Ch 9- South America
Predominant climate in South America
Usually wet and humid
gold
Venezuela's Orinoco River contain large amounts of____
Lake Titicaca
What South American lake lies on the border between Bolivia and Peru?
potato, barley, quinoa
What crops are grown in the Tierra Fria?
Inca
What early indigenous civilization dominated much of western South America?
a network of roads that connected the empire
What feature of the Inca Empire made it easier for the Spanish to conquer it?
Brain drain
When highly educated and highly skilled workers emigrate to other countries, their native country suffers
uneven development
condition in which some places do not benefit as much as others from social and economic advancement
Chile
copper
llaneros or gauchos
cowhands that drive herds across the rolling plains
Columbia
emeralds
llanos
fertile grasslands found in inland areas of Colombia and Venezuela
tierra templada
found in areas of Peru, Brazil, and Colombia
pampas
grassy, treeless plains of southern South America
illegal mining
has further damaged the natural land and water features of South America
amazon
he world's wettest tropical plain. Heavy rains drench the densely forested lowlands
by reducing the number of small organisms at the bottom of the food chain
how can el niño affect fishing?
the livestock damages plants by eating them down to nearly ground level
how can herding livestock lead to desertification?
illegal mining
in recent years, the potential wealth to be gained through _____ has caused deforestation and the pollution of waterways in Peru
quipu
knotted cords of various lengths and colors used by the Inca to keep financial records
peru
known for silver
Transoceanic Highway
link the Amazon River ports with Peru's ports on the Pacific to transport agricultural products to the global markets in Asia and Europe.
Trans-Andean Highway
links cities in Chile and Argentina east and west
Roman Catholic.
majority of South Americans are ____
pampas
one of the world's breadbaskets, producing wheat and corn
Pantanal
one of the world's largest tropical wetlands
oxisols
one way farmers can prevent erosion due to the formation of _____ is to apply fertilizers and lime, also known as calcium oxide
desertification
overgrazing of livestock and deforestation are major causes of _____ in South America
cordillera
parallel chains or ranges of mountains
Venezuela
rich in oil
transoceanic highway
route constructed to transport agricultural products from the Amazon river basin to ports in Peru
Atacama
so arid that in some places no rainfall has ever been recorded; along the Pacific coast of Chile and Peru
Pan-American Highway
stretches through Chile as it links many cities north to south
Peru
the country that has legalized the growing of the coc(o?)a plant
monoculture
the cultivation or growth of a single crop over a wide area for a consecutive number of years; depletes the soil of nutrients
agriulture
the early South American societies of the Moche, Mapuche, and Aymara were based primarily on ______
true
the llanos and the pampas are two grassland areas in South America
brain drain
the loss of highly educated and skilled workers to other countries
Venezuela
the major petroleum-exporting country in South America
the Atacama Desert
what is the sparsely populated desert along the coast of Peru and Chile?
brain drain
when highly educated and highly skilled workers emigrate to other countries, their native country suffers a ____
São Paulo, Brazil
with some 19 million residents, ______, is the most populous city in the Southern Hemisphere
amazon
worlds largest rainforest
amazon basin
Hundreds of smaller rivers join the Amazon as it flows from the Andes to the Atlantic Ocean, forming the _____
Atlantic
Less well known than the Amazon rain forest, the _____ Forest is also threatened and now covers less than 10% of its original area
Andean
Many ___ communities are located in the tierra fría.
agriculture
Moche, Mapuche, and Aymara—developed societies that were based primarily on ____
language, religion, dancing, architecture, music, art, food
How has South America's role as a cultural melting pot contributed to its unique cultural elements?
indigenous communities
Because the cordilleras have established natural barriers between surrounding areas, many _____ developed as isolated groups.
Amazon River
2nd largest in the world; begins in the headwaters of the Peruvian Andes, flows across the lowlands of the Amazon Basin in the interior of Brazil, and drains into the Atlantic Ocean
What are Moche, Mapuche and Aymara societies based on
Agriculture
grazing animals
Desertification also occurs in rangelands, which support a large population of _____such as cattle and sheep. Grazing livestock consume plants almost to ground level.
Why did indigenous people develop as isolated groups
Geographic barriers
high Andean
Herding llamas and alpacas occurs in the ____ regions.
They are sources of untreated sewage
How do favelas contribute to pollution?
plateau of Patagonia
In southern Argentina, hills and flatlands form the ______
soil erosion
Intensive farming, construction, logging, fires, and overgrazing all increase the rate of _____
deforestation
Paraguay has acted on environmental concerns by banning ____ in its eastern regions
Who prohibited deforestation in 2004
Paraguay passed a law that prohibits forested areas from being cut down and used for other purposes
highlands
People in the _____ subsist on potato, barley, and quinoa crops that grow well in this colder climate.
50%
Rain forests are home to about ____ of all the plant and animal species on Earth
lake Titicaca
Rapid growth of the el Alto, Bolivia, has resulted in the pollution of _____
Trans-Amazonian Highway
Route constructed to transport mineral and timber from the Amazon Rain Forest
Favelas
Slums in Brazil that are in urban areas. They were built by soldiers, today they cause issues such as pollution because of sewage.
diseases
The effects of epidemics caused by ____ introduced by the Europeans and the hardships of intensive labor on colonial plantations drastically reduced indigenous populations.
Who colonized S.A.
Spain, France, and Portugal
altiplano
Spanish for "high plain," a region in Peru and Bolivia encircled by the Andes
False
T/F Bc the Eastern Highlands of Brazil slope gently to the Atlantic Ocean, forming a peninsula, most Brazilians live along the coast
True
T/F The Amazon rain forest has more biodiversity per square mile than any other place on Earth
False
T/F The andes consist of altiplanos, or groups of several mountain ranges that run parallel to one another
False
T/F the tierra helada and the puna are the lowest vertical climate zones in South America
Amazon River
The Amazon Basin, located along the eastern base of the Andes, is the lowlands area drained by the ____
Where do most people live in S.A.
The Coastlines
roads
The Inca connected their vast empire with a network of ____ that extended throughout the empire. This allowed the Spanish conquerors to move quickly through the region
Andes
The ____ are the world's longest mountain chain.
altiplano
The ____ is an area that includes southeastern Peru and western Bolivia. It is the second-largest mountain plateau in the world.
have permanent ice and snow
The climate zones above the tree line in the Andes _____
why do people still settle in Andean highlands despite natural disasters?
The climates are cooler, the volcanic soil is good for agriculture, and natural resources are concentrated here.
Desertification and livestock
The livestock damages plants by eating them down to nearly ground level
spanish and Portuguese
Which two Europea groups were the first to colonize South America?
ranching
___ is widespread in grasslands of the south
Waterways
____ are important for the subregion's economic development because they provide ways to transport goods and people within and between the countries of South America.
Rapid deforestation
____ has resulted from rapid migration, makeshift housing, and industrial-scale mining operations
Soil erosion
____ in South America has diminished the ability of soils to produce food and vegetation.
Amazon
____ shelters more species of plants and animals per square mile than anywhere else on Earth.
El Niño
_____ creates unusually warm ocean conditions on the west coast that extend as far north as Ecuador and as far south as Chile.
forestry
_____ prevails in the Amazon Basin.
Tropical wet and tropical wet/dry
_____(rain forest) and ______ (savanna) are the predominant climates of eastern South America,
coastal regions
_____offer favorable climates, fertile land, and access to transportation.
Eastern Highlands
_____plunge to the Atlantic Ocean, forming a steep slope called an escarpment; presenting obstacles for inland development.
tierra helada and puna
____and the______, the highest vertical climate zones located above the tree line, are zones of permanent snow and ice on the peaks of the Andes.
brazil
a country in which most people speak Portuguese
Mato Grosso Plateau
a sparsely populated plateau of forests and grasslands extending across Brazil, Bolivia, and Peru.
escarpment
a steep cliff or slope between a higher and lower land surface
oxisol
a thick, weathered soil of the humid tropics that is largely depleted of fertility and nutrients
Brazilian Highlands
a vast area spanning several climate and vegetation zones; Warm climates and open spaces make them good for raising livestock.
monoculture
because it depletes the soil of nutrients, _______ is hard on the land and causes soil to lose fertility
mercury
because miners use _____ and other toxic compounds to separate gold from ore, high levels of _____ and cyanide pollution in rivers have been reported.
Trans-Amazonian Highway
built by Brazil to access the Amazon rain forest for developing timber and mineral resources
Machu Picchu
built by incas