Ch.11 PSYCH

A person who experiences stereotype ______ is well aware of stereotypical expectations for him or her as a member of a group.

threat

Which of the following is a circumstance in which researchers would not expect attitudes to guide behavior?

When the person's attitudes changed recently

Which of the following features were participants accurate at detecting or determining, based on viewing a photograph, having a brief interaction, or only watching brief video clips? (Select all that apply.)

A person's sexual orientation A person's romantic interest in the participant A person's propensity for violence

Women in science and math settings may perform more poorly because the self-fulfilling prophesy, in the form of_____________ , took their attention.

Blank 1: stereotype Blank 2: threat

Shelby's friends congratulate her on the beautiful cake she baked for an upcoming party. Shelby says that the cake was easy to make because she read the recipe carefully and allowed herself plenty of time to get it made. Shelby is attributing her success at baking the cake to a(n) _____ cause.

controllable

Altruism is which of the following?

Giving aid to another person, even if it incurs a cost to oneself

is a type of thinking in which group members share such a strong motivation to achieve consensus that they lose the ability to critically evaluate alternate points of view.

Groupthink or group think

cultures value personal accomplishments, differences, and uniqueness.

Individualistic or Individualist

Critics of _____psychology theory argue that humans have the decision-making ability to change their gender behavior and are not locked in to past behavior patterns.

evolutionary

The_______ perspective of reciprocity is to secure the survival of the family's genes, even if the helped individual isn't actually family.

evolutionary or evolution

Social _____ is when an individual's performance improves in the presence of others.

facilitation

_______are cognitive shortcuts that enable us to make decisions rapidly.

heuristics

The influence other people have on us because we want to be correct is referred to as _____.

informational social influence

_____ is a key aspect of altruistic behavior.

Reciprocity

Person perception is which of the following?

The processes by which we use social stimuli to form impressions of others

In Milgram's classic obedience study, what percentage of participants eventually used the highest setting on the shock generator -- 450 volts -- to shock the learner?

65 percent

Which of the following features was not one that participants were accurate at detecting or determining, based on viewing a photograph, having a brief interaction, or only watching brief video clips?

A person's artistic ability

_______refers to the processes by which we use social stimuli to form impressions of others.

Blank 1: Person Blank 2: perception

_______is the area of social psychology that explores how people select, interpret, remember, and use social information.

Blank 1: Social Blank 2: cognition

The_______ effect means that the more we encounter someone (or something), the more likely we are to start liking the person or thing.

Blank 1: mere Blank 2: exposure

Modifying attitudes, rationalizing attitudes, and/or changing behavior are all ways to reduce what?

Cognitive dissonance

What is the term for the conflict that occurs when a person holds two contradictory attitudes?

Cognitive dissonance

cultures value the group and cooperation.

Collectivistic or Collectivist

What type of love occurs later in a relationship and is characterized by strong affection we have for those with whom our lives are deeply involved?

Companionate love

Which of the following are contributing factors in prejudice?

Competition for resources that are scarce Feeling bad about oneself Cultural learning

______involves giving to another person to ensure reciprocity, to gain self-esteem, or to present oneself as powerful or caring, Multiple choice question. Stability

Egoism

Which of the following is an example of mere exposure?

Finding a person attractive because you bump into him or her frequently

_____ is a type of thinking in which group members share such a strong motivation to achieve consensus that they lose the ability to critically evaluate alternate points of view.

Groupthink

social influence is the influence that other people have on us because we want them to like and approve of us.

Normative

Groupthink is more likely to occur when the group does which of the following?

Overestimates their power and morality

identity is a way individuals define themselves in terms of their group membership.

Social

_____ states that the way we define ourselves in terms of our group memberships is a crucial part of self-image and a valuable source of positive feelings about ourselves.

Social identity theory

______threat is one's fear of being judged based on a negative stereotype about his or her group.

Stereotype

True or false: Happy people are more likely than unhappy people to help others.

True

True or false: The physical attractiveness of an individual delivering a message can affect how persuasive the message is.

True

When are attitudes more likely to guide behavior? (Select all that apply.)

When a person is very aware of his or her own attitudes When a person has strong attitudes When a person rehearses and practices his or her strong attitudes

The expectation of reciprocity _____.

can encourage altruism

We all adhere to the rules and norms of society to some degree. The fact that we attend work or school clothed, rather than nude, is an example of

conformity

Heuristics are cognitive shortcuts that enable us to make_______ rapidly.

decisions, judgments, or choices

The term is used to describe a process that occurs when being part of a group reduces personal identity and erodes the sense of personal responsibility. One explanation for this is that being a group member gives us anonymity.

deindividuation

To reduce dissonance by rationalizing the amount of effort we put into something is called _____.

effort justification

The _____ likelihood model theory identifies two ways by which a message can be persuasive.

elaboration

The_____ likelihood model theory identifies two ways by which a message can be persuasive.

elaboration

Social occurs when an individual's performance improves due to the presence of others.

facilitation

The_______ attribution error is the tendency to explain the behavior of others in terms of their personalities rather than aspects of the situation.

fundamental

The _____ may be explained by the fact that when making attributions about someone, the immediate environment is more stable and less attention-grabbing than the observed person's behavior.

fundamental attribution error

The tendency for observers to overestimate the importance of internal traits and underestimate the importance of external situations when they seek explanations is referred to as ______.

fundamental attribution error

Matt sees a painting that Ben painted and says that the painting is good because Ben is a talented artist. Matt is attributing Ben's work on the painting.to a(n) _____ cause.

internal

When several students are assigned to do a group presentation, only three of the four actually do the required work. A social psychologist would refer to this as social

loafing

Group effect is the solidification and further strengthening of an individual's position as a consequence of a group discussion.

polarization

Evolutionary psychologists focus on gender differences in the accounting of attraction. The goal for both sexes is to _____.

procreate

The _____ refers to the tendency to take credit for one's own successes and to deny responsibility for one's own failures.

self-serving bias

When someone is asked to identify themselves and they answer with the religious or ethnic group affiliations, this is stating their identity.

social

Sierra arrives at work late but states that it isn't her fault because there was a car accident on the highway. Sierra is attributing her lateness to a(n) _____ cause.

uncontrollable

Bill pays for Madeline's lunch and seems very happy. Madeline thinks to herself, "Bill must be in an unusually good mood today." Madeline is attributing Bill's behavior to a(n) _____ cause.

unstable

_____love is also called companionate love, and it occurs when an individual has a deep, caring affection for another.

Affectionate

love is also called companionate love, and it occurs when an individual has a deep, caring affection for another.

Affectionate

______is giving aid to another person with the ultimate goal of benefiting that person, even if it incurs a cost to oneself.

Altruism

Which of the following summarizes the evolutionary psychology explanation of altruistic behavior?

Altruism is more likely to occur among family members, so helping a relative also means promoting the survival of the family's genes.

Which of the following is an example of the fundamental attribution error?

Antonio almost hit you with his car in the parking lot because he's a jerk, not because he couldn't see around a blind corner.

______are evaluations of people behaviors, beliefs, and concepts.

Attitudes, Attitude, Atitudes, or Atitude

______theory seeks to explain how we decide, on the basis of samples of an individual's behavior, what the specific causes of that person's behavior are.

Attribution

What is the tendency for individuals to not help someone in need if other people are around?

Bystander effect

Which of the following are ways to reduce cognitive dissonance? (Select all that apply.)

Change the behavior causing the dissonance. Change the attitude causing the dissonance.

Critics of evolutionary psychology theory cite which of the following findings to bolster their criticism of evolutionary theory in attraction? (Select all that apply.)

Cross-cultural variation in gender behavior Variation in mate preference

occurs when being part of a group reduces personal identity and erodes a sense of personal responsibility.

Deindividuation

_____ is a feeling of oneness with the emotional state of another person.

Empathy

______ can produce altruistic behavior even toward members of rival groups.

Empathy

psychologists focus on gender differences in the accounting of attraction. The goal for both sexes, by this account, is to procreate.

Evolutionary

Which type of psychology researchers have used personal ads as evidence of sex-based differences in mate selection?

Evolutionary psychologists

True or false: When research participants were in a room filling with smoke, they were less likely to get help if they were alone than if another bystander was present.

False

When people tend to explain behavior in terms of personalities, rather than the situation, this refers to which of the following?

Fundamental attribution error

is a change in behavior in response to the commands of others.

Obedience

is behavior that complies with the explicit demands of the individual in authority.

Obedience

What type of love is a state of intense absorption in someone that includes intense physiological arousal?

Passionate

What would a social psychologist be most likely to study?

Personal attitudes and the perception of others

_______involves trying to change someone's attitudes and/or behavior.

Persuasion

love is also called passionate love and has strong components of sexuality and infatuation.

Romantic

What is the term for expectations about a future event or behavior that act to increase the likelihood that the event or behavior will occur?

Self-fulfilling prophecies

If people think that members of a specific group lack ambition, they may treat them in a way that actually brings about a lack of ambition. What does this illustrate?

Self-fulfilling prophecy

Pam's new friend is a librarian, so Pam assumes that she is intellectual, politically liberal, shy, not very social, and probably a vegetarian. What does Pam's thinking on this describe?

Stereotyping

Ethnocentrism involves which of the following? (Select all that apply.)

Taking pride in one's group Encouraging in-group/out-group thinking Asserting one's group as superior over other groups

What is the definition of social psychology?

The study of how people think about, influence, and relate to other people

Attribution theory is which of the following?

The view that people are motivated to discover the underlying causes of behavior, theirs as well as others

Social cognition is which of the following?

The way in which individuals think in social situations

In "smoke-filled room" studies, smoke billowed from a vent in a room. If the research participant in the room was _____, he or she was more likely to get help quickly. If the participant was ____, he or she was likely to either take much longer to get help or not get help at all.

alone; with another bystander

In the field of social psychology, the term________ describes an opinion or perspective that someone has towards a person, a behavior, a belief or a concept.

attitude, attitudes, atitude, or atitudes

In an effort to maximize our sense of self-esteem, we may come to think that our own group (in-group) is _____ groups to which we don't belong (out-groups).

better than

The self-serving_______ refers to the tendency to take credit for one's own successes and to deny responsibility for one's own failures.

bias

Cognitive________ is the conflict that occurs when a person holds two contradictory attitudes or thoughts.

dissonance

Elaina complained to her best friend that she lost the spelling bee because the judges were unfair and gave her all of the harder words to spell. Elaina is attributing her performance in the spelling bee to a(n) _____ cause

external

Elaina complained to her best friend that she lost the spelling bee because the judges were unfair and gave her all of the harder words to spell. Elaina is attributing her performance in the spelling bee to a(n) _____ cause.

external

Communicators who are physically and socially attractive produce _____ attitude change compared to those who are less attractive.

greater

To reduce dissonance by rationalizing the amount of effort we put into something is called effort______

justification

The bystander effect makes it _________(more/less) likely an individual will help someone in need when other people are around.

less

The influence other people have on us because we want them to like us is ____.

normative social influence

Evolutionary psychologists propose that sex differences in mate selection relate to biological differences in the production of offspring. Evolutionary psychologists have used _____ as evidence of these evolutionary differences.

personal ads

Social loafing occurs when an individual exerts less effort in a group because of the (increased/reduced) accountability for individual effort.

reduced

Noah sees a man in a store yelling at the cashier and thinks, "That guy is a mean jerk." Noah is attributing the man's behavior to a(n) _____ cause.

stable

A______ is a generalization about a group's characteristics that does not consider any differences.

stereotype

Checking a box that asks respondents to indicate their ethnicity can, in turn, activate _____.

stereotype threat