CH5 COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT IN INFANCY AND TODDLERHOOD
Which statement is supported by research on babbling?
A) For babbling to fully develop, infants must be able to hear human speech.
Ten-month-old Hannah is shown a stuffed sheep, and then it is hidden under a blanket. Which statement is true? A) Hannah can find the sheep by coordinating two schemes—"pushing" aside the blanket and "grasping" the toy. B) Deliberately retrieving the stuffed toy is an example of a secondary circular reaction. C) Deliberately retrieving the stuffed toy is an example of a primary circular reaction. D) Hannah will not be able to retrieve the stuffed toy sheep until she is in Substage 5 of Piaget's sensorimotor period.
A) Hannah can find the sheep by coordinating two schemes—"pushing" aside the blanket and "grasping" the toy.
__________ is more challenging than __________.
A) Recall; recognition
Izzy's vocabulary consists mainly of words that refer to objects. Izzy uses __________.
A) a referential style
During times of rapid cognitive change, children __________
A) are in a state of disequilibrium
Baby Greer says "bababababa." This is an example of __________.
A) babbling
Which word is most likely to be among an English-speaking toddler's first 50 words?
A) ball
Jean Piaget's cognitive-developmental theory was influenced by his background in __________.
A) biology
A recent evaluation showed that by age 3, children in Early Head Start __________.
A) demonstrated gains in cognitive and language development
In Substage 6 of the sensorimotor period, the ability to create mental representations enables toddlers to __________ and __________.
A) engage in deferred imitation; use make-believe play
Researchers using the violation-of-expectation method may use __________ by exposing babies to a physical event until their looking declines.
A) habituation
In the short-term memory store, __________.
A) information is stored briefly so we can actively "work on" it to reach our goals
According to Vygotsky, children master activities through __________.
A) joint activities with more mature members of their society
According to Noam Chomsky, all children have a __________ device that contains a universal grammar.
A) language acquisition
Mental tests measure?.
A) measure variations in developmental progress
Challenges to Chomsky's theory suggest that __________.
A) more experimentation and learning are involved than he assumed
Recent evidence suggests that __________.
A) most children show a steady increase in rate of word learning that continues through the preschool years
Between 18 and 24 months, toddlers gain __________ words per __________.
A) one to two; day
Apart from direct contact with the environment, schemes also change through __________.
A) organization
Alice calls untying her shoelaces "opening" her shoes. This is an example of __________.
A) overextension
Piaget's __________ stage is the most complex period of development.
A) sensorimotor
Six-month-old Eva dropped her teething ring in a fairly rigid way, simply letting go and watching it with interest. This example demonstrates Piaget's belief that, at first, schemes are __________.
A) sensorimotor action patterns
Early intervention programs __________.
A) serve economically at-risk children and their parents
Awareness of object permanence is not yet complete in Piaget's Substage 4 because babies __________.
A) still make the A-not-B search error
Information-processing theorists __________.
A) want to know exactly what individuals of different ages do when faced with a task or problem
A group of 2-year-olds watches through a window while a live adult hides an object in an adjoining room. Another group watches the same event on a video screen. Which of the following is likely to occur? A) Children in the direct viewing condition will retrieve the toy easily, while those in the video condition will have difficulty. B) Children in the video condition will retrieve the toy easily, while those in the direct viewing condition will have difficulty. C) Both groups of children will have difficulty retrieving the toy. D) Children in both groups will be able to retrieve the toy easily.
Answer: A) Children in the direct viewing condition will retrieve the toy easily, while those in the video condition will have difficulty.
Which statement about infants' memory processing is true? A) Babies display recognition but not recall. B) Babies display recall but not recognition. C) Infants' memory processing is remarkably similar to that of adults. D) Infants acquire information slowly and fail to retain it over time.
Answer: C) Infants' memory processing is remarkably similar to that of adults.
Which of the following is a toddler most likely to say? A) "Cookie eat." B) "Go car." C) "Ball my." D) "Walk I."
B) "Go car."
Piaget believed that infants and toddlers __________.
B) "think" with their eyes, ears, and hands
Arshleen accidentally made a smacking sound after feeding. Then she tried to repeat it many times. Arshleen was probably in Substage __________ of Piaget's sensorimotor substages.
B) 2
In the violation-of-expectation method, researchers show babies __________.
B) an expected event and an unexpected event
Four-month-old Michaela groups stimuli on the basis of shape and size. This means that Michaela is able to __________.
B) categorize
The __________ is the conscious, reflective part of our mental system.
B) central executive
Research examining the language competence of deaf adults found that __________.
B) childhood is a sensitive period for language acquisition
A __________ is a means of building schemes in which infants try to repeat chance motor behaviors again and again.
B) circular reaction
Dr. Takenaki believes that an inherited foundation of linguistic knowledge enables swift language acquisition in early childhood. She also argues that infants' early orientation toward people initiates rapid development of psychological knowledge. Dr. Takenaki is probably a(n) __________ theorist.
B) core knowledge
Professor Hellinger believes that babies are born with a set of innate knowledge systems. Professor Hellinger's beliefs are consistent with the __________ perspective.
B) core knowledge
The more time caregivers and infants spend in joint play with objects, the __________.
B) earlier babies use preverbal gestures
Research suggests that infants __________.
B) have basic numerical knowledge
Retention of visual events __________.
B) improves greatly with age
With age, babies __________ in an effort to gain control over producing particular sounds.
B) increasingly babble in long strings
Although the __________ is biased for language processing, if it is injured in the early years, other regions take over.
B) left hemisphere
Dr. Hahn believes that language is etched into the structure of the brain. Dr. Hahn endorses the __________ perspective of language development.
B) nativist
Laboratory research suggests that deferred imitation is __________.
B) present at 6 weeks of age
In Substage 5 of the sensorimotor period, toddlers __________.
B) repeat behaviors with variation
The first successful intelligence test predicted __________.
B) school achievement
Korean toddlers develop object-sorting skills later than their English-speaking counterparts because __________.
B) the Korean language often omits object names from sentences
Recent research indicates that __________ earlier than Piaget expected.
B) the first signs of problem solving by analogy emerge
Mothers talk more to __________ than to __________.
B) toddler-age girls; toddler-age boys
A young child makes an underextension error when she applies a new word __________.
B) too narrowly
Sixteen-month-old Grayson uses the word "puppy" only to refer to his family's dog. This is an example of __________.
B) underextension
Baby Andrew accidentally kicked his mobile, producing music. Andrew then repeatedly kicked his leg to repeat the effect, gradually forming a new kicking scheme. Andrew was in which of Piaget's sensorimotor substages?
C) 3
__________ control(s) attention by inhibiting impulses and flexibly directing thought and behavior, coordinating information in working memory, and planning.
C) Executive function
__________ are slightly ahead of __________ in early vocabulary growth.
C) Girls; boys
__________ is related to advanced play, language, and problem solving in toddlerhood and early
C) Scaffolding
Which statement about categorization is true? A) Not until the preschool years can children categorize flexibly. B) Toddlers' categorization skills are not evident in their play behaviors. C) Toddlers' vocabulary growth promotes categorization. D) Toddlers do not categorize their emotional or social worlds.
C) Toddlers' vocabulary growth promotes categorization.
__________ can be thought of as a "mental workspace" that we use to accomplish many activities in daily life.
C) Working memory
The Vygotskian concept of zone of proximal development refers to __________.
C) a range of tasks that the child cannot yet handle alone but can do with the help of more skilled partners
Two-year-old Laura dropped a block into her toy box. She then dropped a cup, a car, and a doll—some gently, and some with force. Laura's modification of her dropping scheme is an example of __________.
C) accommodation
When children are not changing much cognitively, they __________ more than they __________.
C) assimilate; accommodate
According to Piaget, adaptation involves __________.
C) building schemes through direct interaction with the environment
Chomsky believed that children __________.
C) can understand and speak in a rule-oriented fashion as soon as they pick up enough words
At all ages, __________ develops ahead of __________.
C) comprehension; production
The video deficit effect __________.
C) declines around age 2½
The earlier toddlers __________, the sooner they produce two-word utterances at the end of the second year.
C) form word-gesture combinations
Social interactionists __________.
C) hold that an active child strives to communicate, which cues her caregivers to provide appropriate language experiences
Derrick speaks to his son using short sentences with high-pitched, exaggerated expression and clear gestures to support verbal meaning. Derrick uses __________.
C) infant-directed speech
Core knowledge theorists argue that __________.
C) infants are born with core domains of thought that permit a ready grasp of information
One type of interactionist theory applies the __________ perspective to language development, and a second type emphasizes __________.
C) information-processing; social interaction
Follow-up research on infant cognitive development suggests that mastery of object permanence __________.
C) is a gradual achievement
In the second year, the circular reaction __________.
C) is aimed at producing novel outcomes
The strongest effects of Early Head Start programs occurred at sites __________.
C) mixing center- and home-visiting services
In the second year, attraction to __________ declines and __________ increases.
C) novelty; sustained attention
Nine-month-old Avery can retrieve his ball when his mother hides it under a blanket. Avery has begun to master __________.
C) object permanence
In a series of studies using the violation-of-expectation method, Renée Baillargeon and her collaborators claimed to have found evidence for __________.
C) object permanence in the first few months of life
Piaget based the substages of sensorimotor development on __________.
C) observations of his own three children
Young children often __________ deliberately because they have difficulty recalling or have not acquired a suitable word.
C) overextend
Most infant intelligence tests emphasize __________.
C) perceptual and motor responses
Baby Kataro frequently experiences joint attention. This means that he will probably __________.
C) produce meaningful words earlier
Older infants and toddlers are more likely to imitate __________ rather than __________.
C) purposeful; accidental behaviors on objects
In the information-processing system, information first enters the __________.
C) sensory register
Miranda says "more apple." This two-word utterance is an example of __________.
C) telegraphic speech
The circular reaction initially centers on __________.
C) the infant's own body
After watching 3-year-old Shana drop her raisins into a cup, 10-month-old Nicholas copies her and drops his raisins into a cup. Nicholas is in Substage __________ of the sensorimotor period substages.
D) 4
In Piaget's Substage __________, 8- to 12-month-olds can engage in intentional, or goal-directed, behavior.
D) 4
__________ are so well-learned that they require no space in working memory and, therefore, permit us to focus on other information while performing them.
D) Automatic processes
__________ believed that complex mental activities have their origins in social interaction.
D) Lev Vygotsky
Hector believes that words are for talking about people's feelings and needs. His vocabulary consists of many social formulas and pronouns. Hector uses __________.
D) an expressive style
According to cognitive-developmental theory, a scheme is __________.
D) an organized way of making sense of experience
Baby Olivia dropped her rattle. Later, she let go of her teething ring and watched with interest. When Olivia dropped objects, she was __________ them to her sensorimotor dropping scheme.
D) assimilating
Measures of executive function in childhood predict __________ in adolescence and adulthood.
D) cognitive and social outcomes
Two-year-old Devin probably __________.
D) combines two words when speaking
Two-month-old Penny makes vowel-like noises. This is an example of __________.
D) cooing
Infant-directed speech and parent-child conversation __________.
D) create a zone of proximal development in which children's language expands
When 12-month-old Trent's dad asks him to get his stuffed bunny, Trent looks at and points to the pillow where the bunny usually rests. Trent is displaying __________.
D) displaced reference
In the __________ view, researchers analyze each cognitive attainment to see how it results from a complex system of prior accomplishments and the child's current goal.
D) dynamic systems
Chomsky's LAD is a(n) __________.
D) innate language system that enables children to understand and speak in a rule-oriented fashion
On Monday, 20-month-old Raoul watches his brother Carlos stir his applesauce with a spoon. On Thursday, Raoul tries to use a spoon to stir his applesauce. Raoul is using a(n) __________ to imitate Carlos's behavior.
D) mental representation
In Piaget's theory, each time the back-and-forth movement between equilibrium and disequilibrium occurs, __________.
D) more effective schemes are produced
In Piaget's theory, __________ are the building blocks of sensorimotor intelligence.
D) newborn reflexes
Through the secondary circular reaction, babies __________.
D) repeat interesting events in the surrounding environment that are caused by their own actions
Two-year-old Carmen is trying to fit pieces into a wooden puzzle form. Her father helps Carmen turn the pieces so they fit snuggly in place. As Carmen's skill improves, her father steps back, letting her try on her own. This example illustrates the concept of __________.
D) scaffolding
Efforts to teach language to nonhuman primates __________.
D) show that the ability to master a grammatically complex language system is unique to humans
Babies' earliest categories are based on __________.
D) similar overall appearance
Studies of infantile amnesia suggest that __________ contributes to the end of infantile amnesia.
D) the advent of a clear self-image
Research on infantile amnesia suggests that adults typically cannot remember events that happened during the first few years of life because __________.
D) they cannot translate early preverbal memories into language
Follow-up research on Piaget's sensorimotor stage yields broad agreement that __________.
D) various aspects of infant cognition change unevenly