Ch 9 Business
Allowing workers to work full-time hours in fewer than five days is called ______.
A compressed workweek
Which incentive system, developed by Frederick Taylor, is an example of the application of his classical theory of motivation?
A piece-rate system where workers are paid for each unit they produce
The idea that managers can change employee behavior by administering consequences related to the employee's actions is called ______.
Behavior modification
Choose three benefits associated with flextime scheduling strategies.
Better customer service due to increased hours of coverage, Better recruitment and retention of workers, Better utilization of facilities
In the workplace, what condition most relates to esteem needs?
Competition
Lee works 40 hours per week, typically working 10 hours per day Monday through Thursday, and has a three-day weekend. Lee works a(n) ______ workweek.
Compressed
Marissa would prefer a flexible scheduling strategy for her job as a designer at an advertising agency. Which of these would provide her with that?
Compressed workweek
Why should managers be concerned with the study of human relations?
Effectively motivating employees keeps them engaged in their work, Motivated employees achieve organizational objectives efficiently and effectively, Positive interpersonal relationships among employees are related to high morale and motivation in the workplace.
What are two characteristics of a manager with a Theory Y mentality?
Encourages employees to design solutions, Embraces employee empowerment
An employee who feels emotional involvement and commitment to their work is said to be ______.
Engaged
Job _____ incorporates opportunities for achievement, recognition, and responsibility into a job, giving workers not only more tasks, but more control and authority over the job.
Enrichment
What theory is based on the idea that employees try to maintain fairness or balance between inputs and outputs as compared to others in similar positions?
Equity
____ theory states that employees look for fairness in the workplace as compared to others before deciding to perform.
Equity
Benefits and/or recognition that you receive from someone else such as a bonus or award certificate is a(n) ______ reward.
Extrinsic
True or false: Punishment is the more effective way to modify behavior in the workplace.
False
Which three examples demonstrate an intrinsic reward?
Feeling that your work contributes to the company, Personal satisfaction, Feeling that your work contributes to society
Compressed workweeks, job sharing, part-time work, and telecommuting are all ____ scheduling strategies.
Flexible
A program that allows employees to choose their starting and ending times, as long as they are at work during a specified core period is called ______.
Flextime
Which theory states that goals act as motivators to focus employee efforts on achieving certain performance outcomes?
Goal-setting theory
Goal-setting theory assumes what three things?
Goals help employees develop consistent behavior patterns, Goals act as motivators, Goals direct employee efforts toward an outcome.
Edwin's car has been breaking down frequently and now it won't start at all. He must have a car to get to work, so he has been shopping around for a new car. He just signed the paperwork today on a new vehicle and couldn't be happier! What is the "goal" in this scenario?
Having selected a new vehicle that he now owns
Which researcher studied motivation specifically related to the workplace and determined that a variety of hygiene and motivational factors impact worker motivation?
Herzberg
What are three organizational outcomes of high morale?
High returns to stakeholders, High employee loyalty, High levels of productivity
Sanjay, Rosa, and Kenneth all work at Forrest Financial Group. They work from home three days a week and on the two days they come into the office, they are assigned to a desk through a reservation system because none of them have a permanent location in the office. What is this an example of?
Hoteling
The study of the behavior of individuals and groups in organizational settings is referred to as _____.
Human Relations
Which area of the organizational environment seeks to understand what motivates employees to perform on the job?
Human Relations
Managers who strive to understand how to boost workplace morale, maximize productivity, and motivate employees to be more effective are concerned with the study of ______.
Human relations
McGregor's Theory Y is a ______ view of management.
Humanistic
What was the main objective of the time and motion studies conducted by Frederick Taylor and Frank and Lillian Gilbreth?
Increase worker productivity
The rationale behind job enlargement is that jobs are more interesting and satisfying as the number of tasks performed by an individual _____.
Increases
Having a sense of personal satisfaction after completing a big project at work refers to what type of reward?
Intrinsic
The personal satisfaction you feel when you perform well and complete goals refers to a(n) ______ reward.
Intrinsic
The job design strategy that involves adding more tasks to a job is called _____.
Job enlargement
In his classical theory of motivation, Frederick Taylor proposed two things that he thought would improve worker productivity. What were they?
Job specialization, Linking pay to output
What is a goal-setting theory developed by Peter Drucker?
Management by objectives
Theory Y
McGregor's humanistic view of management whereby it is assumed that workers like to work and that under proper conditions employees will seek out responsibility in an attempt to satisfy their social, esteem, and self-actualization needs.
Theory X
McGregor's traditional view of management whereby it is assumed that workers generally dislike work and must be forced to do their jobs.
Recognition, involvement, appreciation, adequate compensation, a pleasant work environment, and a positive organizational culture all contribute to positive ____ in the workplace.
Morale
What are two characteristics of a manager with a Theory X mentality?
Motivates through fear, Tells people what to do and how to do it
An inner drive that causes humans to act, whether it is eating to reduce hunger or studying for an exam to get a good grade is referred to as ______.
Motivation
Craig didn't feel like working on the report his boss wanted him to do. It was 4:00 p.m. on a Friday and Craig planned to leave early. He decides to put off the report until Monday. Craig's response to doing the report is a reflection of his ____.
Motivation
______ explains why people behave as they do or, at times, why people avoid doing what they should do.
Motivation
Vroom's expectancy theory states that ______.
Motivation depends not only on how much a person wants something but also on the person's perception of how likely he or she is to get it
What is an example of an extrinsic reward?
Pay increase
What are two assumptions about people made by Theory X managers?
People prefer to avoid work, People must be forced to work.
Select three assumptions made by a Theory Y manager about people.
People seek responsibility, People are motivated by a variety of rewards, People like to work.
According to Maslow, which need level refers to things essential to survival, such as water, food, and shelter?
Physiological needs
Which level of needs will a person be motivated to meet first?
Physiological needs
What are four examples of morale boosters in the workplace?
Pleasant work environment, Appreciation, Respect, Adequate compensation
The original intent of the Hawthorne studies was to conduct a study to correlate physical conditions in the workplace--such as the level of lighting--with worker's ______.
Productivity
Time and motion studies conducted by Frederick Taylor and Frank and Lillian Gilbreth in the early 20th century focused on how workers perform specific work tasks in an effort to improve ________.
Productivity
The initial results of the Hawthorne studies found that ______.
Productivity increased regardless of physical conditions
Hawthorne effect
Productivity increases regardless of physical conditions
A Theory X manager would most likely:
Provide constant supervision
_______ unacceptable behavior may provide quick results but may lead to undesirable long-term side effects, such as employee dissatisfaction and increased turnover.
Punishing
According to Herzberg, which motivational factor would likely inspire an employee to work harder?
Recognition
Edwin's car has been breaking down frequently and now it won't start at all. He must have a car to get to work, so he has been shopping around for a new car. He just signed the paperwork today on a new vehicle and couldn't be happier! What is the "need" in this scenario?
Requiring a car for work and not having one that functions
Esteem needs are related to ____.
Respect
Job _____ does not totally eliminate the problem of boredom because employees may eventually become bored with all the jobs in the cycle.
Rotation
Job _____ is extremely useful in situations where a person is being trained for a position that requires an understanding of various units in an organization.
Rotation
The need to protect yourself from physical and economic harm fits the _____ need category, according to Maslow.
Security
_________ needs are at the top of Maslow's hierarchy and involve reaching one's potential.
Self actualization
According to Herzberg, to improve productivity, management should focus on higher-level needs—what he called motivational factors. What is the highest level need one would accomplish according to Maslow?
Self-Actualization
A ________ person feels that she or he is living life to its fullest in every way.
Self-actualized
When two people do what is traditionally one job, it is called job ____.
Sharing
According to Maslow's hierarchy of needs, to fulfill _____ needs, a person may try to make friends with a coworker, join a group, volunteer at a hospital, and/or throw a party.
Social
Increased worker productivity during the first Hawthorne studies determined that two factors affected productivity. What were they?
Social & psychological factors
An employee who does not feel that he or she is being treated fairly may be motivated to equalize the situation by taking which three actions?
Stealing, Cheating, Lying
Which flexible scheduling strategy involves employees working from home while connected to the workplace via computers and telephones? This type of work grew by leaps and bounds during the COVID-19 pandemic.
Telecommuting
Mayo's findings in the Hawthorne studies revealed that workers were responding to ______.
The attention they received
Which motivation theory suggests that money is the sole motivator for workers?
The classical theory
The use of financial incentives to improve productivity is most closely related to which theory of motivation?
The classical theory of motivation
How would a manager subscribing to Theory Z manage his or her employees?
The management style would be participative; managers and workers share responsibilities
What is an example of security need?
The need for health insurance
McGregor constructed two views of management--the traditional view, which he called _______, and a humanistic view, which he called _______.
Theory X; Theory Y
_____ is a management philosophy that emphasizes employee participation in all aspects of company decision making.
Theory Z
True or false: According to equity theory, each worker develops a personal input-output ratio to compare his or her inputs with the outputs or rewards offered by the organization.
True
True or false: Employees are motivated by the nature of the relationships they have with their supervisors, by the nature of their jobs, and by the characteristics of the organization.
True
True or false: Feelings of pay inequity in the workplace may lead to unethical behavior.
True
True or false: Some employers are concerned that telecommuting can create a security risk and open the door to computer hackers.
True
True or false: The initial result of the Hawthorne studies demonstrated that no matter what the levels of light and noise were, worker productivity increased simply because the workers liked the attention they received by being part of a study.
True
True or false: With job sharing, the company has the benefit of the skills of two people for one job.
True
What is a characteristic of an engaged worker?
Works with a commitment to the organization
Viewing employees as people who like to work is considered the viewpoint of a Theory ______ manager.
Y
The Hawthorne studies are considered major studies because they led to ______.
a concern for human relations in the workplace
Theory Z
a management philosophy that stresses employee participation in all aspects of company decision making.
Flextime
a program that allows employees to choose their starting and ending times, provided that they are at work during a specified core period.
Maslow's hierarchy
a theory that arranges the five basic needs of people— physiological, security, social, esteem, and self-actualization—into the order in which people strive to satisfy them.
A Theory Y manager would most likely ______.
allow employees to make decisions
equity theory
an assumption that how much people are willing to contribute to an organization depends on their assessment of the fairness, or equity, of the rewards they will receive in exchange.
Morale
an employee's attitude toward his or her job, employer, and colleagues.
Motivation
an inner drive that directs a person's behavior toward goals.
motivational factors
aspects of Herzberg's theory of motivation that focus on the content of the work itself; these aspects include achievement, recognition, involvement, responsibility, and advancement.
hygiene factors
aspects of Herzberg's theory of motivation that focus on the work setting and not the content of the work; these aspects include adequate wages, comfortable and safe working conditions, fair company policies, and job security.
Reinforcement theory is associated with which of these processes?
behavior modification
extrinsic rewards
benefits and/or recognition received from someone else.
behavior modification
changing behavior and encouraging appropriate actions by relating the consequences of behavior to the behavior itself.
According to William Ouchi, Theory Z is a management philosophy that stresses ______.
employee participation in decision-making
Herzberg's motivational factors relate to which levels of Maslow's hierarchy?
esteem and self actualization
The basis of Victor Vroom's expectancy theory is that motivation and effort is affected by ______.
expectations of achieving a desirable outcome
______ has benefits for both companies and employees in that it increases a company's ability to recruit and retain workers and allows employees to balance work and home life by allowing them to choose their starting and ending times, as long as they are there during a specified core period.
flextime
In management by objectives, ______.
goals are developed that both managers and employees can understand and agree upon
The Hawthorne studies gave birth to which movement in organizations?
human relations
What are two potential problems for employees associated with telecommuting?
increases stress by blurring barriers between home and office, may hurt employee's career advancement opportunities
In equity theory, a worker's contribution to the organization is referred to as his or her _______, while rewards offered by the organization are referred to as _______.
inputs; outputs
Jack has elderly parents he needs to care for and he would like to cut his hours down to half-time. Which flexible scheduling strategy might work for Jack?
job sharing
One tool managers can use to foster employee loyalty and boost productivity is ___.
motivation
Herzberg studied the relationship between ______.
motivation and job-related factors
job rotation
movement of employees from one job to another in an effort to relieve the boredom often associated with job specialization.
From a company's viewpoint, in order for telecommuting to work, it must
not create any significant costs for the company.
job sharing
performance of one full-time job by two people on part-time hours.
goal-setting theory
refers to the impact that setting goals has on performance.
job enlargement
the addition of more tasks to a job instead of treating each task as separate.
expectancy theory
the assumption that motivation depends not only on how much a person wants something but also on how likely he or she is to get it.
job enrichment
the incorporation of motivational factors, such as opportunity for achievement, recognition, responsibility, and advancement, into a job.
physiological needs
the most basic human needs to be satisfied—water, food, shelter, and clothing.
social needs
the need for love, companionship, and friendship—the desire for acceptance by others.
esteem needs
the need for respect—both self-respect and respect from others.
self-actualization needs
the need to be the best one can be; at the top of Maslow's hierarchy.
security needs
the need to protect oneself from physical and economic harm.
intrinsic rewards
the personal satisfaction and enjoyment felt after attaining a goal.
reinforcement theory
the theory that behavior can be strengthened or weakened through the use of rewards and punishments.
classical theory of motivation
theory suggesting that money is the sole motivator for workers.
According to Maslow, the difference between satisfied and unsatisfied needs is that ______.
unsatisfied needs continue to motivate
