Ch 9 Business

Allowing workers to work full-time hours in fewer than five days is called ______.

A compressed workweek

Which incentive system, developed by Frederick Taylor, is an example of the application of his classical theory of motivation?

A piece-rate system where workers are paid for each unit they produce

The idea that managers can change employee behavior by administering consequences related to the employee's actions is called ______.

Behavior modification

Choose three benefits associated with flextime scheduling strategies.

Better customer service due to increased hours of coverage, Better recruitment and retention of workers, Better utilization of facilities

In the workplace, what condition most relates to esteem needs?

Competition

Lee works 40 hours per week, typically working 10 hours per day Monday through Thursday, and has a three-day weekend. Lee works a(n) ______ workweek.

Compressed

Marissa would prefer a flexible scheduling strategy for her job as a designer at an advertising agency. Which of these would provide her with that?

Compressed workweek

Why should managers be concerned with the study of human relations?

Effectively motivating employees keeps them engaged in their work, Motivated employees achieve organizational objectives efficiently and effectively, Positive interpersonal relationships among employees are related to high morale and motivation in the workplace.

What are two characteristics of a manager with a Theory Y mentality?

Encourages employees to design solutions, Embraces employee empowerment

An employee who feels emotional involvement and commitment to their work is said to be ______.

Engaged

Job _____ incorporates opportunities for achievement, recognition, and responsibility into a job, giving workers not only more tasks, but more control and authority over the job.

Enrichment

What theory is based on the idea that employees try to maintain fairness or balance between inputs and outputs as compared to others in similar positions?

Equity

____ theory states that employees look for fairness in the workplace as compared to others before deciding to perform.

Equity

Benefits and/or recognition that you receive from someone else such as a bonus or award certificate is a(n) ______ reward.

Extrinsic

True or false: Punishment is the more effective way to modify behavior in the workplace.

False

Which three examples demonstrate an intrinsic reward?

Feeling that your work contributes to the company, Personal satisfaction, Feeling that your work contributes to society

Compressed workweeks, job sharing, part-time work, and telecommuting are all ____ scheduling strategies.

Flexible

A program that allows employees to choose their starting and ending times, as long as they are at work during a specified core period is called ______.

Flextime

Which theory states that goals act as motivators to focus employee efforts on achieving certain performance outcomes?

Goal-setting theory

Goal-setting theory assumes what three things?

Goals help employees develop consistent behavior patterns, Goals act as motivators, Goals direct employee efforts toward an outcome.

Edwin's car has been breaking down frequently and now it won't start at all. He must have a car to get to work, so he has been shopping around for a new car. He just signed the paperwork today on a new vehicle and couldn't be happier! What is the "goal" in this scenario?

Having selected a new vehicle that he now owns

Which researcher studied motivation specifically related to the workplace and determined that a variety of hygiene and motivational factors impact worker motivation?

Herzberg

What are three organizational outcomes of high morale?

High returns to stakeholders, High employee loyalty, High levels of productivity

Sanjay, Rosa, and Kenneth all work at Forrest Financial Group. They work from home three days a week and on the two days they come into the office, they are assigned to a desk through a reservation system because none of them have a permanent location in the office. What is this an example of?

Hoteling

The study of the behavior of individuals and groups in organizational settings is referred to as _____.

Human Relations

Which area of the organizational environment seeks to understand what motivates employees to perform on the job?

Human Relations

Managers who strive to understand how to boost workplace morale, maximize productivity, and motivate employees to be more effective are concerned with the study of ______.

Human relations

McGregor's Theory Y is a ______ view of management.

Humanistic

What was the main objective of the time and motion studies conducted by Frederick Taylor and Frank and Lillian Gilbreth?

Increase worker productivity

The rationale behind job enlargement is that jobs are more interesting and satisfying as the number of tasks performed by an individual _____.

Increases

Having a sense of personal satisfaction after completing a big project at work refers to what type of reward?

Intrinsic

The personal satisfaction you feel when you perform well and complete goals refers to a(n) ______ reward.

Intrinsic

The job design strategy that involves adding more tasks to a job is called _____.

Job enlargement

In his classical theory of motivation, Frederick Taylor proposed two things that he thought would improve worker productivity. What were they?

Job specialization, Linking pay to output

What is a goal-setting theory developed by Peter Drucker?

Management by objectives

Theory Y

McGregor's humanistic view of management whereby it is assumed that workers like to work and that under proper conditions employees will seek out responsibility in an attempt to satisfy their social, esteem, and self-actualization needs.

Theory X

McGregor's traditional view of management whereby it is assumed that workers generally dislike work and must be forced to do their jobs.

Recognition, involvement, appreciation, adequate compensation, a pleasant work environment, and a positive organizational culture all contribute to positive ____ in the workplace.

Morale

What are two characteristics of a manager with a Theory X mentality?

Motivates through fear, Tells people what to do and how to do it

An inner drive that causes humans to act, whether it is eating to reduce hunger or studying for an exam to get a good grade is referred to as ______.

Motivation

Craig didn't feel like working on the report his boss wanted him to do. It was 4:00 p.m. on a Friday and Craig planned to leave early. He decides to put off the report until Monday. Craig's response to doing the report is a reflection of his ____.

Motivation

______ explains why people behave as they do or, at times, why people avoid doing what they should do.

Motivation

Vroom's expectancy theory states that ______.

Motivation depends not only on how much a person wants something but also on the person's perception of how likely he or she is to get it

What is an example of an extrinsic reward?

Pay increase

What are two assumptions about people made by Theory X managers?

People prefer to avoid work, People must be forced to work.

Select three assumptions made by a Theory Y manager about people.

People seek responsibility, People are motivated by a variety of rewards, People like to work.

According to Maslow, which need level refers to things essential to survival, such as water, food, and shelter?

Physiological needs

Which level of needs will a person be motivated to meet first?

Physiological needs

What are four examples of morale boosters in the workplace?

Pleasant work environment, Appreciation, Respect, Adequate compensation

The original intent of the Hawthorne studies was to conduct a study to correlate physical conditions in the workplace--such as the level of lighting--with worker's ______.

Productivity

Time and motion studies conducted by Frederick Taylor and Frank and Lillian Gilbreth in the early 20th century focused on how workers perform specific work tasks in an effort to improve ________.

Productivity

The initial results of the Hawthorne studies found that ______.

Productivity increased regardless of physical conditions

Hawthorne effect

Productivity increases regardless of physical conditions

A Theory X manager would most likely:

Provide constant supervision

_______ unacceptable behavior may provide quick results but may lead to undesirable long-term side effects, such as employee dissatisfaction and increased turnover.

Punishing

According to Herzberg, which motivational factor would likely inspire an employee to work harder?

Recognition

Edwin's car has been breaking down frequently and now it won't start at all. He must have a car to get to work, so he has been shopping around for a new car. He just signed the paperwork today on a new vehicle and couldn't be happier! What is the "need" in this scenario?

Requiring a car for work and not having one that functions

Esteem needs are related to ____.

Respect

Job _____ does not totally eliminate the problem of boredom because employees may eventually become bored with all the jobs in the cycle.

Rotation

Job _____ is extremely useful in situations where a person is being trained for a position that requires an understanding of various units in an organization.

Rotation

The need to protect yourself from physical and economic harm fits the _____ need category, according to Maslow.

Security

_________ needs are at the top of Maslow's hierarchy and involve reaching one's potential.

Self actualization

According to Herzberg, to improve productivity, management should focus on higher-level needs—what he called motivational factors. What is the highest level need one would accomplish according to Maslow?

Self-Actualization

A ________ person feels that she or he is living life to its fullest in every way.

Self-actualized

When two people do what is traditionally one job, it is called job ____.

Sharing

According to Maslow's hierarchy of needs, to fulfill _____ needs, a person may try to make friends with a coworker, join a group, volunteer at a hospital, and/or throw a party.

Social

Increased worker productivity during the first Hawthorne studies determined that two factors affected productivity. What were they?

Social & psychological factors

An employee who does not feel that he or she is being treated fairly may be motivated to equalize the situation by taking which three actions?

Stealing, Cheating, Lying

Which flexible scheduling strategy involves employees working from home while connected to the workplace via computers and telephones? This type of work grew by leaps and bounds during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Telecommuting

Mayo's findings in the Hawthorne studies revealed that workers were responding to ______.

The attention they received

Which motivation theory suggests that money is the sole motivator for workers?

The classical theory

The use of financial incentives to improve productivity is most closely related to which theory of motivation?

The classical theory of motivation

How would a manager subscribing to Theory Z manage his or her employees?

The management style would be participative; managers and workers share responsibilities

What is an example of security need?

The need for health insurance

McGregor constructed two views of management--the traditional view, which he called _______, and a humanistic view, which he called _______.

Theory X; Theory Y

_____ is a management philosophy that emphasizes employee participation in all aspects of company decision making.

Theory Z

True or false: According to equity theory, each worker develops a personal input-output ratio to compare his or her inputs with the outputs or rewards offered by the organization.

True

True or false: Employees are motivated by the nature of the relationships they have with their supervisors, by the nature of their jobs, and by the characteristics of the organization.

True

True or false: Feelings of pay inequity in the workplace may lead to unethical behavior.

True

True or false: Some employers are concerned that telecommuting can create a security risk and open the door to computer hackers.

True

True or false: The initial result of the Hawthorne studies demonstrated that no matter what the levels of light and noise were, worker productivity increased simply because the workers liked the attention they received by being part of a study.

True

True or false: With job sharing, the company has the benefit of the skills of two people for one job.

True

What is a characteristic of an engaged worker?

Works with a commitment to the organization

Viewing employees as people who like to work is considered the viewpoint of a Theory ______ manager.

Y

The Hawthorne studies are considered major studies because they led to ______.

a concern for human relations in the workplace

Theory Z

a management philosophy that stresses employee participation in all aspects of company decision making.

Flextime

a program that allows employees to choose their starting and ending times, provided that they are at work during a specified core period.

Maslow's hierarchy

a theory that arranges the five basic needs of people— physiological, security, social, esteem, and self-actualization—into the order in which people strive to satisfy them.

A Theory Y manager would most likely ______.

allow employees to make decisions

equity theory

an assumption that how much people are willing to contribute to an organization depends on their assessment of the fairness, or equity, of the rewards they will receive in exchange.

Morale

an employee's attitude toward his or her job, employer, and colleagues.

Motivation

an inner drive that directs a person's behavior toward goals.

motivational factors

aspects of Herzberg's theory of motivation that focus on the content of the work itself; these aspects include achievement, recognition, involvement, responsibility, and advancement.

hygiene factors

aspects of Herzberg's theory of motivation that focus on the work setting and not the content of the work; these aspects include adequate wages, comfortable and safe working conditions, fair company policies, and job security.

Reinforcement theory is associated with which of these processes?

behavior modification

extrinsic rewards

benefits and/or recognition received from someone else.

behavior modification

changing behavior and encouraging appropriate actions by relating the consequences of behavior to the behavior itself.

According to William Ouchi, Theory Z is a management philosophy that stresses ______.

employee participation in decision-making

Herzberg's motivational factors relate to which levels of Maslow's hierarchy?

esteem and self actualization

The basis of Victor Vroom's expectancy theory is that motivation and effort is affected by ______.

expectations of achieving a desirable outcome

______ has benefits for both companies and employees in that it increases a company's ability to recruit and retain workers and allows employees to balance work and home life by allowing them to choose their starting and ending times, as long as they are there during a specified core period.

flextime

In management by objectives, ______.

goals are developed that both managers and employees can understand and agree upon

The Hawthorne studies gave birth to which movement in organizations?

human relations

What are two potential problems for employees associated with telecommuting?

increases stress by blurring barriers between home and office, may hurt employee's career advancement opportunities

In equity theory, a worker's contribution to the organization is referred to as his or her _______, while rewards offered by the organization are referred to as _______.

inputs; outputs

Jack has elderly parents he needs to care for and he would like to cut his hours down to half-time. Which flexible scheduling strategy might work for Jack?

job sharing

One tool managers can use to foster employee loyalty and boost productivity is ___.

motivation

Herzberg studied the relationship between ______.

motivation and job-related factors

job rotation

movement of employees from one job to another in an effort to relieve the boredom often associated with job specialization.

From a company's viewpoint, in order for telecommuting to work, it must

not create any significant costs for the company.

job sharing

performance of one full-time job by two people on part-time hours.

goal-setting theory

refers to the impact that setting goals has on performance.

job enlargement

the addition of more tasks to a job instead of treating each task as separate.

expectancy theory

the assumption that motivation depends not only on how much a person wants something but also on how likely he or she is to get it.

job enrichment

the incorporation of motivational factors, such as opportunity for achievement, recognition, responsibility, and advancement, into a job.

physiological needs

the most basic human needs to be satisfied—water, food, shelter, and clothing.

social needs

the need for love, companionship, and friendship—the desire for acceptance by others.

esteem needs

the need for respect—both self-respect and respect from others.

self-actualization needs

the need to be the best one can be; at the top of Maslow's hierarchy.

security needs

the need to protect oneself from physical and economic harm.

intrinsic rewards

the personal satisfaction and enjoyment felt after attaining a goal.

reinforcement theory

the theory that behavior can be strengthened or weakened through the use of rewards and punishments.

classical theory of motivation

theory suggesting that money is the sole motivator for workers.

According to Maslow, the difference between satisfied and unsatisfied needs is that ______.

unsatisfied needs continue to motivate