Ch 3- Human Biology

Rank these steps in white blood cell lysosomal function from earliest to latest, with the earliest at the top. -Lysosome fuses with endocytic vesicle -White blood cell engulfs a microbe -Microbe is digested into simpler subunits -Subunits enter the cytoplasm

1) White blood cell engulfs a microbe 2) Lysosome fuses with endocytic vesicle 3) Microbe is digested into simpler subunits 4) Subunits enter the cytoplasm

The _____ is the basic unit of life.

Cell

The smallest, most basic unit of life (the smallest thing that is considered to be alive) is a(n):

Cell

As cells become larger in volume the proportionate amount of surface area -Stays the same. -Increases. -Decreases.

Decreases

Ribosomes, composed of proteins and rRNA, are often found attached to the _____, but may also occur freely in the cytoplasm.

Endoplasmic reticulum

The Golgi apparatus modifies lipid and protein molecules that it receives from the: -Nuclear envelope -Mitochondria -Endoplasmic reticulum -Lysosomes

Endoplasmic reticulum

Select the five cellular organelles that are part of the endomembrane system. -Endoplasmic reticulum -Golgi apparatus -Nuclear envelope -Mitochondria -Lysosomes -Ribosomes -Vesicles

Endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, Nuclear envelope, Lysosomes, & Vesicles

Cellular respiration is the process by which cells obtain _____ by breaking down nutrients.

Energy

Very large substances can _____ the cell by endocytosis.

Enter

Metabolic "assistants,", typically proteins, that speed up the rates of chemical reactions are called _____.

Enzymes

In the opposite manner, large substances can leave the cell by _____.

Exocytosis

The nucleus is the site within the cell that stores _____.

Genetic information

In animal cells, pyruvate is reduced to _____ during fermentation which can lead to muscle cramping.

Lactate

After a white blood cell engulfs a microbe, the organelle that plays a role in digesting the microbe is the: -Smooth ER -Lysosome -Chloroplast -Ribosome

Lysosome

Membranous sac-like cellular organelles that contain hydrolytic enzymes are called: -Centrosomes -Mitochondria -Lysosomes -Ribosomes

Lysosomes

The nucleus is surrounded by a double-membrane _____ that contains _____ to allow ribosomal RNA to exit the nucleus.

Nuclear envelope; Nuclear pores

Keeping a cell intact and regulating the entrance and exit of molecules are function of a cell's _____ _____.

Plasma membrane

Groups of free ribosomes are called _____.

Polyribosomes

New cells can arise only from _____ cells.

Preexisting

The _____ helps produce lipids.

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER)

At this stage, the substances will be inside a(n) _____.

Vesicle

Once these molecules are folded and modified, transport vehicles called _____ pinch off and surround them with membranes to be transported elsewhere.

Vesicles

Which of the following best explains why placing cells into a hypertonic solution causes them to shrink? -Water rushes into the cell -Water rushes out of the cell -Solutes rush out of the cell -Solutes rush into the cell

Water rushes out of the cell

Fermentation results in the production of two _____ molecules per molecule of glucose.

ATP

Movement in cilia and flagella is driven by motor molecules, which are powered by _____.

ATP

The breakdown results in production of the high-energy molecule _____.

ATP

Cellular respiration that requires oxygen is called _____ respiration.

Aerobic

Which one of the following requires oxygen? -Aerobic respiration -Fermentation -Anaerobic respiration

Aerobic respiration

Which one of the following requires oxygen? -Anaerobic respiration -Fermentation -Aerobic respiration

Aerobic respiration

In 1898, Italian scientist Camillo Golgi discovered a cellular organelle that is named the Golgi _____.

Apparatus

Another by-product of fermentation in some microorganisms that allows bread to rise is _____.

CO2

All living things are made up of at least one _____.

Cell

The combination of DNA and proteins that forms visible chromosomes during cell division is called ______.

Chromatin

Within the nucleus is the _____, or the combination of DNA and proteins.

Chromatin

This combination coils tightly to form visible _____ during cell division.

Chromosomes

The cells that line the respiratory tract are _____, allowing them to sweep debris back up the throat, keeping the lungs clean.

Ciliated

These _____ cells also move an egg along the oviduct, where it can be fertilized by a _____ sperm cell.

Ciliated; flagellated

Select all of the structures that you would expect to find in a prokaryotic cell. -Cytoplasm -DNA -Nucleus -Plasma membrane

Cytoplasm; DNA; Plasma membrane

A protein produced on a free ribosome has a different _____ than a protein produced at an attached ribosome.

Destination

The nuclear envelope, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, and vesicles make up the ________ system of a cell.

Endomembrane

Instead of lactate, _____ is a by-product of fermentation in some microorganisms that is used to make beverages such as beer and wine.

Ethyl alcohol

When molecules move across the plasma membrane from areas of higher to lower concentration using a carrier protein, this is called: -Diffusion -Facilitated transport -Active transport -Osmosis

Facilitated transport

True or false: As a cell increases in size, its surface area increases more rapidly than its volume.

False

True or false: Lysosomes are found only in white blood cells.

False

The anaerobic process in human cells that breaks down glucose and produces lactate as a product is _____.

Fermentation

Which metabolic process can be used by cells to break down glucose when no oxygen is available, forming lactate plus 2 ATP? -Aerobic respiration -Electron transport chain -Citric acid cycle -Fermentation

Fermentation

_____ is the anaerobic breakdown of glucose.

Fermentation

The concept that protein molecules embedded in a plasma membrane form a shifting pattern within the phospholipid bilayer is called the _____-mosaic model.

Fluid

Which one of these is contained inside the nucleus of a eukaryotic cell? -Golgi apparatus -Ribosomes -Genetic information -Cytoplasm

Genetic information

Which one of these is contained inside the nucleus of a eukaryotic cell? -Ribosomes -Golgi apparatus -Genetic information -Cytoplasm

Genetic information

Cellular respiration involves the complete breakdown of _____ to carbon dioxide and water.

Glucose

A key biochemical pathway shared by most forms of life, the pathway that splits a 6-carbon glucose molecule into two 3-carbon pyruvate molecules, is called _____.

Glycolysis

Which biochemical process splits a six-carbon glucose into two three-carbon pyruvate molecules? -Electron transport chain -Citric acid cycle -Glycolysis

Glycolysis

The cellular organelle that consists of a stack of slightly curved saccules is the _____ apparatus.

Golgi

The vesicles are moved to the _____ where they are sorted and packaged.

Golgi apparatus

Polar heads:

Hydrophilic

Nonpolar tails:

Hydrophobic

A solution that has a lower concentration of solutes and a higher concentration of water compared to a cell is said to be _____ to the cell.

Hypotonic

After a white blood cell engulfs a microbe, the organelle that plays a role in digesting the microbe is the: -Smooth ER -Chloroplast -Lysosome -Ribosome

Lysosome

The overall term for all the chemical reactions that occur in a cell is _____.

Metabolism

In the metric system, 1/1,000 of a millimeter is equal to one:

Micrometer

Glucose breakdown is completed in the _____ of the cell.

Mitochondria

The cellular organelle that converts most of the chemical energy of glucose into ATP is the _____.

Mitochondria

Which organelle is the main site of ATP synthesis? -Mitochondrion -Lysosome -Endoplasmic reticulum -Nucleus

Mitochondrion

The major function of the Golgi apparatus is to: -Store proteins and carbohydrates for later use. -Return proteins and RNA to the nucleus. -Modify proteins and lipids.

Modify proteins and lipids.

Cilia and flagella are both involved in _____.

Movement

Chromatin, which coils tightly during cell division to form chromosomes, is made of which types of molecules? -Nucleic acids -Proteins -Nucleoplasm -Cholesterol

Nucleic Acids & Proteins

Within the nucleus is the _____, or the site of ribosomal RNA production.

Nucleolus

Within the nucleus, the DNA and proteins are immersed in _____.

Nucleoplasm

The prominent structure in eukaryotic cells that stores the genetic information (chromosomes) is the _______.

Nucleus

This will fuse with the membrane on the inside and _____, allowing the substance out of the cell.

Open

During this process, the plasma membrane surrounds the substance, fuses with the _____ of the cell, then and opens into the cell to remove the substance.

Outside

This breakdown is accomplished by intake of _____ and release of carbon dioxide.

Oxygen

Cellular respiration, the biochemical process by which mitochondria convert the chemical energy of glucose (or other nutrients) into ATP, resembles the respiration carried out by human lungs in what two ways? -Carbon dioxide is taken up -Oxygen is released -Oxygen is taken up -Carbon dioxide is released

Oxygen is taken up & carbon dioxide is released

A series of enzymatic reactions that result in either the synthesis of a required product, or breakdown of a chemical substrate, is referred to as a metabolic: -Corridor -Direction -Route -Pathway

Pathway

White blood cells engulf pathogens by a process known as:

Phagocytosis

Cells that lack a membrane-bound nucleus are called _______ cells.

Prokaryotic

Categorize the following as characteristic of prokaryotic cells, eukaryotic cells, or both.

Prokaryotic: Lack a membrane bound nucleus, Comparatively small, Bacteria, Archaea, Evolved first, Structurally simple, Nucleoid. Eukaryotic: Membrane-bound nucleus present, Comparatively large, Less surface area per volume, Contain many specialized organelles, Plant and animal cells. Both: Filled with cytoplasm, Plasma membrane, Chromosomes.

Ribosomes are the site of _____.

Protein synthesis

In eukaryotic cells, mitochondria convert the chemical energy of glucose (or other nutrients) into ATP using a process called cellular _____.

Respiration

The rough ER is studded with _____, which are organelles that produce proteins.

Ribosomes

Proteins are formed by _____ that are released into the _____ where they are further folded and modified.

Ribosomes; Rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER)

Transport vehicles called _____ carry the macromolecules to the _____ where they fuse and release their contents to the outside environment.

Secretory vesicles; Plasma membrane

Which organelle is responsible for detoxifying drugs in liver cells and producing testosterone in testicular cells? -Smooth endoplasmic reticulum -Lysosomes -Golgi apparatus -Rough endoplasmic reticulum

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum

The general function of all enzymes is to: -Synthesize cellular components. -Speed up chemical reactions. -Break down substrates. -Encode all information needed for development and functioning of cells.

Speed up chemical reactions.

Ribosomes are made of which two components? -rRNA -Lipids -DNA -Proteins -tRNA

rRNA & Proteins