of the "free world," must take up responsibility for supporting "freedom-loving peoples" wherever communism threatened them.

The Truman administration responded to the Soviet blockade of West Berlin by

leading efforts to break the blockade by airlifting supplies to the city.

Which of the following was not a dramatic feature of the 1948 presidential election?

lively debate between supporters and critics of the Korean War

In 1949, the containment policy suffered a major setback in the form of the

loss of China to communism

"Containment," in the context of post-World War II international diplomacy, referred to the policy by which the United States committed itself to

preventing any further expansion of Soviet power.`

What was the 1947 law that sought to reverse gains made by organized labor in the preceding decade and authorized the president to suspend strikes by ordering an 80-day cooling-off period, banned sympathy strikes and secondary boycotts, outlawed the closed shop, and authorized states to pass "right-to-work" laws?

the Taft-Hartley Act

George Kennan was

the originator of the containment policy

National Security Council

A national security body immune from democratic oversight.

totalitarianism

According to the theory of totalitarianism, there was no room for individual rights or alternative values in a country and therefore could never change from within.

North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)

Alliance founded in 1949 by ten western European nations, the United States, and Canada to deter Soviet expansion in Europe.

"hearts and minds"

Among other things, the Cold War was an ideological struggle, a battle, in a popular phrase of the 1950s, for the �hearts and minds� of people throughout the world.

conformity

As the historian Henry Steele Commager argued in a 1947 magazine article, the anticommunist crusade promoted a new definition of loyalty� conformity.

In June 1948, when the United States, Britain, and France introduced a separate currency in their zones of control in the city of Berlin, the Soviet Union responded with

Berlin blockade