Ch. 7 Settings for Development: Home, School, & Community

g (g-factor)

Charles Spearman's term for a general intelligence that he claimed underlies all cognitive activities. G scores label people "smart, average, dumb" so this can be a bad thing. "Smart" people may be over-confident, and people who score low may think they are "dumb" in every aspect of life

Practical Intelligence

In Robert Sternberg's framework on successful intelligence, the facet of intelligence involved in knowing how to act competently in real-world situations

Creative Intelligence

In Robert Sternberg's framework on successful intelligence, the facet of intelligence involved in producing novel ideas or innovative work

Analytic Intelligence

In Robert Sternberg's framework on successful intelligence, the facet of intelligence involving performing well on academic-type problems

Successfully Intelligent

In Robert Sternberg's framework, the optimal form of cognition, involving having a good balance of analytic, creative, and practical intelligence

Authoritative Parents

In the parenting-styles framework, the best child-rearing style, when parents provide ample love and family rules; set limits but still nurturing; set clear standards, but also provide some freedom

Resilient Children

children who rebound from serious early life traumas to construct successful adult lives, ex: poverty, war, or abuse

Collective Efficacy

communities defined by strong cohesion, a commitment to neighbor-to-neighbor helping, and shared prosocial values among residents

Sexual Abuse

covers the spectrum, from rape and incest to fondling and exhibitionistic acts

Spatial Intelligence

grasping where objects are arranged in space

Parenting Styles

in Diana Baumrind's framework, how parents align on love & discipline

Multiple Intelligence Theory

in Howard Gardener's perspective on intelligence, the principle that there are 8 separate kinds of intelligence- verbal, mathematical, interpersonal, intrapersonal, spatial, musical, kinesthetic, naturalist- plus a possible 9th type, called spiritual intelligence

Valid

in measurement terminology, a basic criterion for a test's accuracy involving whether that measure reflects the real-world quality it is supposed to measure

Reliability

in measurement terminology, a basic criterion for a test's accuracy that scores must be fairly similar when a person takes the same test more than once

Rejecting-Neglecting Parents

in the parenting-styles framework, the worst child-rearing approach, when parents provide little discipline or love. Children are ignored, neglected, & emotionally abandoned. They are left to raise themselves.

Permissive Parents

in the parenting-styles framework, when parents provide few rules but lots of love. "Provide total freedom & unconditional love." No boundaries, timelines, rules, or structure are in place. The child's wishes rule

Authoritarian Parents

in the parenting-styles framework, when parents provide many rules but rank low on love. "Do what I say." Rules are not negotiable. Their parenting style can seem cold & uncaring, even if they love their child

Intelligence Quotient (IQ)

measure designed to evaluate a child's overall cognitive ability, or general aptitude for mastering academic work

Achievement Tests

measures that evaluate a child's knowledge in specific school-related areas

Physical Abuse

refers to bodily injury that leave bruises or wounds, anything from spanking to battery

Neglect

refers to caregivers' failure to provide adequate super vision & care, ex: abandoning child, not providing sufficient food, or failing to enroll child in school

Emotional Abuse

refers to shaming, terrorizing, or exploiting a child

Flynn Effect

remarkable rise in overall performance on IQ tests that has been occurring around the world over the past century (better food & education than in the past)

Upward Mobility

rising in social status

Kinesthetic Intelligence

the ability to use the body well

Intrinsic Motivation

the drive to act based on the pleasure of taking that action in itself, not for an external reinforcer or reward, ex: just wanting to learn more & not to earn the grade

Extrinsic Motivation

the drive to take an action because that activity offers external reinforcers such as praise, money, or a good grade

Specific Learning Disorder

the label for any impairment in language or any deficit related to listening, thinking, speaking, reading, writing, spelling, or understanding mathematics

Intellectually Disabled

the label for significantly impaired cognitive functioning, measured by deficits in behavior accompanied by having an IQ of 70 or below

Gifted

the label for superior intellectual functioning characterized by an IQ score of 130 or above, showing that a child ranks in the top 2 percent of his age group

Parental Alienation

the practice among divorced parents of bad-mouthing a former spouse, with the goal of turning a child against that person

Intrapersonal Intelligence

the skill of understanding one's self

WISC (Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children)

the standard intelligence test used in childhood, consisting of different subsets (David Wechsler)

Corporal Punishment

the use of physical force to discipline a child, ex: spanking

Interpersonal Intelligence

understanding of people

Naturalistic Intelligence

a gift for dealing with animals or plants & trees

Dyslexia

a learning disorder that is characterized by reading difficulties, lack of fluency, and poor word recognition that is often genetic in origin

Acculturation

among immigrants, the tendency to become similar to the main stream culture after time spent living in a new society, aka, the challenge of adapting to a different culture

Child Maltreatment

any act that seriously endangers a child's physical or emotional well-being