Ch 3. Psychology

True or false: People can neither control their automatic stereotyping nor combat their natural tendency to judge others stereotypically.

False; People can make conscious decisions to pay attention to their automatic stereotyping and to combat their natural tendency to judge others stereotypically.

According to Crawford and Popp, identify a true statement about slang referring to women.

It is much more likely to have sexual meaning than is slang referring to men.

In the context of group-based power differences, people who are higher in social power tend to _____.

be higher in social dominance orientation

In the context of nonsexist language guidelines, occupational titles and terms at present times are almost always _____.

gender neutral

In the context of stereotypical beliefs, _______ _________are networks of related beliefs that reflect the common wisdom about women and men.

gender stereotypes

sexual objectification

is the act of sexualizing women's bodies in the media, where the women themselves are often reduced to those bodies, or even just parts of them.

Stereotypes are said to be _____ when they dictate how the ideal woman or man should think, look, and behave.

prescriptive

According to Pauwels's study, in the context of transforming language, there has been a dramatic drop in the use of _____ terms in magazines and newspapers in all the countries studied.

pseudo-generic masculine

An example of linguistic sexism in English is the

use of the term "man" to refer to humans in general.

The word pair "lord and lady" is an example of

devaluing of women

Which of the following is a role associated with a stereotypical subtype of Black women called the Mammy?

A nurturer

Which of the following is true of stereotyping?

Although most people know stereotypes, not everyone believes them.

On afternoon talk shows, which of the following best describes working-class women? out of control belligerent victims of dysfunctional families All of these answers are correct.

All answers are correct

Which of the following is true of stereotyping? Multiple choice question. People voluntarily choose to say that women and men are complete opposites. Although most people know stereotypes, not everyone believes them. People lack control over whether they use stereotypes or not. Stereotype activation is conscious and not automatic.

Although most people know stereotypes, not everyone believes them.

According to a study of gender subtypes, what were the subcategories identified for men based on behaviors and social roles? (Check all that apply.) Affective men Stay-at-home fathers Athletes Macho men Blue-collar men Businessmen

Athletes Macho men Blue-collar men Businessmen

In the context of the social comparison process, how do idealized beauty images negatively impact women?

Beauty images often relentlessly remind women that attractiveness is central to femininity.

How was the cognitive problem of sexuality stereotypes solved traditionally?

By putting lesbians into the male or masculine schema and gay men into the female or feminine one

When do most people rely more on stereotypes?

When they are under time pressure or overloaded with incoming information

True or false: All forms of media are immune to the underrepresentation bias against women.

False

True or false: An individual is always aware that he or she holds stereotypical beliefs or behaves in accordance with them.

False

True or false: When people use language to communicate with others, they make choices that are practical rather than political.

False

According to gender stereotypes, identify the personality traits considered characteristic of men.

Instrumental and agentic

Identify a role of digital technology in the beauty and fashion industries in recent years.

It allows radical alteration and complete fabrication of images of women without viewers realizing how artificial the images are.

Why should people care about face-ism?

It can have real effects on how individuals are evaluated by others.

Identify a feature of face-ism.

It is measured as the proportion of the overall image devoted to the face.

Which of the following is NOT a gender stereotype?

Men tend to be inherently bigger than women physically.

Social comparison process

Numerous experiments that have exposed women to images of attractive models and then measured their self-esteem, perceptions of their own attractiveness, and mood have found significant negative effects, which are the result of the

by psychologists Barbara Frederickson and Tomi-Ann Roberts explains that in a sexually objectifying culture, girls and women learn to internalize an observer's perspective as a primary view of their physical selves.

Objectification theory

Identify a true statement about stereotyping.

People do not say, unless forced to choose, that women and men are complete opposites.

The information about an individual's ____ is conveyed within one-tenth of a second, and it activates other components more than any other stereotype component.

Physical appearance

Stereotype threat

Sarah performed poorly in a tennis match against a male opponent because she was afraid that her losing the match would prove the stereotype that women are inferior at sports. This is an example of _____.

can be thought of as theories that people carry around in their heads about how members of a particular group think, look, and behave, and how these attributes are linked.

Stereotypes

Why do people tend to hang on to their stereotypical beliefs even when they are challenged by new or incongruent information?

Stereotypes help people feel good about themselves.

Identify a true statement about the accuracy of stereotypes.

Stereotypes reflect the social world to some extent

Which of the following situations would most likely lead to a stereotype threat?

Tell White male college students that Asian males tend to do better than Whites in math before a difficult math test.

In the context of the limitations of stereotyping, identify a true statement about stereotypes.

The activation of stereotypes in people's minds tends to be an automatic process that is not under their conscious control.

Which of the following is true about articles on female politicians, athletes, and authors that prioritize women's appearances?

The articles objectify these females.

Face-ism

The composition of images of men and women is quite different. This phenomenon has been termed

Which of the following is true of the slang terms used for men and women? Some terms imply that men are to be consumed by women. Some terms communicate women's higher social status relative to men. The terms for women are not only more sexual, but more negative. The terms for men dehumanize them by referring to them as animals.

The terms for women are not only more sexual, but more negative.

According to research on linguistic sexism in the 1970s, how were the language patterns about women?

These patterns trivialized women by sexualizing and devaluing them.

Which of the following is true of stereotypes? They are activated with awareness. They are part of one's innate nature and heredity. They are part of the cognitive process of categorization. They are always easy to change.

They are part of the cognitive process of categorization.

In the context of voices of authority, identify a role of women in the media.

They are relatively invisible in the media as responsible citizens and experts.

In the context of idealized images of feminine beauty, identify a feature of the idealization standards that surround people at present. -They lay more emphasis on a larger waist for women. -They believe in portraying the real images of women. -They are unattainable by live women. -They are unaffected by digital technology.

They are unattainable by live women.

In the context of stereotypes, identify a characteristic of people with more power.

They engage in stereotyping of people with less power.

Identify a requirement for stereotypes to function as effective cognitive shortcuts.

They need to be at least somewhat anchored in reality.

Based on the investigation on how commercials that portray women as sex objects affect male viewers, what happened when men who watched sex-object commercials were asked to interview a female job applicant?

They remembered less about her résumé.

True or false: A cognitive mechanism that helps stereotypes persist in the face of incongruent information is the formation of subtypes.

True

According to Deaux and Lewis, when do stereotypes have the biggest influence?

When an individual is registering a first impression of a stranger

behavioral confirmation

When higher-power people interact with lower-power people about whom they hold stereotypes, they may, intentionally or unintentionally, treat those people in ways that actually elicit stereotype-consistent behaviors. This phenomenon in which their stereotypes are confirmed is called

Based on research, identify a true statement about the link between body image and overall self-esteem.

Women are more strongly invested in their physical appearance than men are.

Identify a true statement about body image.

Women are more strongly invested in their physical appearance than men are.

How are women represented in the media? Media images portray women and men as having similar personality attributes. Media programs show women and men in the same settings and occupations. Women are immune to the underrepresentation bias in the media. Women are underrepresented in the media.

Women are underrepresented in the media.

Which of the following is explained by the objectification theory? Women's self-objectification prevents habitual and chronic preoccupation with self-surveillance. Men use women to evaluate themselves. Men tend to internalize an observer's perspective as a primary view of their physical selves. Women engage in self-objectification in a sexually objectifying culture.

Women engage in self-objectification in a sexually objectifying culture.

Which of the following is explained by the objectification theory? Women's self-objectification prevents habitual and chronic preoccupation with self-surveillance. Men use women to evaluate themselves. Women engage in self-objectification in a sexually objectifying culture. Men tend to internalize an observer's perspective as a primary view of their physical selves

Women engage in self-objectification in a sexually objectifying culture.

Which of the following is true in the context of sexual objectification of women? Women's bodies are sexualized more than men's. Women's bodies are not pictured in the media as much as men's bodies. Objectification of virtual women is not possible. Levels of female nudity are the same across cultures.

Women's bodies are sexualized more than men's.

In the context of language patterns about women and men during the 1970s, researchers found that words referring to women tended to

acquire more negative meanings over time

Idealized images of feminine beauty have changed with the fashions, but what hasn't changed is the fact that

all require substantial modification of women's natural appearance.

Even when women have the authority to be heard, their

appearance is paramount.

As voices of authority, women are likely to be presented in the media in a way that focuses on their...

appearance, family roles, and bodies rather than their words and ideas

Stereotypes

can be thought of as theories that people carry around in their heads about how members of a particular group think, look, and behave, and how these attributes are linked.

Self-objectification

can explain the antagonistic relationship that many women have with their own bodies.

Psychologists Barbara Frederickson and Tomi-Ann Roberts's objectification theory is important because it

delineates the psychological and behavioral consequences of self-objectification

When girls and women learn to "internalize an observer's perspective as a primary view of their physical selves," they are most likely _____.

engaging in self-objectification

involves efforts by feminists from many cultures and societies to eliminate gender bias in the structure, content, and usage of language and to provide nonsexist alternatives.

feminist language reform

According to Kilbourne, in the context of media representations of women, women are told that it is bad or sinful to

have an appetite

n the context of stereotypical subtypes of Black women, the Jezebel is a stereotype of a(n) _____ Black woman.

highly sexed

In the context of self-objectification, women's language about their bodies is frequently

hostile and combative in tone

In the context of face-ism, seeing more face and less body in an image

leads people to think of a person as more outstanding in character and ability

According to Crawford, one of the biggest successes in feminist language reform is that it has _____.

led to the adoption of nonsexist language guidelines

Women who are particularly strong, either in personality or physical skills, are likely to be stereotyped as

lesbians

schema

mental framework that guides people as they experience the world around them

In the context of media representations of women, almost all characters on prime time TV are

middle class or wealthy

Gender stereotypes

networks of related beliefs that reflect the "common wisdom" about women and men

The _______ __________by psychologists Barbara Frederickson and Tomi-Ann Roberts explains that in a sexually objectifying culture, girls and women learn to internalize an observer's perspective as a primary view of their physical selves.

objectification theory

According to the investigation by Laurie Rudman and her colleague Eugene Borgida on commercials that portray women as sex objects, men who had watched sex-object commercials were _____.

quicker to recognize words associated with the sex-object female stereotype

In the context of media representations of women, when a token overweight woman is portrayed, she is

rarely allowed to be like other women

Body image

refers both to the mental picture one has of one's appearance and the associated feelings about the size, shape, and attractiveness of one's body.

linguistic sexism

refers to inequitable treatment of women and men that is built into the language.

Numerous experiments that have exposed women to images of attractive models and then measured their self-esteem, perceptions of their own attractiveness, and mood have found significant negative effects, which are the result of the

social comparison process

When people know that there is a negative stereotype about their group's abilities, the pressure caused by their fear of confirming the stereotype can interfere with their performance. This phenomenon is called

stereotype threat

In the context of the impact of stereotypes, powerful people pay more attention than less powerful people to _____.

stereotype-consistent information

Gender marked

terms that are always prefaced by "women" if it is something being done by women, but never prefaced by men because it is seen as normal for men to do it ex: women's basketball

The devaluation of the female gender can be seen in

the word pair "master and mistress."

One of the reasons for the survival of stereotypes is that _____.

they influence the amount and kind of information that an individual takes in

Stereotypes may generate self-fulfilling prophecies because

they often depict not only a consensus about the way things are but also the way they should be

According to a study of African-American college students conducted by Watson et al. (2013), who among the following were most able to resist the negative effects of the portrayals of women in media on their body image?

those with a multiculturally inclusive outlook

**According to Fredrickson and Roberts (1997), when a woman is objectified, she is being

treated as a body or a collection of body parts.

According to Fredrickson and Roberts (1997), when a woman is objectified, she is being

treated as a body or a collection of body parts.

In the print media, newspapers and magazines feature poor women in stories about

welfare reform