Ch. 7 Anthro

The Bedouin: Flexible Pastoralism: transhumance

A camp consist of 3-15 tents, each houses a family. They do not range freely; they move herds between two permanent settlements seasonally.

plant domestication

By planting the seeds of the most desirable plants, humans began to alter the features of those plants over generations of sowing and harvesting.

globalization

Increasingly global processes of production and consumption

An anthropological approach to economics is distinctive:

Takes the insiders point of view, Values cultural relativism, Looks at how values and commitment relate to ways of making a living, Uses knowledge that is based on long-term fieldwork, Includes social groups and power relations

Resilient example of the way of life of gathering-hunting ppl.

The Hadza of Northern Tanzania, lived in seminomadic groups 20-30 ppl, called a band.

animal domestication

They learned how to process animal products such as milk, hides, and hooves for use as food, textiles, and tools, and some used dung to fuel their fires.

surplus

This amount left over after the needs of the family are met

affulence in the U.S. & gathering-hunting society:

U.S. - affulent society gathering and hunting - original affluent society

The Kayapó identify many different micro-zones within the continuum between forest and savanna, associating each zone with...

a distinct set of interrelated plants, animals, and soil types.

potlatch

a feast in which a trove of gifts is presented by the host chief to the guest chief in order to demonstrate wealth and gain prestige.

extensive horticulture

a form of plant cultivation in which new plots are regularly cleared, prepared with digging sticks or hoes, and fertilized with animal dung, ash, or other natural products.

intensive agriculture

a form of plant cultivation in which one plot is farmed over and over again using labor-intensive methods such as plowing, terracing, and irrigation.

band

a form of social organization asso w/ gatherer-hunter, small, around 50 people, ideal for nomadic or seminomadic lifestyle.

an economy is

a system for making, circulating, and using things, including material goods, services, and information, central way which societies meet basic material needs/wants.

redistribution

a system whereby goods are collected and stored by a leader and later given out or used for public benefit.

gathering-hunting peoples, egalitarian, meaning...

all people are considered equal and all resources are shared equally.

pastoralism

associated with the care and use of herd animals.

cultivation

basic manipulation of nature, gather-hunters were experimenting w/ it for thous yrs before start of farming, intentional growing of plants

Sexual Division of Labor Pastoralism: Herding of aniamals

both large and small animals are kept-men take responsibility for larger, camels and cattle. Women herd, feed,milk smaller animals, goats sheep. only small animals are herded by group, men do herding, women do feeding/milking.

Each mode of subsistence incorporates...

distinctive strategies for producing, exchanging, and consuming the things ppl need to survive, must provide food, clothing, shelter, and health

4 main modes of subistence:

gathering-hunting, pastoralism, Plant cultivation, and industrialism/post industrialism.

Physical anthropologists are interested in...

how human biology evolved alongside ways of using the environment to meet basic needs.

Archaeologists are curious about...

how people in the past developed strategies for making a living in response to different environmental conditions and sociocultural pressures.

Forms of Exchange: Markets

is an institution that makes it possible for buyers and sellers of goods to meet for the purpose of exchange.

The Bedouin: Flexible PastoralismThe Bedouin & what they do...

live in Arabia and Northern Africa. Among those still devoted to herding, most specialize in one or two herd animals sheep/goats.

economic anthropology

look at the primary ways in which humans interact/have interacted w/ environment to meet their basic needs, in past /present day

extensive/shifting cultivation

method of rotating crops over various plots of land, involves multiple plots over large areas.

Social features of gathering-hunting life include...

mobility, sexual division of labor, egalitarianism, vast knowledge of the environment

general-purpose money

money that can be exchanged for a wide variety of goods and services.

special-purpose money

money that is exchanged for specific items or services.

approach to studying Enconomies: Anthropologists

normative, centered on what humans think and do as they make a living and how practices change over time.

humus

organic matter in soil formed by the decomposition of plants.

gathering-hunting

people rely on resources readily available in their environment. peoples collect fruits, nuts, berries, and roots and harvest honey. They hunt/trap wild animals.

Precarity is

physical and psychological harm caused by a lack of secure income. Increasing precarity is linked to rising sociocultural polarization and the resurgence of ethnic, religious, and nationalist identities.

intercropping

planting certain species of plants side by side to enhance their health and growth.

Contemporary Challenges to Pastoralism

requires large tracts of land, consider the land state-owned, Climate change rainfall unpredictable threatens the livelihood of herds, unable to maintain land rights, question future viability of pastoral., may give way to sedentary forms of ranching. viable future if challenges are met.

The Sociocultural Complex of Pastoralism: particular sociocultural features.

revolve around herd animals, mobility, rely on a division of labor based on gender & age, vast store of knowledge about animals and the environment.

Horticulture: usufruct rights

rights to use a resource but not to own or sell it.

Cultural anthropologists study...

social/cultural implications of different ways of making a living.

modernity

the complex of sociocultural features associated with industrial society.

postmodernity

the cultural shift associated with postindustrialism, David Harvey and Frederic Jameson

Pastoralism

the mode of subsistence associated with the care and use of domesticated herd animals.

time-space compression

the postmodern feeling that time is speeding up and global space is shrinking.

balanced reciprocity

the practice building social relationships through the exchange of gifts of roughly equal value.

generalized reciprocity

the practice of sharing without regard for the value of objects or interest in compensation.

linguistic anthropologists focus on...

the roles of language, classification, and metaphor in shaping different strategies for making a living.

A mode of subsistence is:

the way that ppl interact with their environments in order to make a living, emphasize certain ideals and values.

The Bedouin: Flexible Pastoralism: nomadism

they have traditionally lived in small camps that are moved as needed

approach to studying Enconomies: Economists

univeralist, assuming economic processes operate in similar ways everywhere. (often market centered), use stats

alternative modernity

versions of modernity shaped by local social and cultural forms.

Why Slashing and burning???

way for tropical farmers to mimic natural die-off of vegetation in temperate climates.

The size of a family's herds is a measure of...

wealth/social status

universalism

which assumes that economic processes operate in much the same way all over the world.

gatherer-hunter societies women's & men's role....

women - primary role in supplying calories to the gatherer-hunter diet. men - Hunting is a prestige activity, prominence to them, successful hunters

sexual division of labor

work is assigned based on a person's sex