Ch 9- South America

Predominant climate in South America

Usually wet and humid

gold

Venezuela's Orinoco River contain large amounts of____

Lake Titicaca

What South American lake lies on the border between Bolivia and Peru?

potato, barley, quinoa

What crops are grown in the Tierra Fria?

Inca

What early indigenous civilization dominated much of western South America?

a network of roads that connected the empire

What feature of the Inca Empire made it easier for the Spanish to conquer it?

Brain drain

When highly educated and highly skilled workers emigrate to other countries, their native country suffers

uneven development

condition in which some places do not benefit as much as others from social and economic advancement

Chile

copper

llaneros or gauchos

cowhands that drive herds across the rolling plains

Columbia

emeralds

llanos

fertile grasslands found in inland areas of Colombia and Venezuela

tierra templada

found in areas of Peru, Brazil, and Colombia

pampas

grassy, treeless plains of southern South America

illegal mining

has further damaged the natural land and water features of South America

amazon

he world's wettest tropical plain. Heavy rains drench the densely forested lowlands

by reducing the number of small organisms at the bottom of the food chain

how can el niño affect fishing?

the livestock damages plants by eating them down to nearly ground level

how can herding livestock lead to desertification?

illegal mining

in recent years, the potential wealth to be gained through _____ has caused deforestation and the pollution of waterways in Peru

quipu

knotted cords of various lengths and colors used by the Inca to keep financial records

peru

known for silver

Transoceanic Highway

link the Amazon River ports with Peru's ports on the Pacific to transport agricultural products to the global markets in Asia and Europe.

Trans-Andean Highway

links cities in Chile and Argentina east and west

Roman Catholic.

majority of South Americans are ____

pampas

one of the world's breadbaskets, producing wheat and corn

Pantanal

one of the world's largest tropical wetlands

oxisols

one way farmers can prevent erosion due to the formation of _____ is to apply fertilizers and lime, also known as calcium oxide

desertification

overgrazing of livestock and deforestation are major causes of _____ in South America

cordillera

parallel chains or ranges of mountains

Venezuela

rich in oil

transoceanic highway

route constructed to transport agricultural products from the Amazon river basin to ports in Peru

Atacama

so arid that in some places no rainfall has ever been recorded; along the Pacific coast of Chile and Peru

Pan-American Highway

stretches through Chile as it links many cities north to south

Peru

the country that has legalized the growing of the coc(o?)a plant

monoculture

the cultivation or growth of a single crop over a wide area for a consecutive number of years; depletes the soil of nutrients

agriulture

the early South American societies of the Moche, Mapuche, and Aymara were based primarily on ______

true

the llanos and the pampas are two grassland areas in South America

brain drain

the loss of highly educated and skilled workers to other countries

Venezuela

the major petroleum-exporting country in South America

the Atacama Desert

what is the sparsely populated desert along the coast of Peru and Chile?

brain drain

when highly educated and highly skilled workers emigrate to other countries, their native country suffers a ____

São Paulo, Brazil

with some 19 million residents, ______, is the most populous city in the Southern Hemisphere

amazon

worlds largest rainforest

amazon basin

Hundreds of smaller rivers join the Amazon as it flows from the Andes to the Atlantic Ocean, forming the _____

Atlantic

Less well known than the Amazon rain forest, the _____ Forest is also threatened and now covers less than 10% of its original area

Andean

Many ___ communities are located in the tierra fría.

agriculture

Moche, Mapuche, and Aymara—developed societies that were based primarily on ____

language, religion, dancing, architecture, music, art, food

How has South America's role as a cultural melting pot contributed to its unique cultural elements?

indigenous communities

Because the cordilleras have established natural barriers between surrounding areas, many _____ developed as isolated groups.

Amazon River

2nd largest in the world; begins in the headwaters of the Peruvian Andes, flows across the lowlands of the Amazon Basin in the interior of Brazil, and drains into the Atlantic Ocean

What are Moche, Mapuche and Aymara societies based on

Agriculture

grazing animals

Desertification also occurs in rangelands, which support a large population of _____such as cattle and sheep. Grazing livestock consume plants almost to ground level.

Why did indigenous people develop as isolated groups

Geographic barriers

high Andean

Herding llamas and alpacas occurs in the ____ regions.

They are sources of untreated sewage

How do favelas contribute to pollution?

plateau of Patagonia

In southern Argentina, hills and flatlands form the ______

soil erosion

Intensive farming, construction, logging, fires, and overgrazing all increase the rate of _____

deforestation

Paraguay has acted on environmental concerns by banning ____ in its eastern regions

Who prohibited deforestation in 2004

Paraguay passed a law that prohibits forested areas from being cut down and used for other purposes

highlands

People in the _____ subsist on potato, barley, and quinoa crops that grow well in this colder climate.

50%

Rain forests are home to about ____ of all the plant and animal species on Earth

lake Titicaca

Rapid growth of the el Alto, Bolivia, has resulted in the pollution of _____

Trans-Amazonian Highway

Route constructed to transport mineral and timber from the Amazon Rain Forest

Favelas

Slums in Brazil that are in urban areas. They were built by soldiers, today they cause issues such as pollution because of sewage.

diseases

The effects of epidemics caused by ____ introduced by the Europeans and the hardships of intensive labor on colonial plantations drastically reduced indigenous populations.

Who colonized S.A.

Spain, France, and Portugal

altiplano

Spanish for "high plain," a region in Peru and Bolivia encircled by the Andes

False

T/F Bc the Eastern Highlands of Brazil slope gently to the Atlantic Ocean, forming a peninsula, most Brazilians live along the coast

True

T/F The Amazon rain forest has more biodiversity per square mile than any other place on Earth

False

T/F The andes consist of altiplanos, or groups of several mountain ranges that run parallel to one another

False

T/F the tierra helada and the puna are the lowest vertical climate zones in South America

Amazon River

The Amazon Basin, located along the eastern base of the Andes, is the lowlands area drained by the ____

Where do most people live in S.A.

The Coastlines

roads

The Inca connected their vast empire with a network of ____ that extended throughout the empire. This allowed the Spanish conquerors to move quickly through the region

Andes

The ____ are the world's longest mountain chain.

altiplano

The ____ is an area that includes southeastern Peru and western Bolivia. It is the second-largest mountain plateau in the world.

have permanent ice and snow

The climate zones above the tree line in the Andes _____

why do people still settle in Andean highlands despite natural disasters?

The climates are cooler, the volcanic soil is good for agriculture, and natural resources are concentrated here.

Desertification and livestock

The livestock damages plants by eating them down to nearly ground level

spanish and Portuguese

Which two Europea groups were the first to colonize South America?

ranching

___ is widespread in grasslands of the south

Waterways

____ are important for the subregion's economic development because they provide ways to transport goods and people within and between the countries of South America.

Rapid deforestation

____ has resulted from rapid migration, makeshift housing, and industrial-scale mining operations

Soil erosion

____ in South America has diminished the ability of soils to produce food and vegetation.

Amazon

____ shelters more species of plants and animals per square mile than anywhere else on Earth.

El Niño

_____ creates unusually warm ocean conditions on the west coast that extend as far north as Ecuador and as far south as Chile.

forestry

_____ prevails in the Amazon Basin.

Tropical wet and tropical wet/dry

_____(rain forest) and ______ (savanna) are the predominant climates of eastern South America,

coastal regions

_____offer favorable climates, fertile land, and access to transportation.

Eastern Highlands

_____plunge to the Atlantic Ocean, forming a steep slope called an escarpment; presenting obstacles for inland development.

tierra helada and puna

____and the______, the highest vertical climate zones located above the tree line, are zones of permanent snow and ice on the peaks of the Andes.

brazil

a country in which most people speak Portuguese

Mato Grosso Plateau

a sparsely populated plateau of forests and grasslands extending across Brazil, Bolivia, and Peru.

escarpment

a steep cliff or slope between a higher and lower land surface

oxisol

a thick, weathered soil of the humid tropics that is largely depleted of fertility and nutrients

Brazilian Highlands

a vast area spanning several climate and vegetation zones; Warm climates and open spaces make them good for raising livestock.

monoculture

because it depletes the soil of nutrients, _______ is hard on the land and causes soil to lose fertility

mercury

because miners use _____ and other toxic compounds to separate gold from ore, high levels of _____ and cyanide pollution in rivers have been reported.

Trans-Amazonian Highway

built by Brazil to access the Amazon rain forest for developing timber and mineral resources

Machu Picchu

built by incas