Ch. 7 Settings for Development: Home, School, & Community
g (g-factor)
Charles Spearman's term for a general intelligence that he claimed underlies all cognitive activities. G scores label people "smart, average, dumb" so this can be a bad thing. "Smart" people may be over-confident, and people who score low may think they are "dumb" in every aspect of life
Practical Intelligence
In Robert Sternberg's framework on successful intelligence, the facet of intelligence involved in knowing how to act competently in real-world situations
Creative Intelligence
In Robert Sternberg's framework on successful intelligence, the facet of intelligence involved in producing novel ideas or innovative work
Analytic Intelligence
In Robert Sternberg's framework on successful intelligence, the facet of intelligence involving performing well on academic-type problems
Successfully Intelligent
In Robert Sternberg's framework, the optimal form of cognition, involving having a good balance of analytic, creative, and practical intelligence
Authoritative Parents
In the parenting-styles framework, the best child-rearing style, when parents provide ample love and family rules; set limits but still nurturing; set clear standards, but also provide some freedom
Resilient Children
children who rebound from serious early life traumas to construct successful adult lives, ex: poverty, war, or abuse
Collective Efficacy
communities defined by strong cohesion, a commitment to neighbor-to-neighbor helping, and shared prosocial values among residents
Sexual Abuse
covers the spectrum, from rape and incest to fondling and exhibitionistic acts
Spatial Intelligence
grasping where objects are arranged in space
Parenting Styles
in Diana Baumrind's framework, how parents align on love & discipline
Multiple Intelligence Theory
in Howard Gardener's perspective on intelligence, the principle that there are 8 separate kinds of intelligence- verbal, mathematical, interpersonal, intrapersonal, spatial, musical, kinesthetic, naturalist- plus a possible 9th type, called spiritual intelligence
Valid
in measurement terminology, a basic criterion for a test's accuracy involving whether that measure reflects the real-world quality it is supposed to measure
Reliability
in measurement terminology, a basic criterion for a test's accuracy that scores must be fairly similar when a person takes the same test more than once
Rejecting-Neglecting Parents
in the parenting-styles framework, the worst child-rearing approach, when parents provide little discipline or love. Children are ignored, neglected, & emotionally abandoned. They are left to raise themselves.
Permissive Parents
in the parenting-styles framework, when parents provide few rules but lots of love. "Provide total freedom & unconditional love." No boundaries, timelines, rules, or structure are in place. The child's wishes rule
Authoritarian Parents
in the parenting-styles framework, when parents provide many rules but rank low on love. "Do what I say." Rules are not negotiable. Their parenting style can seem cold & uncaring, even if they love their child
Intelligence Quotient (IQ)
measure designed to evaluate a child's overall cognitive ability, or general aptitude for mastering academic work
Achievement Tests
measures that evaluate a child's knowledge in specific school-related areas
Physical Abuse
refers to bodily injury that leave bruises or wounds, anything from spanking to battery
Neglect
refers to caregivers' failure to provide adequate super vision & care, ex: abandoning child, not providing sufficient food, or failing to enroll child in school
Emotional Abuse
refers to shaming, terrorizing, or exploiting a child
Flynn Effect
remarkable rise in overall performance on IQ tests that has been occurring around the world over the past century (better food & education than in the past)
Upward Mobility
rising in social status
Kinesthetic Intelligence
the ability to use the body well
Intrinsic Motivation
the drive to act based on the pleasure of taking that action in itself, not for an external reinforcer or reward, ex: just wanting to learn more & not to earn the grade
Extrinsic Motivation
the drive to take an action because that activity offers external reinforcers such as praise, money, or a good grade
Specific Learning Disorder
the label for any impairment in language or any deficit related to listening, thinking, speaking, reading, writing, spelling, or understanding mathematics
Intellectually Disabled
the label for significantly impaired cognitive functioning, measured by deficits in behavior accompanied by having an IQ of 70 or below
Gifted
the label for superior intellectual functioning characterized by an IQ score of 130 or above, showing that a child ranks in the top 2 percent of his age group
Parental Alienation
the practice among divorced parents of bad-mouthing a former spouse, with the goal of turning a child against that person
Intrapersonal Intelligence
the skill of understanding one's self
WISC (Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children)
the standard intelligence test used in childhood, consisting of different subsets (David Wechsler)
Corporal Punishment
the use of physical force to discipline a child, ex: spanking
Interpersonal Intelligence
understanding of people
Naturalistic Intelligence
a gift for dealing with animals or plants & trees
Dyslexia
a learning disorder that is characterized by reading difficulties, lack of fluency, and poor word recognition that is often genetic in origin
Acculturation
among immigrants, the tendency to become similar to the main stream culture after time spent living in a new society, aka, the challenge of adapting to a different culture
Child Maltreatment
any act that seriously endangers a child's physical or emotional well-being