Ch.11 PSYCH
A person who experiences stereotype ______ is well aware of stereotypical expectations for him or her as a member of a group.
threat
Which of the following is a circumstance in which researchers would not expect attitudes to guide behavior?
When the person's attitudes changed recently
Which of the following features were participants accurate at detecting or determining, based on viewing a photograph, having a brief interaction, or only watching brief video clips? (Select all that apply.)
A person's sexual orientation A person's romantic interest in the participant A person's propensity for violence
Women in science and math settings may perform more poorly because the self-fulfilling prophesy, in the form of_____________ , took their attention.
Blank 1: stereotype Blank 2: threat
Shelby's friends congratulate her on the beautiful cake she baked for an upcoming party. Shelby says that the cake was easy to make because she read the recipe carefully and allowed herself plenty of time to get it made. Shelby is attributing her success at baking the cake to a(n) _____ cause.
controllable
Altruism is which of the following?
Giving aid to another person, even if it incurs a cost to oneself
is a type of thinking in which group members share such a strong motivation to achieve consensus that they lose the ability to critically evaluate alternate points of view.
Groupthink or group think
cultures value personal accomplishments, differences, and uniqueness.
Individualistic or Individualist
Critics of _____psychology theory argue that humans have the decision-making ability to change their gender behavior and are not locked in to past behavior patterns.
evolutionary
The_______ perspective of reciprocity is to secure the survival of the family's genes, even if the helped individual isn't actually family.
evolutionary or evolution
Social _____ is when an individual's performance improves in the presence of others.
facilitation
_______are cognitive shortcuts that enable us to make decisions rapidly.
heuristics
The influence other people have on us because we want to be correct is referred to as _____.
informational social influence
_____ is a key aspect of altruistic behavior.
Reciprocity
Person perception is which of the following?
The processes by which we use social stimuli to form impressions of others
In Milgram's classic obedience study, what percentage of participants eventually used the highest setting on the shock generator -- 450 volts -- to shock the learner?
65 percent
Which of the following features was not one that participants were accurate at detecting or determining, based on viewing a photograph, having a brief interaction, or only watching brief video clips?
A person's artistic ability
_______refers to the processes by which we use social stimuli to form impressions of others.
Blank 1: Person Blank 2: perception
_______is the area of social psychology that explores how people select, interpret, remember, and use social information.
Blank 1: Social Blank 2: cognition
The_______ effect means that the more we encounter someone (or something), the more likely we are to start liking the person or thing.
Blank 1: mere Blank 2: exposure
Modifying attitudes, rationalizing attitudes, and/or changing behavior are all ways to reduce what?
Cognitive dissonance
What is the term for the conflict that occurs when a person holds two contradictory attitudes?
Cognitive dissonance
cultures value the group and cooperation.
Collectivistic or Collectivist
What type of love occurs later in a relationship and is characterized by strong affection we have for those with whom our lives are deeply involved?
Companionate love
Which of the following are contributing factors in prejudice?
Competition for resources that are scarce Feeling bad about oneself Cultural learning
______involves giving to another person to ensure reciprocity, to gain self-esteem, or to present oneself as powerful or caring, Multiple choice question. Stability
Egoism
Which of the following is an example of mere exposure?
Finding a person attractive because you bump into him or her frequently
_____ is a type of thinking in which group members share such a strong motivation to achieve consensus that they lose the ability to critically evaluate alternate points of view.
Groupthink
social influence is the influence that other people have on us because we want them to like and approve of us.
Normative
Groupthink is more likely to occur when the group does which of the following?
Overestimates their power and morality
identity is a way individuals define themselves in terms of their group membership.
Social
_____ states that the way we define ourselves in terms of our group memberships is a crucial part of self-image and a valuable source of positive feelings about ourselves.
Social identity theory
______threat is one's fear of being judged based on a negative stereotype about his or her group.
Stereotype
True or false: Happy people are more likely than unhappy people to help others.
True
True or false: The physical attractiveness of an individual delivering a message can affect how persuasive the message is.
True
When are attitudes more likely to guide behavior? (Select all that apply.)
When a person is very aware of his or her own attitudes When a person has strong attitudes When a person rehearses and practices his or her strong attitudes
The expectation of reciprocity _____.
can encourage altruism
We all adhere to the rules and norms of society to some degree. The fact that we attend work or school clothed, rather than nude, is an example of
conformity
Heuristics are cognitive shortcuts that enable us to make_______ rapidly.
decisions, judgments, or choices
The term is used to describe a process that occurs when being part of a group reduces personal identity and erodes the sense of personal responsibility. One explanation for this is that being a group member gives us anonymity.
deindividuation
To reduce dissonance by rationalizing the amount of effort we put into something is called _____.
effort justification
The _____ likelihood model theory identifies two ways by which a message can be persuasive.
elaboration
The_____ likelihood model theory identifies two ways by which a message can be persuasive.
elaboration
Social occurs when an individual's performance improves due to the presence of others.
facilitation
The_______ attribution error is the tendency to explain the behavior of others in terms of their personalities rather than aspects of the situation.
fundamental
The _____ may be explained by the fact that when making attributions about someone, the immediate environment is more stable and less attention-grabbing than the observed person's behavior.
fundamental attribution error
The tendency for observers to overestimate the importance of internal traits and underestimate the importance of external situations when they seek explanations is referred to as ______.
fundamental attribution error
Matt sees a painting that Ben painted and says that the painting is good because Ben is a talented artist. Matt is attributing Ben's work on the painting.to a(n) _____ cause.
internal
When several students are assigned to do a group presentation, only three of the four actually do the required work. A social psychologist would refer to this as social
loafing
Group effect is the solidification and further strengthening of an individual's position as a consequence of a group discussion.
polarization
Evolutionary psychologists focus on gender differences in the accounting of attraction. The goal for both sexes is to _____.
procreate
The _____ refers to the tendency to take credit for one's own successes and to deny responsibility for one's own failures.
self-serving bias
When someone is asked to identify themselves and they answer with the religious or ethnic group affiliations, this is stating their identity.
social
Sierra arrives at work late but states that it isn't her fault because there was a car accident on the highway. Sierra is attributing her lateness to a(n) _____ cause.
uncontrollable
Bill pays for Madeline's lunch and seems very happy. Madeline thinks to herself, "Bill must be in an unusually good mood today." Madeline is attributing Bill's behavior to a(n) _____ cause.
unstable
_____love is also called companionate love, and it occurs when an individual has a deep, caring affection for another.
Affectionate
love is also called companionate love, and it occurs when an individual has a deep, caring affection for another.
Affectionate
______is giving aid to another person with the ultimate goal of benefiting that person, even if it incurs a cost to oneself.
Altruism
Which of the following summarizes the evolutionary psychology explanation of altruistic behavior?
Altruism is more likely to occur among family members, so helping a relative also means promoting the survival of the family's genes.
Which of the following is an example of the fundamental attribution error?
Antonio almost hit you with his car in the parking lot because he's a jerk, not because he couldn't see around a blind corner.
______are evaluations of people behaviors, beliefs, and concepts.
Attitudes, Attitude, Atitudes, or Atitude
______theory seeks to explain how we decide, on the basis of samples of an individual's behavior, what the specific causes of that person's behavior are.
Attribution
What is the tendency for individuals to not help someone in need if other people are around?
Bystander effect
Which of the following are ways to reduce cognitive dissonance? (Select all that apply.)
Change the behavior causing the dissonance. Change the attitude causing the dissonance.
Critics of evolutionary psychology theory cite which of the following findings to bolster their criticism of evolutionary theory in attraction? (Select all that apply.)
Cross-cultural variation in gender behavior Variation in mate preference
occurs when being part of a group reduces personal identity and erodes a sense of personal responsibility.
Deindividuation
_____ is a feeling of oneness with the emotional state of another person.
Empathy
______ can produce altruistic behavior even toward members of rival groups.
Empathy
psychologists focus on gender differences in the accounting of attraction. The goal for both sexes, by this account, is to procreate.
Evolutionary
Which type of psychology researchers have used personal ads as evidence of sex-based differences in mate selection?
Evolutionary psychologists
True or false: When research participants were in a room filling with smoke, they were less likely to get help if they were alone than if another bystander was present.
False
When people tend to explain behavior in terms of personalities, rather than the situation, this refers to which of the following?
Fundamental attribution error
is a change in behavior in response to the commands of others.
Obedience
is behavior that complies with the explicit demands of the individual in authority.
Obedience
What type of love is a state of intense absorption in someone that includes intense physiological arousal?
Passionate
What would a social psychologist be most likely to study?
Personal attitudes and the perception of others
_______involves trying to change someone's attitudes and/or behavior.
Persuasion
love is also called passionate love and has strong components of sexuality and infatuation.
Romantic
What is the term for expectations about a future event or behavior that act to increase the likelihood that the event or behavior will occur?
Self-fulfilling prophecies
If people think that members of a specific group lack ambition, they may treat them in a way that actually brings about a lack of ambition. What does this illustrate?
Self-fulfilling prophecy
Pam's new friend is a librarian, so Pam assumes that she is intellectual, politically liberal, shy, not very social, and probably a vegetarian. What does Pam's thinking on this describe?
Stereotyping
Ethnocentrism involves which of the following? (Select all that apply.)
Taking pride in one's group Encouraging in-group/out-group thinking Asserting one's group as superior over other groups
What is the definition of social psychology?
The study of how people think about, influence, and relate to other people
Attribution theory is which of the following?
The view that people are motivated to discover the underlying causes of behavior, theirs as well as others
Social cognition is which of the following?
The way in which individuals think in social situations
In "smoke-filled room" studies, smoke billowed from a vent in a room. If the research participant in the room was _____, he or she was more likely to get help quickly. If the participant was ____, he or she was likely to either take much longer to get help or not get help at all.
alone; with another bystander
In the field of social psychology, the term________ describes an opinion or perspective that someone has towards a person, a behavior, a belief or a concept.
attitude, attitudes, atitude, or atitudes
In an effort to maximize our sense of self-esteem, we may come to think that our own group (in-group) is _____ groups to which we don't belong (out-groups).
better than
The self-serving_______ refers to the tendency to take credit for one's own successes and to deny responsibility for one's own failures.
bias
Cognitive________ is the conflict that occurs when a person holds two contradictory attitudes or thoughts.
dissonance
Elaina complained to her best friend that she lost the spelling bee because the judges were unfair and gave her all of the harder words to spell. Elaina is attributing her performance in the spelling bee to a(n) _____ cause
external
Elaina complained to her best friend that she lost the spelling bee because the judges were unfair and gave her all of the harder words to spell. Elaina is attributing her performance in the spelling bee to a(n) _____ cause.
external
Communicators who are physically and socially attractive produce _____ attitude change compared to those who are less attractive.
greater
To reduce dissonance by rationalizing the amount of effort we put into something is called effort______
justification
The bystander effect makes it _________(more/less) likely an individual will help someone in need when other people are around.
less
The influence other people have on us because we want them to like us is ____.
normative social influence
Evolutionary psychologists propose that sex differences in mate selection relate to biological differences in the production of offspring. Evolutionary psychologists have used _____ as evidence of these evolutionary differences.
personal ads
Social loafing occurs when an individual exerts less effort in a group because of the (increased/reduced) accountability for individual effort.
reduced
Noah sees a man in a store yelling at the cashier and thinks, "That guy is a mean jerk." Noah is attributing the man's behavior to a(n) _____ cause.
stable
A______ is a generalization about a group's characteristics that does not consider any differences.
stereotype
Checking a box that asks respondents to indicate their ethnicity can, in turn, activate _____.
stereotype threat
