Ch. 5 practice questions

7) The physical process of bone formation is called ________. A) disintegration B) osteogenesis C) embryogenesis D) fertilization E) articulation

B) osteogenesis

18) A prominent ridge on a bone is called a(n) ________. A) condyle B) facet C) meatus D) crest E) trochlea

D) crest

42) A fracture of a bone that is the result of a twisting stress that spreads along the length of the bone is called a(n) ________. A) Pott fracture B) comminuted fracture C) greenstick fracture D) spiral fracture E) compression fracture

D) spiral fracture

18) Which of the following describes a central canal? A) contains an artery B) contains a vein C) runs parallel to osteons D) also called Haversian canal E) All of the answers are correct.

E) All of the answers are correct.

31) Which of the following describes how bones are innervated? A) Bones are not innervated. B) Only the periosteum is innervated. C) The periosteum and endosteum are innervated by motor nerves. D) Only the endosteum, marrow cavity, and epiphyses are innervated. E) The periosteum, endosteum, medullary cavity, and epiphyses are innervated by sensory nerves.

E) The periosteum, endosteum, medullary cavity, and epiphyses are innervated by sensory nerves. mostly for nociception

6) ________ are struts or plates within spongy bone which assist in withstanding stresses in a specific direction. A) Lamellae B) Lacunae C) Perforating canals D) Central canals E) Trabeculae

E) Trabeculae because they're arrange in a haphazard fashion, the net result is ability to withstand multidirectional stress, but each one only withstands stress along its own axis

5) The walls of bones are composed of ________. A) spongy bone B) spicules C) trabecular bone D) cancellous bone E) compact bone

E) compact bone

47) An example of a pneumatized bone is the ________. A) parietal bone B) mandible C) femur D) vertebra E) ethmoid bone

E) ethmoid bone

19) A small, flat articular surface is a ________. A) trochlea B) spine C) line D) sulcus E) facet

E) facet

1) The perforating canals of osteons extend roughly perpendicular to the surface of a bone.

true

11) A compression fracture occurs particularly in vertebrae subjected to extreme stress, such as when landing on the sacrum after a fall.

true

13) A comminuted fracture shatters the area into a multitude of bony fragments.

true

2) The central canal of an osteon usually runs parallel to the surface of a bone.

true

8) Periosteum covers the outer surface of a bone.

true except for attachment of ligaments, tendons, articular cartilage, and joint capsule

20) The periosteum ________. A) covers the outside of bones B) covers articular cartilage C) consists of an inner fibrous layer of dense fibrous connective tissue D) lines the medullary cavity E) is vital in blood cell formation

A) covers the outside of bones outer fibrous layer, composed of dense irregular connective tissue, and containing fibroblasts inner layer contains osteoprogenitor cells which develop into osteoblasts

41) The degenerative effects of osteoporosis are most likely to affect ________. A) older women B) older men C) young, active women D) young, active men E) children

A) older women

10) A displaced fracture retains the normal alignment of the bone elements or fragments.

false

14) Flat bones have a diaphysis, two metaphyses, two epiphyses, and a medullary cavity.

false "long bones have..."

9) The metaphysis is the tubular shaft of a long bone.

false diaphysis

7) Periosteum lines the medullary cavity.

false endosteum

4) The central canals connect the lacunae to one another.

false should be canaliculi

6) The diaphysis is the region at each end of a long bone.

false should be epiphysis

12) A transverse fracture is produced by twisting stresses and spreads along the length of the bone.

false spiral fracture

3) The lacuna contains osteoblasts and osteoclasts.

false they contain osteocytes

5) The endosteum is usually many layers thick.

false very thin, often one cell thick, or not present at all

22) Which of the following statements is/are TRUE of the growth of the skeleton? A) It begins to ossify at six weeks of gestational age. B) All bone formation ceases immediately after the end of adolescence. C) Calcification of bones does not occur until an infant begins to learn to walk. D) All of the answers are correct. E) None of the answers are correct.

A) It begins to ossify at six weeks of gestational age.

2) The yellow marrow that fills the medullary cavities of many bones is dominated by ________. A) adipocytes B) immature red blood cells C) stem cells D) mature red blood cells E) osteocytes

A) adipocytes

4) Which of the following is produced within red bone marrow? A) blood cells B) adipose tissue C) calcium D) protein E) All of the answers are correct.

A) blood cells

25) The deposit of calcium salts within a tissue is called ________. A) calcification B) ossification C) osteogenesis D) hardening E) osteolysis

A) calcification may occur in any tissue

34) Increased levels of calcium in the blood of a pregnant woman would stimulate the secretion of ________, which would increase calcium loss in the urine. A) calcitonin B) calcitriol C) parathyroid hormone D) thyroid hormone E) growth hormone

A) calcitonin found in pregnant women and children to inhibit osteoclasts and increase Ca2+ loss in urine; lowers serum calcium function not known in non pregnant adults p 121

9) As cartilage enlarges in step 1 of endochondral ossification, ________ near the center of the shaft increase in size. A) chondrocytes B) osteocytes C) leukocytes D) osteoclasts E) osteoblasts

A) chondrocytes

23) Endochondral ossification begins with ________. A) hyaline cartilage. B) elastic cartilage. C) fibrocartilage. D) articular cartilage. E) None of the answers are correct.

A) hyaline cartilage.

2) The skeletal system participates in ________. A) maintaining blood calcium levels B) absorbing the shock of unexpected rapid body movements C) facilitating transmission of nerve impulses D) cushioning abdominal organs such as the kidneys E) All of the answers are correct.

A) maintaining blood calcium levels

7) Mature bone cells that maintain and monitor the protein and mineral content of the surrounding matrix are called ________. A) osteocytes B) chondrocytes C) osteoblasts D) osteoclasts E) osteoplasts

A) osteocytes

8) As a long bone develops, the point where osteoblasts first replace calcified cartilage with spongy bone becomes the ________, from which further development proceeds. A) primary ossification center B) metaphysis C) periosteum D) secondary ossification center E) epiphyseal line

A) primary ossification center

40) Which of the following is important as a stimulus that maintains normal bone structure, especially in growing children, postmenopausal women, and elderly men? A) regular exercise B) hormone supplements C) cosmetic surgery D) diet E) None of the answers are correct.

A) regular exercise I would argue diet is as well, however this question taken out of the book almost verbatim p 123

45) Treating a compound fracture differs from other fractures most significantly due to ________. A) risk of infection B) nerve damage C) compound fractures' severity D) potential nerve damage E) None of the answers are correct.

A) risk of infection

48) Which of the following is a classification of bone shape? A) sesamoid B) round C) square D) triangular E) indefinite

A) sesamoid late 17th century: from sesame (with reference to the similarity in shape of a sesame seed) + -oid.

1) Which is a major function of the skeletal system? A) support of the body B) storage of glucose C) production of ATP D) maintenance of interstitial fluid composition E) None of the answers are correct.

A) support of the body

16) Spongy bone is made up of a network of bony spicules arranged into parallel struts or thick, branching plates called ________. A) trabeculae B) osteons C) lamellae D) canaliculi E) perforating canals

A) trabeculae

21) A smooth, grooved articular process, shaped like a pulley, is a(n) ________. A) trochlea B) spine C) line D) crest E) trochanter

A) trochlea like at distal end of humerus

30) Bones have a vascular supply that is ________. A) very extensive, including many arteries and veins branching throughout the bone B) very poor; bones are not living, so blood is not needed C) supplied simply by one artery D) poor, therefore healing is very limited E) None of the answers are correct.

A) very extensive, including many arteries and veins branching throughout the bone

32) What is the mechanism of marrow cavity enlargement in a long bone? A) There is no mechanism; once formed, the marrow cavity does not change in size. B) As bone matrix is added to the external surface, osteoclasts remove matrix in the center of the bone to enlarge the cavity. C) Blood vessels entering the marrow cavity enlarge it by eroding away the inner surface of the bone. D) The bone marrow cavity only increases in length, as the epiphyseal plates move apart. E) None of the answers are correct.

B) As bone matrix is added to the external surface, osteoclasts remove matrix in the center of the bone to enlarge the cavity.

46) During track and field practice one of the runners trips over a hurdle and falls forward. Fortunately, he is able to break his fall with his hands. However, he stands up holding his wrist in pain. What type of fracture might he have sustained? A) compound fracture B) Colles fracture C) greenstick fracture D) displaced fracture E) None of the answers are correct.

B) Colles fracture

33) If a long bone that was found at an archeological dig contained functional epiphyseal plates, what inference is most accurate? A) The person was a male. B) The person was not mature. C) The person had many injuries. D) The person was elderly. E) None of the answers are correct.

B) The person was not mature.

35) How do hormones regulate the pattern of bone growth? A) They don't; hormones are not involved in bone growth processes. B) They change the rates of osteoblast and osteoclast activity. C) They control the rate of movement of the epiphyseal line. D) They regulate the deposition of calcium and phosphate salts in the bone matrix. E) None of the answers are correct.

B) They change the rates of osteoblast and osteoclast activity. not D because "bone growth" specifically refers to osteoblasts creating more bone matrix than osteoclasts are removing. To regulate "bone growth" it's not enough to merely regulate rate of mineral deposition (i.e. by regulating serum ion levels), but rather must regulate rates of collagen matrix deposition/absorption

29) What is the fate of the chondrocytes that are present where bone is forming? A) They move to a different region where bone has not yet formed. B) They die and disintegrate, leaving cavities within the cartilage. C) They remain within the bone matrix. D) They line the central canals of the growing bone. E) None of the answers are correct.

B) They die and disintegrate, leaving cavities within the cartilage.

12) An individual with otherwise normal features, but having very short limbs, may have a condition known as ________, in which epiphyseal cartilages grow unusually slowly. A) gigantism B) achondroplasia C) Marfan's syndrome D) osteomalacia E) rickets

B) achondroplasia

55) Which diagnostic procedure detects abnormalities in synovial fluid? A) DEXA B) arthrocentesis C) MRI D) arthroscopy E) X-ray

B) arthrocentesis insertion of fiber-optic tubing into joint for aspiration of synovial fluid, used to detect abnormalities in synovial fluid

3) Because they are strong and relatively inflexible, ________ enable bone to withstand the stress of compression. A) collagen fibers B) calcium phosphate crystals C) reticular fibers D) osteocytes E) osteoclasts

B) calcium phosphate crystals

6) Organic components of the matrix of bone include ________. A) calcium phosphate B) collagen fibers C) calcium carbonate D) All of the answers are correct. E) None of the answers are correct.

B) collagen fibers

24) An elongated cleft is a(n) ________. A) foramen B) fissure C) meatus D) canal E) antrum

B) fissure

51) The scapula is an example of what type of bone? A) long B) flat C) irregular D) short E) sutural

B) flat

17) Diploë is spongy bone found in ________ bones. A) short B) flat C) pneumatized D) sesamoid E) irregular

B) flat found in skull in particular

23) The expanded articular end of an epiphysis, separated from the shaft by a narrower neck, is a(n) ________. A) neck B) head C) tubercle D) fossa E) fissure

B) head

21) Roofing bones of the skull form via ________ ossification. A) synovial B) intramembranous C) intrachondral D) symphyseal E) endochondral

B) intramembranous

8) Which type of cell divides to produce daughter cells that can differentiate readily after a bone is cracked or broken? A) osteocyte B) osteoprogenitor cell C) red marrow cell D) osteoclast E) osteoblast

B) osteoprogenitor cell

36) Which of the following acts on the intestine, requiring calcitriol production by the kidneys? A) growth hormone B) parathyroid hormone C) calcitonin D) calcitriol E) thyroid hormone

B) parathyroid hormone

15) The two types of osseous tissue are ________. A) Haversian and lamellar bones B) spongy and compact bones C) trabecular and osteoclastic bones D) spicular and trabecular bones E) None of the answers are correct.

B) spongy and compact bones

50) Small, flat, oddly shaped bones that develop between the flat bones of the skull are called ________. A) sesamoid bones B) sutural bones C) flat bones D) endochondral bones E) pneumatized bones

B) sutural bones not everyone has them or the same ones.. may result from osteogenesis imperfecta among other conditions, or simply be idiopathic

9) The function of an osteoclast in osseous tissue is ________. A) to produce new bone matrix B) to dissolve old bone matrix and release amino acids and the stored calcium and phosphate C) to secrete the organic components of the matrix D) to produce new osteoblasts E) None of the answers are correct.

B) to dissolve old bone matrix and release amino acids and the stored calcium and phosphate

44) A break in a bone is called ________. A) a rupture B) a defect C) a fracture D) an osteon E) None of the answers are correct.

C) a fracture

10) A bone cell that secretes the organic components of bone matrix is ________. A) stimulated by activity of the thyroid gland B) an osteoclast C) an osteoblast D) an osteocyte E) located in a lacuna

C) an osteoblast

1) Calcium phosphate interacts with ________ to form hydroxyapatite. A) collagen B) blood vessels C) calcium hydroxide D) nerve fibers E) potassium carbonate

C) calcium hydroxide

14) Layers of bone that occur at the external and internal surfaces of the bone are referred to as ________. A) concentric lamellae B) interstitial lamellae C) circumferential lamellae D) radial lamellae E) longitudinal lamellae

C) circumferential lamellae

5) Osseous tissue is classified as which of the following? A) neural tissue B) muscle tissue C) connective tissue D) epithelial tissue E) None of the answers are correct.

C) connective tissue

28) A long bone increases in length until ________. A) appositional growth starts B) the body runs out of calcium C) epiphyseal closure occurs D) expansion of the secondary ossification centers ends E) death; bones grow as long as we are alive

C) epiphyseal closure occurs

54) Which of the following is most likely to have a nerve pass through it? A) fossa B) process C) foramen D) condyle E) ramus

C) foramen

52) A shallow depression on the surface of a bone is called a ________. A) tuberosity B) trochanter C) fossa D) foramen E) tubercle

C) fossa

10) The vessels supplying blood to the inner (diaphyseal) surface of each epiphyseal plate, where bone is replacing cartilage, are called ________ vessels. A) periosteal B) epiphyseal C) metaphyseal D) endochondral E) endosteal

C) metaphyseal

13) The epiphyseal cartilage connects to the diaphysis by a narrow zone called the ________. A) medulla B) lacuna C) metaphysis D) periosteum E) endosteum

C) metaphysis

20) An extension of a bone that is set at an angle to the rest of the bone is usually called a ________. A) sulcus B) fossa C) ramus D) condyle E) meatus

C) ramus

11) Which of the following is a special characteristic of spongy bone? A) lacuna B) medullary cavity C) trabecula D) central canal E) canaliculus

C) trabecula

17) Perforating canals ________. A) are arranged parallel to the surface of the bone B) are always associated with osteons in spongy bone C) transmit blood vessels to osteons deep inside the bone D) occur in growing juvenile bone, but are obliterated in adult bone E) All of the answers are correct.

C) transmit blood vessels to osteons deep inside the bone

39) Bone mass reduction occurs initially between the ages of ________. A) 10-20 B) 20-30 C) 50-60 D) 30-40 E) 40-50

D) 30-40

3) In addition to osseous tissue, a typical bone contains ________. A) other connective tissues B) smooth muscle tissues (in blood vessel walls) C) neural tissues D) All of the answers are correct. E) None of the answers are correct.as

D) All of the answers are correct. connective: blood cartilage, epiphyseal plate and articular dense irregular in periosteum neural: nerves smooth muscle: blood vessel walls

26) Which of the following occurs during endochondral ossification? A) Osteoblasts differentiate within a mesenchymal or fibrous connective tissue. B) Osteoblasts secrete the organic component of the matrix. C) Blood vessels enter the spaces between bone spicules to supply the growing tissues. D) The bone grows in length and in diameter. E) None of the answers are correct.

D) The bone grows in length and in diameter. B is also correct... see pg 110

14) The simultaneous process of adding new bone and removing previously formed bone is called ________. A) internal callus formation B) endochondral ossification C) osteomalacia D) bone remodeling E) intramembranous ossification

D) bone remodeling

4) Because they resist stretch, the ________ fibers provide the tensile strength of bone. A) calcium phosphate B) hydroxyapatite C) sodium phosphate D) collagen E) calcium hydroxide

D) collagen

25) A ________ is a smooth rounded articular process. A) spine B) sulcus C) ramus D) condyle E) meatus

D) condyle

11) Blood vessels that supply the ends of long bones are called ________ vessels. A) endochondral B) metaphyseal C) periosteal D) epiphyseal E) endosteal

D) epiphyseal

15) After a fracture occurs, a(n) ________ forms as a network of spongy bone unites the inner edges. A) external callus B) blood clot C) spicule D) internal callus E) fracture hematoma

D) internal callus

24) Regarding long bone formation, bone development proceeds from the ________ in the shaft. A) trabecula B) spicule C) Haversian system D) primary ossification center E) secondary ossification center

D) primary ossification center

13) Differences in body size and proportions between males and females result from the different effects of ________, which affect(s) the growth of the bones. A) calcitriol B) vitamins A & C C) vitamin D D) sex hormones E) calcium and phosphate salts

D) sex hormones

53) Processes that form where tendons or ligaments attach to a bone include ________. A) condyles and trochleae B) fossae, sulci, and foramina C) rami D) trochanters, tuberosities, and tubercles E) canals and fissures

D) trochanters, tuberosities, and tubercles

49) Which of the following is an example of an irregular bone? A) humerus B) carpal bone C) patella D) vertebra E) ulna

D) vertebra

37) Which of the following is the active form of calcitriol? A) calcium B) vitamin A C) vitamin C D) vitamin D E) sodium

D) vitamin D

38) Each year, approximately ________ of the adult skeleton is demolished and then rebuilt or replaced. A) 1/2 (50%) B) 1/4 (25%) C) 1/3 (33.33%) D) 100% E) 1/5 (20%)

E) 1/5 (20%)

27) During endochondral bone formation, ________. A) the matrix of the cartilage model becomes calcified B) cells of the perichondrium differentiate into osteoblasts C) capillaries and osteoblasts migrate into the heart of the cartilage D) osteoclasts erode the center of the new bone to form a marrow cavity E) All of the answers are correct.

E) All of the answers are correct.

19) The endosteum is best described as ________. A) a tissue that is active during the growth or repair of bone B) the lining of the central canals and perforating canals C) a layer that covers the trabeculae of spongy bone D) an incomplete layer that sometimes leaves matrix exposed E) All of the answers are correct.

E) All of the answers are correct. lines all inner bone surfaces, except canaliculi usually only about 1 cell thick vascular/has capillaries

16) A(n) ________ fracture occurs at the ankle and affects both leg bones. A) greenstick B) Colles C) comminuted D) epiphyseal E) Pott

E) Pott think, broke leg by stepping in a garden pot...

43) Which of the following type of fracture produces new and abnormal bone arrangements? A) transverse fracture B) compression fracture C) spiral fracture D) comminuted fracture E) displaced fracture

E) displaced fracture

12) In osseous tissue, which of the following is always removing matrix and releasing minerals? A) nerves B) capillaries C) osteons D) osteocytes E) osteoclasts

E) osteoclasts

22) A chamber within a bone, normally filled with air, is a(n) ________. A) condyle B) ramus C) sulcus D) fissure E) sinus

E) sinus

3) How does an extensive exercise program affect the appearance of the skeleton? Why do these changes occur?

Answer: Because bones are adaptable, their shapes and surface features reflect the forces applied to them. For example, bumps and ridges on the surface of a bone mark the sites where tendons attach to the bone. If muscles become more powerful, as what happens as a result of an extensive exercise program, the corresponding bumps and ridges enlarge to withstand the increased forces. Heavily stressed bones become thicker and stronger, whereas, bones not subjected to ordinary stresses will become thin and brittle. Regular exercise is therefore important as a stimulus that maintains normal bone structure, especially in growing children, postmenopausal women, and elderly men.

1) What kind of tissue(s) would most likely be found in a tissue sample taken from the interior of the epiphysis of the femur?

Answer: Spongy bone makes up the internal framework of the epiphyses of the femur. Also found here are extensive areas of red bone marrow (important sites of blood cell formation) filling in the spaces of the spongy bone. 1) spongy bone 2) red marrow

4) A boy returns to school to begin 7th grade after summer vacation only to find that he is at least four inches taller than several classmates that were the same height as him before the summer. Propose a reason for such a difference.

Answer: The boy has most likely entered puberty and his classmates have not. He has experienced rapid growth as a result of increasing sex hormone levels in his body. These hormones stimulate osteoblasts to produce bone faster than the rate of epiphyseal cartilage expansion. Over time, the epiphyseal cartilages will narrow and eventually ossify, or "close."

2) What is the significance of the orientation of the trabeculae in spongy bone? Provide a specific example, discussing how trabecular structure lends to its function(s).

Answer: Trabeculae grow in response to stresses on the bone, to act as buttresses in the bone; therefore, they align at right angles to the direction of the stress. For example, the trabeculae in the proximal epiphysis of the femur are oriented long the stress lines, but with extensive cross-bracing. This trabecular alignment function in transferring forces from the hip across the metaphysis to the femoral shaft; at the distal epiphysis, the trabeculae direct the forces across the knee joint to the leg. In addition to reducing weight and handling stress from many directions, the open trabecular framework provides support and protection for the cells of the bone marrow.