Ch 3- Human Biology
Rank these steps in white blood cell lysosomal function from earliest to latest, with the earliest at the top. -Lysosome fuses with endocytic vesicle -White blood cell engulfs a microbe -Microbe is digested into simpler subunits -Subunits enter the cytoplasm
1) White blood cell engulfs a microbe 2) Lysosome fuses with endocytic vesicle 3) Microbe is digested into simpler subunits 4) Subunits enter the cytoplasm
The _____ is the basic unit of life.
Cell
The smallest, most basic unit of life (the smallest thing that is considered to be alive) is a(n):
Cell
As cells become larger in volume the proportionate amount of surface area -Stays the same. -Increases. -Decreases.
Decreases
Ribosomes, composed of proteins and rRNA, are often found attached to the _____, but may also occur freely in the cytoplasm.
Endoplasmic reticulum
The Golgi apparatus modifies lipid and protein molecules that it receives from the: -Nuclear envelope -Mitochondria -Endoplasmic reticulum -Lysosomes
Endoplasmic reticulum
Select the five cellular organelles that are part of the endomembrane system. -Endoplasmic reticulum -Golgi apparatus -Nuclear envelope -Mitochondria -Lysosomes -Ribosomes -Vesicles
Endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, Nuclear envelope, Lysosomes, & Vesicles
Cellular respiration is the process by which cells obtain _____ by breaking down nutrients.
Energy
Very large substances can _____ the cell by endocytosis.
Enter
Metabolic "assistants,", typically proteins, that speed up the rates of chemical reactions are called _____.
Enzymes
In the opposite manner, large substances can leave the cell by _____.
Exocytosis
The nucleus is the site within the cell that stores _____.
Genetic information
In animal cells, pyruvate is reduced to _____ during fermentation which can lead to muscle cramping.
Lactate
After a white blood cell engulfs a microbe, the organelle that plays a role in digesting the microbe is the: -Smooth ER -Lysosome -Chloroplast -Ribosome
Lysosome
Membranous sac-like cellular organelles that contain hydrolytic enzymes are called: -Centrosomes -Mitochondria -Lysosomes -Ribosomes
Lysosomes
The nucleus is surrounded by a double-membrane _____ that contains _____ to allow ribosomal RNA to exit the nucleus.
Nuclear envelope; Nuclear pores
Keeping a cell intact and regulating the entrance and exit of molecules are function of a cell's _____ _____.
Plasma membrane
Groups of free ribosomes are called _____.
Polyribosomes
New cells can arise only from _____ cells.
Preexisting
The _____ helps produce lipids.
Smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER)
At this stage, the substances will be inside a(n) _____.
Vesicle
Once these molecules are folded and modified, transport vehicles called _____ pinch off and surround them with membranes to be transported elsewhere.
Vesicles
Which of the following best explains why placing cells into a hypertonic solution causes them to shrink? -Water rushes into the cell -Water rushes out of the cell -Solutes rush out of the cell -Solutes rush into the cell
Water rushes out of the cell
Fermentation results in the production of two _____ molecules per molecule of glucose.
ATP
Movement in cilia and flagella is driven by motor molecules, which are powered by _____.
ATP
The breakdown results in production of the high-energy molecule _____.
ATP
Cellular respiration that requires oxygen is called _____ respiration.
Aerobic
Which one of the following requires oxygen? -Aerobic respiration -Fermentation -Anaerobic respiration
Aerobic respiration
Which one of the following requires oxygen? -Anaerobic respiration -Fermentation -Aerobic respiration
Aerobic respiration
In 1898, Italian scientist Camillo Golgi discovered a cellular organelle that is named the Golgi _____.
Apparatus
Another by-product of fermentation in some microorganisms that allows bread to rise is _____.
CO2
All living things are made up of at least one _____.
Cell
The combination of DNA and proteins that forms visible chromosomes during cell division is called ______.
Chromatin
Within the nucleus is the _____, or the combination of DNA and proteins.
Chromatin
This combination coils tightly to form visible _____ during cell division.
Chromosomes
The cells that line the respiratory tract are _____, allowing them to sweep debris back up the throat, keeping the lungs clean.
Ciliated
These _____ cells also move an egg along the oviduct, where it can be fertilized by a _____ sperm cell.
Ciliated; flagellated
Select all of the structures that you would expect to find in a prokaryotic cell. -Cytoplasm -DNA -Nucleus -Plasma membrane
Cytoplasm; DNA; Plasma membrane
A protein produced on a free ribosome has a different _____ than a protein produced at an attached ribosome.
Destination
The nuclear envelope, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, and vesicles make up the ________ system of a cell.
Endomembrane
Instead of lactate, _____ is a by-product of fermentation in some microorganisms that is used to make beverages such as beer and wine.
Ethyl alcohol
When molecules move across the plasma membrane from areas of higher to lower concentration using a carrier protein, this is called: -Diffusion -Facilitated transport -Active transport -Osmosis
Facilitated transport
True or false: As a cell increases in size, its surface area increases more rapidly than its volume.
False
True or false: Lysosomes are found only in white blood cells.
False
The anaerobic process in human cells that breaks down glucose and produces lactate as a product is _____.
Fermentation
Which metabolic process can be used by cells to break down glucose when no oxygen is available, forming lactate plus 2 ATP? -Aerobic respiration -Electron transport chain -Citric acid cycle -Fermentation
Fermentation
_____ is the anaerobic breakdown of glucose.
Fermentation
The concept that protein molecules embedded in a plasma membrane form a shifting pattern within the phospholipid bilayer is called the _____-mosaic model.
Fluid
Which one of these is contained inside the nucleus of a eukaryotic cell? -Golgi apparatus -Ribosomes -Genetic information -Cytoplasm
Genetic information
Which one of these is contained inside the nucleus of a eukaryotic cell? -Ribosomes -Golgi apparatus -Genetic information -Cytoplasm
Genetic information
Cellular respiration involves the complete breakdown of _____ to carbon dioxide and water.
Glucose
A key biochemical pathway shared by most forms of life, the pathway that splits a 6-carbon glucose molecule into two 3-carbon pyruvate molecules, is called _____.
Glycolysis
Which biochemical process splits a six-carbon glucose into two three-carbon pyruvate molecules? -Electron transport chain -Citric acid cycle -Glycolysis
Glycolysis
The cellular organelle that consists of a stack of slightly curved saccules is the _____ apparatus.
Golgi
The vesicles are moved to the _____ where they are sorted and packaged.
Golgi apparatus
Polar heads:
Hydrophilic
Nonpolar tails:
Hydrophobic
A solution that has a lower concentration of solutes and a higher concentration of water compared to a cell is said to be _____ to the cell.
Hypotonic
After a white blood cell engulfs a microbe, the organelle that plays a role in digesting the microbe is the: -Smooth ER -Chloroplast -Lysosome -Ribosome
Lysosome
The overall term for all the chemical reactions that occur in a cell is _____.
Metabolism
In the metric system, 1/1,000 of a millimeter is equal to one:
Micrometer
Glucose breakdown is completed in the _____ of the cell.
Mitochondria
The cellular organelle that converts most of the chemical energy of glucose into ATP is the _____.
Mitochondria
Which organelle is the main site of ATP synthesis? -Mitochondrion -Lysosome -Endoplasmic reticulum -Nucleus
Mitochondrion
The major function of the Golgi apparatus is to: -Store proteins and carbohydrates for later use. -Return proteins and RNA to the nucleus. -Modify proteins and lipids.
Modify proteins and lipids.
Cilia and flagella are both involved in _____.
Movement
Chromatin, which coils tightly during cell division to form chromosomes, is made of which types of molecules? -Nucleic acids -Proteins -Nucleoplasm -Cholesterol
Nucleic Acids & Proteins
Within the nucleus is the _____, or the site of ribosomal RNA production.
Nucleolus
Within the nucleus, the DNA and proteins are immersed in _____.
Nucleoplasm
The prominent structure in eukaryotic cells that stores the genetic information (chromosomes) is the _______.
Nucleus
This will fuse with the membrane on the inside and _____, allowing the substance out of the cell.
Open
During this process, the plasma membrane surrounds the substance, fuses with the _____ of the cell, then and opens into the cell to remove the substance.
Outside
This breakdown is accomplished by intake of _____ and release of carbon dioxide.
Oxygen
Cellular respiration, the biochemical process by which mitochondria convert the chemical energy of glucose (or other nutrients) into ATP, resembles the respiration carried out by human lungs in what two ways? -Carbon dioxide is taken up -Oxygen is released -Oxygen is taken up -Carbon dioxide is released
Oxygen is taken up & carbon dioxide is released
A series of enzymatic reactions that result in either the synthesis of a required product, or breakdown of a chemical substrate, is referred to as a metabolic: -Corridor -Direction -Route -Pathway
Pathway
White blood cells engulf pathogens by a process known as:
Phagocytosis
Cells that lack a membrane-bound nucleus are called _______ cells.
Prokaryotic
Categorize the following as characteristic of prokaryotic cells, eukaryotic cells, or both.
Prokaryotic: Lack a membrane bound nucleus, Comparatively small, Bacteria, Archaea, Evolved first, Structurally simple, Nucleoid. Eukaryotic: Membrane-bound nucleus present, Comparatively large, Less surface area per volume, Contain many specialized organelles, Plant and animal cells. Both: Filled with cytoplasm, Plasma membrane, Chromosomes.
Ribosomes are the site of _____.
Protein synthesis
In eukaryotic cells, mitochondria convert the chemical energy of glucose (or other nutrients) into ATP using a process called cellular _____.
Respiration
The rough ER is studded with _____, which are organelles that produce proteins.
Ribosomes
Proteins are formed by _____ that are released into the _____ where they are further folded and modified.
Ribosomes; Rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER)
Transport vehicles called _____ carry the macromolecules to the _____ where they fuse and release their contents to the outside environment.
Secretory vesicles; Plasma membrane
Which organelle is responsible for detoxifying drugs in liver cells and producing testosterone in testicular cells? -Smooth endoplasmic reticulum -Lysosomes -Golgi apparatus -Rough endoplasmic reticulum
Smooth endoplasmic reticulum
The general function of all enzymes is to: -Synthesize cellular components. -Speed up chemical reactions. -Break down substrates. -Encode all information needed for development and functioning of cells.
Speed up chemical reactions.
Ribosomes are made of which two components? -rRNA -Lipids -DNA -Proteins -tRNA
rRNA & Proteins