CH5 COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT IN INFANCY AND TODDLERHOOD

Which statement is supported by research on babbling?

A) For babbling to fully develop, infants must be able to hear human speech.

Ten-month-old Hannah is shown a stuffed sheep, and then it is hidden under a blanket. Which statement is true? A) Hannah can find the sheep by coordinating two schemes—"pushing" aside the blanket and "grasping" the toy. B) Deliberately retrieving the stuffed toy is an example of a secondary circular reaction. C) Deliberately retrieving the stuffed toy is an example of a primary circular reaction. D) Hannah will not be able to retrieve the stuffed toy sheep until she is in Substage 5 of Piaget's sensorimotor period.

A) Hannah can find the sheep by coordinating two schemes—"pushing" aside the blanket and "grasping" the toy.

__________ is more challenging than __________.

A) Recall; recognition

Izzy's vocabulary consists mainly of words that refer to objects. Izzy uses __________.

A) a referential style

During times of rapid cognitive change, children __________

A) are in a state of disequilibrium

Baby Greer says "bababababa." This is an example of __________.

A) babbling

Which word is most likely to be among an English-speaking toddler's first 50 words?

A) ball

Jean Piaget's cognitive-developmental theory was influenced by his background in __________.

A) biology

A recent evaluation showed that by age 3, children in Early Head Start __________.

A) demonstrated gains in cognitive and language development

In Substage 6 of the sensorimotor period, the ability to create mental representations enables toddlers to __________ and __________.

A) engage in deferred imitation; use make-believe play

Researchers using the violation-of-expectation method may use __________ by exposing babies to a physical event until their looking declines.

A) habituation

In the short-term memory store, __________.

A) information is stored briefly so we can actively "work on" it to reach our goals

According to Vygotsky, children master activities through __________.

A) joint activities with more mature members of their society

According to Noam Chomsky, all children have a __________ device that contains a universal grammar.

A) language acquisition

Mental tests measure?.

A) measure variations in developmental progress

Challenges to Chomsky's theory suggest that __________.

A) more experimentation and learning are involved than he assumed

Recent evidence suggests that __________.

A) most children show a steady increase in rate of word learning that continues through the preschool years

Between 18 and 24 months, toddlers gain __________ words per __________.

A) one to two; day

Apart from direct contact with the environment, schemes also change through __________.

A) organization

Alice calls untying her shoelaces "opening" her shoes. This is an example of __________.

A) overextension

Piaget's __________ stage is the most complex period of development.

A) sensorimotor

Six-month-old Eva dropped her teething ring in a fairly rigid way, simply letting go and watching it with interest. This example demonstrates Piaget's belief that, at first, schemes are __________.

A) sensorimotor action patterns

Early intervention programs __________.

A) serve economically at-risk children and their parents

Awareness of object permanence is not yet complete in Piaget's Substage 4 because babies __________.

A) still make the A-not-B search error

Information-processing theorists __________.

A) want to know exactly what individuals of different ages do when faced with a task or problem

A group of 2-year-olds watches through a window while a live adult hides an object in an adjoining room. Another group watches the same event on a video screen. Which of the following is likely to occur? A) Children in the direct viewing condition will retrieve the toy easily, while those in the video condition will have difficulty. B) Children in the video condition will retrieve the toy easily, while those in the direct viewing condition will have difficulty. C) Both groups of children will have difficulty retrieving the toy. D) Children in both groups will be able to retrieve the toy easily.

Answer: A) Children in the direct viewing condition will retrieve the toy easily, while those in the video condition will have difficulty.

Which statement about infants' memory processing is true? A) Babies display recognition but not recall. B) Babies display recall but not recognition. C) Infants' memory processing is remarkably similar to that of adults. D) Infants acquire information slowly and fail to retain it over time.

Answer: C) Infants' memory processing is remarkably similar to that of adults.

Which of the following is a toddler most likely to say? A) "Cookie eat." B) "Go car." C) "Ball my." D) "Walk I."

B) "Go car."

Piaget believed that infants and toddlers __________.

B) "think" with their eyes, ears, and hands

Arshleen accidentally made a smacking sound after feeding. Then she tried to repeat it many times. Arshleen was probably in Substage __________ of Piaget's sensorimotor substages.

B) 2

In the violation-of-expectation method, researchers show babies __________.

B) an expected event and an unexpected event

Four-month-old Michaela groups stimuli on the basis of shape and size. This means that Michaela is able to __________.

B) categorize

The __________ is the conscious, reflective part of our mental system.

B) central executive

Research examining the language competence of deaf adults found that __________.

B) childhood is a sensitive period for language acquisition

A __________ is a means of building schemes in which infants try to repeat chance motor behaviors again and again.

B) circular reaction

Dr. Takenaki believes that an inherited foundation of linguistic knowledge enables swift language acquisition in early childhood. She also argues that infants' early orientation toward people initiates rapid development of psychological knowledge. Dr. Takenaki is probably a(n) __________ theorist.

B) core knowledge

Professor Hellinger believes that babies are born with a set of innate knowledge systems. Professor Hellinger's beliefs are consistent with the __________ perspective.

B) core knowledge

The more time caregivers and infants spend in joint play with objects, the __________.

B) earlier babies use preverbal gestures

Research suggests that infants __________.

B) have basic numerical knowledge

Retention of visual events __________.

B) improves greatly with age

With age, babies __________ in an effort to gain control over producing particular sounds.

B) increasingly babble in long strings

Although the __________ is biased for language processing, if it is injured in the early years, other regions take over.

B) left hemisphere

Dr. Hahn believes that language is etched into the structure of the brain. Dr. Hahn endorses the __________ perspective of language development.

B) nativist

Laboratory research suggests that deferred imitation is __________.

B) present at 6 weeks of age

In Substage 5 of the sensorimotor period, toddlers __________.

B) repeat behaviors with variation

The first successful intelligence test predicted __________.

B) school achievement

Korean toddlers develop object-sorting skills later than their English-speaking counterparts because __________.

B) the Korean language often omits object names from sentences

Recent research indicates that __________ earlier than Piaget expected.

B) the first signs of problem solving by analogy emerge

Mothers talk more to __________ than to __________.

B) toddler-age girls; toddler-age boys

A young child makes an underextension error when she applies a new word __________.

B) too narrowly

Sixteen-month-old Grayson uses the word "puppy" only to refer to his family's dog. This is an example of __________.

B) underextension

Baby Andrew accidentally kicked his mobile, producing music. Andrew then repeatedly kicked his leg to repeat the effect, gradually forming a new kicking scheme. Andrew was in which of Piaget's sensorimotor substages?

C) 3

__________ control(s) attention by inhibiting impulses and flexibly directing thought and behavior, coordinating information in working memory, and planning.

C) Executive function

__________ are slightly ahead of __________ in early vocabulary growth.

C) Girls; boys

__________ is related to advanced play, language, and problem solving in toddlerhood and early

C) Scaffolding

Which statement about categorization is true? A) Not until the preschool years can children categorize flexibly. B) Toddlers' categorization skills are not evident in their play behaviors. C) Toddlers' vocabulary growth promotes categorization. D) Toddlers do not categorize their emotional or social worlds.

C) Toddlers' vocabulary growth promotes categorization.

__________ can be thought of as a "mental workspace" that we use to accomplish many activities in daily life.

C) Working memory

The Vygotskian concept of zone of proximal development refers to __________.

C) a range of tasks that the child cannot yet handle alone but can do with the help of more skilled partners

Two-year-old Laura dropped a block into her toy box. She then dropped a cup, a car, and a doll—some gently, and some with force. Laura's modification of her dropping scheme is an example of __________.

C) accommodation

When children are not changing much cognitively, they __________ more than they __________.

C) assimilate; accommodate

According to Piaget, adaptation involves __________.

C) building schemes through direct interaction with the environment

Chomsky believed that children __________.

C) can understand and speak in a rule-oriented fashion as soon as they pick up enough words

At all ages, __________ develops ahead of __________.

C) comprehension; production

The video deficit effect __________.

C) declines around age 2½

The earlier toddlers __________, the sooner they produce two-word utterances at the end of the second year.

C) form word-gesture combinations

Social interactionists __________.

C) hold that an active child strives to communicate, which cues her caregivers to provide appropriate language experiences

Derrick speaks to his son using short sentences with high-pitched, exaggerated expression and clear gestures to support verbal meaning. Derrick uses __________.

C) infant-directed speech

Core knowledge theorists argue that __________.

C) infants are born with core domains of thought that permit a ready grasp of information

One type of interactionist theory applies the __________ perspective to language development, and a second type emphasizes __________.

C) information-processing; social interaction

Follow-up research on infant cognitive development suggests that mastery of object permanence __________.

C) is a gradual achievement

In the second year, the circular reaction __________.

C) is aimed at producing novel outcomes

The strongest effects of Early Head Start programs occurred at sites __________.

C) mixing center- and home-visiting services

In the second year, attraction to __________ declines and __________ increases.

C) novelty; sustained attention

Nine-month-old Avery can retrieve his ball when his mother hides it under a blanket. Avery has begun to master __________.

C) object permanence

In a series of studies using the violation-of-expectation method, Renée Baillargeon and her collaborators claimed to have found evidence for __________.

C) object permanence in the first few months of life

Piaget based the substages of sensorimotor development on __________.

C) observations of his own three children

Young children often __________ deliberately because they have difficulty recalling or have not acquired a suitable word.

C) overextend

Most infant intelligence tests emphasize __________.

C) perceptual and motor responses

Baby Kataro frequently experiences joint attention. This means that he will probably __________.

C) produce meaningful words earlier

Older infants and toddlers are more likely to imitate __________ rather than __________.

C) purposeful; accidental behaviors on objects

In the information-processing system, information first enters the __________.

C) sensory register

Miranda says "more apple." This two-word utterance is an example of __________.

C) telegraphic speech

The circular reaction initially centers on __________.

C) the infant's own body

After watching 3-year-old Shana drop her raisins into a cup, 10-month-old Nicholas copies her and drops his raisins into a cup. Nicholas is in Substage __________ of the sensorimotor period substages.

D) 4

In Piaget's Substage __________, 8- to 12-month-olds can engage in intentional, or goal-directed, behavior.

D) 4

__________ are so well-learned that they require no space in working memory and, therefore, permit us to focus on other information while performing them.

D) Automatic processes

__________ believed that complex mental activities have their origins in social interaction.

D) Lev Vygotsky

Hector believes that words are for talking about people's feelings and needs. His vocabulary consists of many social formulas and pronouns. Hector uses __________.

D) an expressive style

According to cognitive-developmental theory, a scheme is __________.

D) an organized way of making sense of experience

Baby Olivia dropped her rattle. Later, she let go of her teething ring and watched with interest. When Olivia dropped objects, she was __________ them to her sensorimotor dropping scheme.

D) assimilating

Measures of executive function in childhood predict __________ in adolescence and adulthood.

D) cognitive and social outcomes

Two-year-old Devin probably __________.

D) combines two words when speaking

Two-month-old Penny makes vowel-like noises. This is an example of __________.

D) cooing

Infant-directed speech and parent-child conversation __________.

D) create a zone of proximal development in which children's language expands

When 12-month-old Trent's dad asks him to get his stuffed bunny, Trent looks at and points to the pillow where the bunny usually rests. Trent is displaying __________.

D) displaced reference

In the __________ view, researchers analyze each cognitive attainment to see how it results from a complex system of prior accomplishments and the child's current goal.

D) dynamic systems

Chomsky's LAD is a(n) __________.

D) innate language system that enables children to understand and speak in a rule-oriented fashion

On Monday, 20-month-old Raoul watches his brother Carlos stir his applesauce with a spoon. On Thursday, Raoul tries to use a spoon to stir his applesauce. Raoul is using a(n) __________ to imitate Carlos's behavior.

D) mental representation

In Piaget's theory, each time the back-and-forth movement between equilibrium and disequilibrium occurs, __________.

D) more effective schemes are produced

In Piaget's theory, __________ are the building blocks of sensorimotor intelligence.

D) newborn reflexes

Through the secondary circular reaction, babies __________.

D) repeat interesting events in the surrounding environment that are caused by their own actions

Two-year-old Carmen is trying to fit pieces into a wooden puzzle form. Her father helps Carmen turn the pieces so they fit snuggly in place. As Carmen's skill improves, her father steps back, letting her try on her own. This example illustrates the concept of __________.

D) scaffolding

Efforts to teach language to nonhuman primates __________.

D) show that the ability to master a grammatically complex language system is unique to humans

Babies' earliest categories are based on __________.

D) similar overall appearance

Studies of infantile amnesia suggest that __________ contributes to the end of infantile amnesia.

D) the advent of a clear self-image

Research on infantile amnesia suggests that adults typically cannot remember events that happened during the first few years of life because __________.

D) they cannot translate early preverbal memories into language

Follow-up research on Piaget's sensorimotor stage yields broad agreement that __________.

D) various aspects of infant cognition change unevenly