CH22 The Respiratory System

Which equation represents the alveolar ventilation rate?

(volume of air inhaled - dead space) x (respiratory rate)

Which condition would make oxygen toxic to the body?

100% oxygen at 3.0 ATM for 1 hour

About how much air is in the anatomic dead space?

150mL

Hemoglobin is composed of how many subunits?

4

How many oxygen molecules are bound to a fully loaded hemoglobin molecule?

4

What is the normal systemic arterial blood value for PCO2?

40 mm Hg

How long is the pharynx?

5 inches

An average tidal volume is about ______ mL of air.

500

A normal total lung capacity would be ______ mL of air.

6000

What is the normal systemic arterial blood gas value for PO2?

95 mm Hg

Which term refers to an acid-base imbalance in which the blood pH is lower than 7.35?

Acidosis

_________ is a general term for a drop in the pH of blood below 7.35.

Acidosis

Which term refers to an acid-base imbalance in which the blood pH is higher than 7.45?

Alkalosis

Which term refers to the exchange of gases across the respiratory membrane?

Alveolar gas exchange

The respiratory division of the respiratory system includes which of the following?

Alveoli

Where is the trachea located?

Anterior to the esophagus

How is most carbon dioxide transported in the blood?

As bicarbonate

Which term refers to the collapse of part or all of a lung?

Atelectasis

______ is the collapse of a lobe or lung due to equalizing the intrapleural and atmospheric pressure.

Atelectasis

Why does air flow into the lungs during inspiration?

Atmospheric pressure is greater than intrapulmonary pressure, and air flows toward the lower pressure area.

Carbon dioxide is transported in different forms in the blood. What is the most common form?

Bicarbonate ion

What occurs during the "chloride shift" in red blood cells?

Bicarbonate ions are transported out of the RBC. Chloride ions are transported into the RBC.

According to this figure, most of the carbon dioxide you exhale comes from which of the following?

Bicarbonate ions transported into the RBCs and used to generate free CO2.

Oxygen is unloaded in the body tissues because the affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen is lower in the systemic capillaries (compared to its affinity in the alveolar capillaries). Which factor contributes to this?

Binding of the first oxygen molecule to hemoglobin facilitates the binding of additional oxygen, so the midportion of the curve becomes steeper.

As the volume of a closed container decreases, the pressure of the gas within it increases. This is an example of which gas law?

Boyle's Law

Where are the respiratory control centers located?

Brainstem

Which are components of the lower respiratory tract?

Bronchi Alveoli Trachea

Airway resistance in the lungs is usually controlled by changing the diameter of which of the following?

Bronchioles

Why is carbon monoxide a serious health threat?

CO competes with oxygen for the same binding site.

______ are a group of lung diseases (asthma, chronic bronchitis, and emphysema) that result in long-term obstruction of airflow and substantially reduced pulmonary ventilation.

COPDs

Which is true about carbon dioxide loading?

Carbonic anhydrase catalyzes the conversion of CO2 and H20 into bicarbonate and hydrogen ions.

What compound is formed when carbon monoxide binds to hemoglobin?

Carboxyhemoglobin

Which factor is typically responsible for setting the respiratory rate in healthy individuals?

Cerebrospinal fluid pH

You place an empty, sealed plastic bottle in the freezer. When you remove the bottle 4 hours later it has collapsed. This is an example of which gas law?

Charles's Law

Which is a chronic obstructive pulmonary disease characterized by damaged and immobilized respiratory cilia, excessive mucus secretion, infection of the lower respiratory tract, and bronchial inflammation?

Chronic bronchitis

Irritants in the lower respiratory system may stimulate which of the following?

Coughing

A bluish color of the skin and mucous membranes due to ischemia or hypoxemia is called

Cyanosis

______ Law states that the total pressure of a gas mixture is equal to the sum of the individual partial pressures of gases.

Dalton's

Identify the forms in which carbon dioxide is transported in the blood.

Dissolved gas Carbaminohemoglobin Bicarbonate ion

Long term of inhalation of cigarette smoke often leads to ________, a COPD that is characterized by a loss of alveolar surface area.

Emphysema

Which is a degenerative lung disease characterized by a breakdown of alveoli and diminishing surface area available for gas exchange?

Emphysema

Select two examples of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease from the list below.

Emphysema Chronic bronchitis

Airflow alternates through the right and left nasal fossa in response to the engorgement of which of the following?

Erectile tissue

Which term refers to relaxed, quiet breathing?

Eupnea

T/F: The volume of anatomical dead space cannot be changed and does not vary with circumstances within a given individual

False

True or false: All of the oxygen transported in the blood is usually unloaded at a systemic capillary.

False

True or false: Intrapleural pressure is always greater than atmospheric pressure.

False

True or false: The majority of dissolved carbon dioxide in the blood is transported as carbaminohemoglobin.

False

True or false: The pleural cavity contains the lungs.

False

True or false: The residual volume may be exhaled with a forceful expiration.

False

A person expelling air while yelling is performing which type of breathing?

Forced

Which respiratory volume takes into consideration the rate at which air is exhaled?

Forced expiratory volume

Which term refers to the volume of air (or percentage of the vital capacity) that can be exhaled in a specific amount of time?

Forced expiratory volume

The respiratory system does which of the following?

Functions in vocalization and speech.Supplies the body with oxygen.Plays a role in regulating blood pressure.Assists in the removal of carbon dioxide. Match each respiratory volume

Which hormones promote oxygen delivery to tissues by stimulating bisphosphoglycerate (BPG) synthesis?

Growth hormone Testosterone Thyroxine Epinephrine

Deoxygenated blood can carry more carbon dioxide, whereas oxygenated blood has a lower carbon dioxide carrying capacity. This phenomenon is known as the _________ effect.

Haldane

______ law states that the amount of gas dissolved in water is determined by its solubility in the fluid and the partial pressure of the gas in the surrounding air.

Henry's

Soda is bottled under high pressure so that more carbon dioxide will dissolve in the drink. When you open the bottle, you suddenly decrease the pressure and the carbon dioxide comes bubbling out of solution. This is a practical example of which law?

Henry's law

Peripheral chemoreceptors trigger an increase in ventilation in response to which of the following?

High levels of blood CO2

Which term refers to an excess of carbon dioxide in the blood?

Hypercapnia

The normal PCO2 of arterial blood is between 37 and 43 mm Hg. Which term refers to a PCO2 of less than 37 mm Hg?

Hypocapnia

Which type of hypoxia can be caused by decreased oxygen availability at high altitudes or by drowning?

Hypoxemic

Which form of hypoxia would result from carbon monoxide poisoning?

Hypoxemic hypoxia

Match each type of hypoxia to its cause.

Hypoxemic hypoxia: inadequate pulmonary gas exchange. Ischemic hypoxia: inadequate circulation of blood. Anemic hypoxia: inability of the blood to carry adequate oxygen due to anemia. Histotoxic hypoxia: metabolic poison prevents tissues from using the oxygen delivered to them.

Which term refers to a deficiency of oxygen in a tissue?

Hypoxia

Which factors that would decrease the affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen?

Increased temperature Increased bisphosphoglycerate production by RBC

In a healthy individual, which of these volumes would have the greatest numerical value?

Inspiratory reserve volume

As the thoracic cavity expands, the visceral pleura clings to the parietal pleura, and the surface of the lung is pulled outward. Why does this increase in lung volume cause inspiration?

Intrapulmonary pressure is temporarily lower than atmospheric pressure.

Which best describes the action of carbonic anhydrase?

It converts carbon dioxide and water to carbonic acid which dissociates into bicarbonate and hydrogen ions.

Which statements are true about pleural fluid?

It is a slippery film in the pleural cavity. It reduces friction during breathing.

The trachea, primary bronchi and the alveolar sacs all belong to which of the following?

Lower respiratory tract

Which two factors contribute most to airflow resistance? Select two answers below.

Lung compliance, Diameter of the bronchioles

Which of these occurs during exhalation?

Lung volumes decrease and intrapulmonary pressure increases.

Which structures are part of the conducting zone of the respiratory system?

Main bronchi Trachea Larynx Pharynx

Which locations contain the brainstem respiratory centers?

Medulla oblongata Pons

The Bohr effect occurs because CO2 lowers the pH of the blood, which facilitates the unloading of oxygen from hemoglobin. Given this, what is the physiological significance of the Bohr effect?

More oxygen is released to tissues that have higher metabolic rates

Active tissues are warmer than less active ones. Based on that information and the graph shown here, which of the following statements is true?

More oxygen will be delivered to more active tissues.

Which best defines alveolar gas exchange?

Movement of oxygen and carbon dioxide across the respiratory membrane

Which are components of the upper respiratory tract?

Nasal cavity Larynx Pharynx

Which section of the pharynx acts as a passageway for air, but not for food?

Nasopharynx

Which gas has the greatest partial pressure in inspired air?

Nitrogen

What are the four predominant components of inspired air? Select four options from the list below.

Nitrogen Water vapor Carbon dioxide Oxygen

Which describes the respiratory cycle?

One complete inspiration and expiration

Clinically, cyanosis is very important because it indicates which underlying physiological problem?

Oxygen deficiency

Bisphosphoglycerate (BPG) promotes which of the following?

Oxygen unloading

Which term is used to describe hemoglobin with only one molecule of oxygen bound to it?

Oxyhemoglobin

Match each of the following to its description.

Oxyhemoglobin - hemoglobin with one or more oxygen molecules bound to it. Deoxyhemoglobin - hemoglobin with no oxygen bound to it. Carboxyhemoglobin - hemoglobin with carbon monoxide bound to it. Carbaminohemoglobin - compound of hemoglobin and carbon dioxide.

Hypoxic drive refers to a condition where the respiratory centers of the brainstem respond to which of the following?

PO2 of arterial blood

Which term refers to the layer of serous membrane that lines the mediastinum, the inner surfaces of the rib cage, and the superior surface of the diaphragm?

Parietal pleura

Which term refers to the pressure that each individual gas in a mixture would exert if the other gases were not present?

Partial pressure

Which segment of the respiratory system extends from the choanae to the larynx and functions as a passageway for air, food, and drink?

Pharynx

Which are considered principal organs of the respiratory system?

Pharynx Lungs Larynx Trachea

Which includes all of the regions of the airway incapable of gas exchange, including both conducting zones and respiratory zones that have been damaged by disease?

Physiological dead space

Which is often increased in individuals with pulmonary disease?

Physiological dead space

What is the serous membrane that encloses each lung?

Pleura

Which term refers to the potential space between the visceral and parietal pleurae?

Pleural cavity

Which condition is defined by the presence of air within the pleural cavity?

Pneumothorax

What is the function of pulmonary surfactant?

Prevents collapse of bronchioles

Besides keeping food out of the airway, the larynx is also responsible for which of the following?

Producing speech

With the exception of the vestibule, the nasal cavity is lined with which type of tissue?

Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium

Which term describes the ease with which lung tissue expands during breathing?

Pulmonary compliance

An inactive person, unconscious of their respiratory rate, is performing which type of breathing?

Quiet

Which is a function of the pleural fluid?

Reduces friction between membranes

Which term refers to the volume of air remaining in lungs after maximum exhalation?

Residual volume

The functional residual capacity is obtained by adding together which of the following respiratory volumes?

Residual volume Expiratory reserve volume

How is the functional residual capacity calculated?

Residual volume + expiratory reserve volume (RV + ERV)

What is the correct formula for calculating total lung capacity?

Residual volume+vital capacity

The nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, and lungs are the principal organs of which system?

Respiratory

Which term refers to one complete breath, in and out?

Respiratory cycle

Where does the diffusion of oxygen from the alveoli into the blood occur?

Respiratory division

The pleurae are which type of membrane?

Serous

Which form of lung cancer is most likely to become metastatic?

Small-cell carcinoma

Which of the special senses is associated with the nasal cavity?

Smell

Which is the most common form of lung cancer?

Squamous-cell carcinoma

Match each type of lung cancer to its description.

Squamous-cell carcinoma: orginates in the basal cells of the bronchial epithelium. Adenocarcinoma: originates in the mucous glands of the lamina propria. Small-cell carcinoma: origniates in the main bronchi but invades the mediastinum and metastasizes quickly.

Pulmonary ______ is a substance found lining the alveoli which decreases

Surfacant

Which decreases surface tension in the fluids of the alveoli?

Surfactant

The lungs of premature infants often develop respiratory distress syndrome. Why do these infants experience alveolar sac collapse?

Surfactant is not produced yet in adequate quantities.

What is the function of the mucociliary escalator?

Sweeps mucous toward the pharynx to be swallowed

Where is most carbon dioxide loaded into the blood?

Systemic capillary beds

Which term refers to the exchange of gases (O2 and CO2) that occurs in the capillary networks between the blood and the body's cells?

Systemic gas exchange

Why do the lungs expand along with the thoracic cage during inspiration?

The cohesion of water causes the visceral pleura to cling to the parietal pleura.

Which best describes what happens during exhalation?

The diaphragm relaxes, intrapulmonary pressure increases, air flows out.

What is intrapleural pressure?

The pressure in the fluid-filled space between the parietal and visceral pleurae

Boyle's Law states which of the following?

The pressure of a given quantity of gas is inversely proportional to its volume at a constant temperature.

Which best defines partial pressure?

The pressure that each gas in a mixture would exert alone

Which best summarizes the Haldane effect?

The rate of CO2 loading into the blood is increased in metabolically active tissues.

Which best summarizes the Bohr effect?

The rate of O2 unloading is increased in metabolically active tissues due to increased acidity.

Oxygen loading in the lungs decreases hemoglobin's affinity for H+. How does this promote alveolar gas exchange?

The released H+ combines with HCO3- to form free CO2, which can diffuse out of the blood.

Dalton's Law states which of the following?

The total atmospheric pressure is equal to the sum of the partial pressures of the individual gases present.

Ambient (outside) air at 22O C is inhaled. The gases are warmed to body temperature (37.5O C) by the time they reach the alveoli of the lungs. According to Charles's law, what will happen to the volume of the inhaled air?

The volume will increase.

__________ volume is the volume of air inhaled or exhaled during a respiratory cycle.

Tidal

Match each respiratory volume to its definition.

Tidal Volume (TV): the amount of air inhaled and exhaled during quiet breathing. Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV): the amount of air that may be exhaled over the tidal volume. Residual Volume (RV): the amount of air remaining in the lungs after a forced expiration. Forced Expiratory Volume (FEV): the amount of air that can be exhaled in a given time interval.

What is the correct calculation for vital capacity?

Tidal volume plus expiratory reserve volume plus inspiratory reserve volume

How is inspiratory capacity calculated?

Tidal volume plus inspiratory reserve.

What is the role of the erectile tissue within the inferior nasal conchae?

To alternate airflow between the two nasal fossae

which are functions of the larynx

To produce sound To keep food and drink out of the airway

Which of these calculated volumes typically has the greatest value?

Total lung capacity

Which structure conducts air from the larynx to the primary bronchi?

Trachea

True or false: Evidence suggests that ventilation increases more quickly in response to high levels of CO2 than it does to low levels of O2 in the blood.

True

True or false: The anatomical dead space is subtracted from tidal volume when calculating the alveolar ventilation rate.

True

True or false: The chloride shift allows RBCs to continue to produce carbonic acid.

True

True or false: When the diaphragm contracts and lung volume increases, intrapulmonary pressure drops.

True

Pulmonary compliance is reduced in which of the following?

Tuberculosis patients

Which are squamous cells, primarily responsible for forming the respiratory membrane of the lung?

Type 1 alveolar cells

RBCs usually leave the systemic capillaries at about 75% oxygen saturation. Which term refers specifically to the oxygen remaining in the blood after it passes through a capillary bed?

Venous reserve

Which structures do not function in the production of speech, but instead is primarily responsible for closing the larynx during swallowing?

Vestibular folds

Which term refers to the layer of serous membrane that covers the lung surface?

Visceral pleura

Which structures are responsible for generating sounds within the larynx? Choose two of the options below.

Vocal cords Vocal folds

When do vocal cords produce low pitched sounds?

When they are relaxed.

Why do women usually have higher-pitched voices as compared to men?

Women have shorter and thinner vocal cords.

A blood pH of 7.1 would be called ______.

acidosis

A blood pH of 7.55 is called ______.

alkalosis

Where does systemic gas exchange occur?

at the capillary networks of the tissues

Most carbon dioxide in the blood is transported in the form of ______ dissolved in the plasma.

bicarbonate

Chronic _________ is characterized by a reduction in the number of cilia lining the airway and increased mucus production.

bronchitis

The enzyme found in erythrocytes that catalyzes the formation of carbonic acid, which then dissociates into bicarbonate and hydrogen ions, is ________ anhydrase.

carbonic

The ______ zone of the respiratory system serves only for airflow. It is incapable of gas exchange between the air and the circulatory system.

conducting

Hemoglobin that is not bound to oxygen is called ______.

deoxyhemoglobin

Movement of air out of the lungs is called ______.

expiration

The maximum volume of air that can be exhaled after exhalation of the tidal volume is the ______ reserve volume.

expiratory

True or false: Asthma is an example of a restrictive lung disorder.

false

Excess oxygen in the body generates ______ that can destroy enzymes and damage nervous tissue.

free radicals

The cells of the respiratory epithelium that secrete mucus are ______ cells.

goblet

Insufficient oxygen levels in a tissue is called

hypoxia

The cilia of the olfactory epithelium are ______.

immobile

During the respiratory cycle, the intake of air is called ______.

inspiration

The ______ reserve volume represents the maximum amount of air that may be inhaled after the tidal volume.

inspiratory

More than half of the body's blood platelets are made by megakaryocytes in the ______.

lungs

The upward movement of cilia helps to move mucus up the trachea to the pharynx where it is swallowed. This system of cleaning out trapped debris is called the ____ escalator of the trachea.

mucociliary

A(n) ______ is a clinical condition characterized by the presence of air in the pleural cavity.

pneumothorax

Type II alveolar cells produce ______.

surfactant

The sum of the expiratory reserve volume, tidal volume, and inspiratory reserve volume is the ________ capacity.

vital